11Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
‘‘Good Practices’ Related to Access to Good Practices’ Related to Access to Safe Drinking Water and SanitationSafe Drinking Water and Sanitation
Consultation with Bilateral Development Agencies on Good Practices – Drinking Water, Sanitation and Human Rights –
May 20-21, 2010, LisbonMay 20-21, 2010, Lisbon
22
Good PracticesGood Practices
Case i : IndiaCase i : India - - Urban water supply and sanitation in Urban water supply and sanitation in
BangaloreBangalore
Case ii : SenegalCase ii : Senegal -- Rural water supply and sanitation Rural water supply and sanitation
33
<Scope of Works>(1) Construction of
water supply and sewerage facilities
(2) Management improvement
(3) Slum development
Outreach to the urban poor by the Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Project
with Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board(BWSSB)
Water supply system in Bangalore(Cauvery Water Supply Scheme)
Case iCase i
Urban W
ater Supply and Sanitation in U
rban Water Supply and Sanitation in
IndiaIndia
Intake WTP
100km
Served Population : 7 millionPresent supply : 900 MLD
44
Project Name Date of approvalAmount of approval
(millions; JPY)
Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Project
1996/1/25 28,452
Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Project (II-1)
2005/3/31 41,997
Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Project (II-2)
2006/3/31 28,358
Total 98,807
Case iCase i
Urban W
ater Supply and Sanitation in U
rban Water Supply and Sanitation in
IndiaIndia
55
Scale of the projectScale of the project
Case iCase i
Urban W
ater Supply and Sanitation in U
rban Water Supply and Sanitation in
IndiaIndia
66
Outreach to the urban poor: From pilot to scale-upOutreach to the urban poor: From pilot to scale-up
[Original condition] 10 to 15 % of city's population live in slums. Total number of slums is over 500. 70% of slums do not have satisfactory access to
water and sanitation. Significant service level gap: Crowded public taps,
long time for fetching water, high cost to buy water from private vendors, health risk, etc.
Case iCase i
Urban W
ater Supply and Sanitation in U
rban Water Supply and Sanitation in
IndiaIndia
Pilot Project by BWSSB with AusAID in three slums (2000-02)
Scale-up by Japanese financial cooperation
77
Innovative approach in the pilot project Innovative approach in the pilot project
☹ Property document / lease deed required☹ Application for new connection at BWSSB offices
only☹ High connection charge : Rs. 1,800 (USD 36)☹ High minimum tariff : Rs. 105 (USD 2.10) per month
Case iCase i
Urban W
ater Supply and Sanitation in U
rban Water Supply and Sanitation in
IndiaIndia
☺ Property documents not required; ration card or voter’s ID Card is acceptable
☺ Application available at door step simply☺ Connection charge reduced to Rs. 550 (US$ 11),
allowing installment payment, based on Willingness to Pay survey
☺ Minimum tariff reduced to Rs. 73 (USD 1.46) per month and new tariff slab at lowest consumption reduced from 15 m3 to 8 m3
Before
After
88
Case iCase i
Urban W
ater Supply and Sanitation in U
rban Water Supply and Sanitation in
IndiaIndia
☺ Cover 360 slums in the city with individual/ shared metered connections
☺ Sewage connection and disposal☺ Rs. 400 million (US$ 8 Million) allocated for capital
investment☺ Partnership with NGOs and CBOs through Social
Development Unit of BWSSB☺ Participation of slum dwellers including women☺ Inclusive implementing structure☺ 120 slums will be taken up in first phase (2010)☺ Balance will be taken up thereafter (2010-2011)
Scale up with Japanese yen loanScale up with Japanese yen loan
99
Case iCase i
Urban W
ater Supply and Sanitation in U
rban Water Supply and Sanitation in
IndiaIndia
Project Coordinating Committee - Senior level representative from institutions covering
diversified stakeholders Urban Development Department Housing Department Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board Bangalore City Corporation Karnataka Slum Clearance Board NGO representatives CBO / WATSAN Committee representatives (woman
representative should be included)
Inclusive implementing structureInclusive implementing structure
WATSAN Committee - Formulated in each slum to be in charge of operation
and maintenance of water supply and sewerage facilities
1010
Case iCase i
Urban W
ater Supply and Sanitation in U
rban Water Supply and Sanitation in
IndiaIndia
Preparation Stage Assignment of Social
Development Unit staff Training Stakeholder partnership
building Selection of consultants
Implementation process of slum Implementation process of slum development componentdevelopment component
Planning Stage Preparation of detailed
