Gothic Period Final

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Gothic period/Medieval

times/Dark agesDone by : Eileen Juliana and Lesley


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Time

: 5th to the 15th century Early, high and late middle ages

We will be focusing mainly on Europe


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Geography

We will be focusing mainly onWestern Europe


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Economy:

Europes population increased from 35to 80 million people between the year1000 and 1300. Various theories havebeen created to account for this

population growth. Some allude it tothe improvement in agriculture andthe decline in slaveholding and

invasion.


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Money was used less and less afterthe fall of the Roman empire.Because such a large amount of thepopulation were peasants, they relied

mostly on what they could producethemselves. Landlords would thenrely on what the peasants produced.

Trade started to increase around800AD around the Mediterranean.

This is because 2 empires controlled


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Crusades helped bring in trade fromother countries

Saladin Tax The crusade also led thekings of France and England to comeup with a new tax on money. This

helped the economy to re- establish amoney trading society. Fare sandmarkets became increasingly moreimportant to the economy.

The Plague- 1350. Every 3rd person on

average died. This weakened the


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Societ

y:Kings were at the top of the social structure andin later middle ages the Pope was also at the top.One of the most important rulers of medievalhistory was Charlemagne whose empire, knownas the Carolingian dynasty, included the greatersection of central Europe, and northern andcentral Italy.

Kings, local lords, and knights were all part-of aruling class that called itself noblemen.

A King ruled large areas of land. To protect hisland from invasion, the king gave parts of it tolocal lords, who were called vassals. In return, his

vassals promised to fight to defend the king'sland.

Knights were warriors who fought on horseback. .Only the sons of lords could become knights

The clergy formed another important social

group.


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Two ways of orga nising medieval society were Manorialism andFeudalism.

Medieval villages consisted of a population comprised of mostly peasantswho were either classified as free men or as "villeins, / serfs

Servants were peasants who worked in the lord's manor house, doing thecooking,cleaning, laundering, and other household chores.

Merchants and minstrels(travelling musicians)

Life was extremely hard for the average person in medieval times.

Worked all the time except on holidays and church feasts.

Social activities were important, and every citizen in a medieval town wouldbe expected toattend.

Gifts were exchanged at Christmas and Easter.


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Culture


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Traditions:

Feasts:

The medieval civilization held many

feasts through out the year. Theseusually had pagan origins andrevolved around agricultural reasons,such as the beginning of a certain

harvest.Their largest celebration was the one

during Christmas which lasted a

duration of 2 weeks, from Christmas


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Jousting:

Jousting was a form of entertainment in the middle ages. It was a

contest among knights, which allowed them to practice theirwarfare skills in front of a large crowd of onlookers.

These tournaments involved two knights on horse back with

lances. They would come galloping at one another, with the aim totry throw the opposing knight off their horses with their lances.

These contests required a lot of skill and strength. Knights wereoften severely injured or died from these events.


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Tournaments

Large

tournamentsor tourneyswere held in

the


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Medieval gothic art

The Medieval period of the late Middle Ages saw theemergence of Gothic Art and great advances in art techniquesin Medieval Times

Gothic art was a Medieval art movement that lasted abouttwo hundred years of the 12th and 14th centuries

By the late 14th century Gothic art had evolved towards amore secular and natural style known as International Gothic.

Early art subjects were initially restricted to the production ofPietistic painting (religious art or Christian art) in the form ofilluminated manuscripts, mosaics and fresco paintings inchurches.

There were no portrait paintings in the art of the Middle Ages.

Medieval art included the following art by type:


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Gender roles- women

Middle Ages women who included many Queens and Princesses andmistresses who shared the most powerful positions with theirhusbands and lovers

the women of the Middle Ages were totally dominated by the malemembers of their family.

The women were expected to instantly obey not only their father,but also their brothers and any other male members of the family.

Any unruly girls were beaten into submission and disobedience wasseen as a crime against religion.

The Medieval women of the Middle Ages had to be strong their livescover the vicious Medieval periods from 1066 - 1485.


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The general attitude towards women in Medieval times, wasthat they were inferior to men. Generally, women were taughtthat they should be meek and obedient to their fathers and

husbands

In the day-to-day reality of things, Medieval women had a lotof responsibility and were not at all inferior to men in terms ofdaily effort.

Most worked and did not stay at home, contrary to somemodern beliefs. Many toiled alongside their families in thefields, and some were employed in workshops or were trades-women.

Women sometimes had the responsibility of running largeestates, due to the death of a husband (widows were

permitted to hold land, and a woman with a lot of land wasjust as powerful and influential as a man with the same

property).


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Men

The place of Medieval men in society was not dictated so much bygender, or even by which nation they lived in during Medieval

times.