implementation plan Project Coordinating
Committee Selection of partner NGOs MOU between BWSSB, NGO
and community Social survey of slums
Execution Stage Setup of WATSAN committee Feasibility assessment Detailed design Tender, contract, construction Commissioning Collection of connection
charge Trial run
Follow-up Stage Establishment of billing
system and revenue collection
Proper maintenance and reporting from WATSAN committee to BWSSB
Availability Ensuring enough service availability by construction of backbone infrastructure
Water supply service improved from every second day to everyday
Water consumption increased from 74.5 liter/capita/day to 120 liter/capita/day
Accessibility From public tap to house connection
Affordability Reduction of connection charge and water tariff for slum dwellers to affordable level based on Willingness to Pay survey
Quality / Safety
Everyday check of water quality by BWSSB and cross-check by independent laboratories every month
Acceptability Design of water supply and sewerage facilities is decided to be fit into the needs of each slum after the detailed social survey; public washing space, public toilet, shared connection, bulk meter supply, etc.1111
Case iCase i
Urban W
ater Supply and Sanitation in U
rban Water Supply and Sanitation in
IndiaIndia
Non-discrimination
Ensuring equity in access to the entire population irrespective of caste, class and gender
Participation Inclusive participation of stakeholders including slum dwellers by Project Coordinating Committee and WATSAN Committee
Accountability Clear setup of implementing structure Monitoring and reporting by WATSAN
Committee
Impact Covering 360 slums in the city
Sustainability Scope of Works also includes management improvement of BWSSB such as reduction of NRW, enhancement of customer relations and human resources development to ensure sustainability.
1212
Case iCase i
Urban W
ater Supply and Sanitation in U
rban Water Supply and Sanitation in
IndiaIndia
1313
Case iiRural W
ater SupplyRural W
ater Supply and Sanitation and Sanitation in
in SenegalSenegal
Hand pump Piped water supply system with electric pump
Inclusive Community Participation by the Project on the Safe Water and Support of
Community Activities with Ministry of Hydraulics in Senegal
<Scope of Works>(1) Construction of water supply systems(2) Improvement of maintenance system (3) Support for sanitation improvement and awareness
activities (4) Promotion of community activities
1414
Case iiRural W
ater SupplyRural W
ater Supply and Sanitation and Sanitation in
in SenegalSenegal
Institutional FrameworkInstitutional FrameworkCommunity participation through ASUFOR (Association des Usagers de Forage) under the National Policy (PEPAM 2015 ： Programme d’eau potable et d’assainnisment du millenaire)Operation and maintenance by community through ASUFORWater sale by volumeTransparent management of water supply systems
Before 1996Before 1996
☹ O&M by the state
☹ Lump sum payment of water fees
☹ No transparency
☹ No bank account
☹ No management documents
☹ Conflicts between users and leaders
☹ Frequent interruptions of system operation due to lack of fuel
After 1996
☺ Sharing of maintenance and renewal cost by the state and the users
☺ Water sale by volume
☺ Possibility to apply for a credit
☺ Involvement of the private sector in the management and maintenance of stations
1515
Case iiRural W
ater SupplyRural W
ater Supply and Sanitation and Sanitation in
in SenegalSenegal
Facilities ImprovementFacilities Improvement
Financial assistance (grant aid)Installation and rehabilitation of water supply facilities (120 locations)Hand pumps / Piped water supply systems with electric pumpsStrengthening of repair centersProviding access to safe water for more than 350,000 villagers
1616
Activity 2 Activity 3Activity 1Establishment of
maintenance system
Activity 4Community Development
Proper management of committees
Appropriate use of water
Stable safe water supply
Capacity Development for ASUFORCapacity Development for ASUFOR
1717
Training and retraining of
borehole operators
Installation of water meters
Construction of 3 training centres
ACTIVITY 1 : Technical MaintenanceACTIVITY 1 : Technical Maintenance
- Preparation of specific technical documents and operation guidelines for each station
- Inventory of all the maintenance companies in the region
- Conclusion of 16 maintenance contracts between the ASUFORs and local private companies
1818
ACTIVITY 2 : Organizing the UsersACTIVITY 2 : Organizing the Users
General assembly Executive boardExecutive committee
- Democracy and transparency in management (election of board and committee members every 2 years, accounting audit, two bank accounts for daily operation cost and reserve for repair respectively, etc.)
- Involvement of the various categories of users and strengthening of ethnic intermingling and social cohesion
- Acceptance of water sale by volume and saving in preparation for repair
1919
ACTIVITY 3 : Appropriate use of waterACTIVITY 3 : Appropriate use of water
Operation guidelines for groundwater monitoring
Sensitisation on hygiene and water related diseases
Water saving irrigation techniques
- Improvement of hygiene and awareness of the risk of water related diseases
- Use of water saving irrigation techniques like drip Irrigation
- Monitoring of groundwater resources: quality and quantity
2020
ACTIVITY 4 : Community developmentACTIVITY 4 : Community development
Market gardening Poultry houses
Forage growing Cattle feeding
- Introduction of income generating activities, contributing to poverty reduction and empowerment of the communities
Case iiRural W
ater Supply Rural W
ater Supply and Sanitation and Sanitation in
in SenegalSenegal
2121
Project manuals and documents are translated into local languages.
Picture-story show and audio-visual aids are used. Equal involvement of all existing ethnic groups is promoted. Inclusion of users living outside the limits of the water
supply system’s network
Inclusive aInclusive approach to pproach to communitycommunity
Case iiRural W
ater Supply Rural W
ater Supply and Sanitation and Sanitation in
in SenegalSenegal
2222
Participation to discussion and decision making
Improvement of transparency Enhancement of information
disclosure
Involvement of womenInvolvement of women
Social and gender survey at project sites Willingness of participation by women was confirmed. Training to government staff on gender consideration Meeting time, place and timing conducive to women’s participation Half of ASUFOR executive board members and 1/3 of executive committee members should be women.Attendance rate of women were monitored.
Case iiRural W
ater Supply Rural W
ater Supply and Sanitation and Sanitation in
in SenegalSenegal
2323
Access to sanitationAccess to sanitation
Construction of latrine
Awareness campaign for Necessity of using safe waterEffect of unhygienic condition and polluted waterSanitationAppropriate method of water storage and usage at householdKeeping hygienic living environment, etc.
Case iiRural W
ater Supply Rural W
ater Supply and Sanitation and Sanitation in
in SenegalSenegal
2424
Capacity development of all levelsCapacity development of all levels Strengthening of government
staff’s capacity in ASUFOR animation through training, OJT, coordination, etc.
Establishment and strengthening of ASUFOR at community level
Training of focal points for hygiene education
For latrine construction, local contractors capacity are improved and village people get household latrines constructed without any form of financial support
Capacity building for area mechanics
Establish inclusive network among ASUFOR, administrative agencies and private sectors
Donor coordination
Central Government
Local branches
Local centers
Communities
Availability Ensuring enough service availability by construction of water supply facilities
Water supply service for everyday 35 liter/capita/day
Accessibility Within 250m to public tap Considering access of satellite villages
(involvement of satellite villagers to ASUFOR, pipe extension, water station for water cart)
Affordability Setting water tariff to affordable level based on discussion in each community
Quality / Safety
Providing safe groundwater complying with national standard based on WHO guideline
Acceptability Following local design standard decided by the Senegalese government
Water point for livestock animals
2525
Case iiRural W
ater Supply Rural W
ater Supply and Sanitation and Sanitation in
in SenegalSenegal
Non-discrimination
Ensuring equity in access to the entire population irrespective of ethnic group and gender
Election of board and committee members
Participation Inclusive participation of community including women by ASUFOR
Accountability Water sales by volume Information disclosure to community Using bank account and accounting audit Monitoring and reporting
Impact Providing access to safe water for more than 350,000 villagers
Community empowerment
Sustainability Alignment to the national policy Established ASUFOR model Dissemination to other villages by the
Senegalese government started. Awareness and activity level of ASUFOR
varies in different villages. 2626
Case iiRural W
ater Supply Rural W
ater Supply and Sanitation and Sanitation in
in SenegalSenegal