The main factor that decided where a mans place in society waswealth

For the common peasant, life during Medieval times was hard,

brutal, and usually short. In times of conflict, this meant that the common peasant had to

trade in a pitchfork for a shield and sword to go fight in a battle hemight know nothing about.

A man would need to work the land, pay any taxes or homage

necessary to the noble that ruled over the area, and fulfill any otherresponsibilities demanded of him.


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Relationships/Marriage

Marriages were considered aseconomic and status strategies.

The partners were carefullyselected by the family members.Parents and sibling had the most

say over arranged marriages, butoften the Lord would want to havea say in the marriages happening

within his village.


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Girls were married off as young as 12 yrs old, and

boys as young as 17.

The future wifes family had to usually pay a dowry or give

a donation to the husband, who then becomes in charge

of that money.

Once the wedding is arranged, a notice would be placed on

the door of the church. This gave the town an opportunity to

come forth with any reasons to why the marriage could not take

place. If the reason was valid, the marriage would be prohibited.

Some reasons included :

If the couple were to closely related

If either of them had taken a monastic or religious vow

Widows or widowers took vows of celibacy in the past

Reasons that were not valid enough included:

Rape


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Religion:

The medieval world was mainly a Christian one.

The Church was one of the most powerful medieval institutions, controllingpublication of books and the making of laws.Medieval education was often conducted under the auspices of the Church. During the800s,French ruler Charlemagne realized his empire needed educated people if it was tosurvive,and he turned to the Catholic Church as the source of such education. His decree

commanded that every cathedral and monastery was to establish a school to provide afree education to every boy who had the intelligence and the perseverance to follow ademanding course of study. . Grammar, rhetoric, logic, Latin, astronomy, philosophy and mathematics formed thecoreof most curriculums.Wealth Flowed Into the Church: The church received donations of land, jewelry

and money from nobles as acts of penance. Nobles paid the church to educate theirchildren. Everyone paid the church for various sacramentsUnder the church were monasteries, abbots, convents. These housed monks and nuns.Monasteries and Convents served as hospitals for the sick, guesthouses forweary travelers, distribution centers for the needy, and storage facilities for food.Travelling monks (friars) feeding and sheltering them was an easy act of penance- St Francis of Assisi


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e

Church suffered from heresies whichled to inquisitions which often led to

the death of the accused.

A scandal of the medieval (RomanCatholic) church was the selling ofindulgences. Clergymen and bankers'agents collect money in return for

absolving the purchaser of his sins.


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The Catholic Church firmly believed inlabor and in prayer.As the third year that followed theyear on thousand grew near, therewas to be seen over almost all the

earth, but especially in Italy and inFrance, agreat renewal of church buildings;

each Christian community was drivenby aspirit of rivalry to have a more

glorious church than the others. It wasas if the world had shaken itself, and

casting off its old garments, haddresseditself again in every part in a white

robe of churches. one church or chapel for every 200people.all art in medieval times was createdfor reli ious ur oses.


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Gothic

Cathedrals:


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sermons instone

Cathedrals wereseen as heavenon earth

Everything in a cathedral wasfully functional apart frombeing decorative


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Mnster CathedralBern Switzerland (1421 AD)


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Notre dameParis France (1163 AD)


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dwellings

Medieval villages consisted of a population comprised of mostly offarmers. Houses, barns sheds, and animal pens clustered aroundthe centre of the village, which was surrounded by ploughed fieldsand pastures.

Most were born, toiled, married, had children and later died within

the village, rarely venturing beyond its boundaries.

Some villages were temporary, and the society would move on ifthe land proved infertile or weather made life too difficult.


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Chateaux de Chillion


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Chateaux de ChillionLake of Geneva Switzerland (1150

AD)


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FOOD:The

wealthy:


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Thepoor..

Medieval societies always feared having a lack of food.

Crop surpluses were rarely enough to create viable storage


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Communication:Letters were written on parchment

(pieces of dried animal skin) with theuse of ink and quill pen.

-delivery of letters: (orpersonal messenger)bythe help ofdoves,pigeons,and

faithful owls n eagles, byfoot, horse, or ship.

-There was alsosemaphore,

helioscope(flashingmirrors), andsmoke signalsfor relativelyshort, important

messages.society depended much moreon oral than on writtencommunication, andinformation certainlycirculated by word of mouth

in public announcements,


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Transport:

Horse transportation Horses were not

differentiated by breed but by use.

Chargers- war horses

Palfreys- riding horses

Other - carthorses and pack horses.

The invention of the stirrup, horse shoe, horse

collar, bit and bridle allowed horses to be used on adaily basis for transport and in warefare.


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Ships- Used for trading,transportation and warfare. Theywere powered by the oar or sail,sometimes both.


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Walking Peasants and pilgrims walked an average of 10 to20 miles a day

Wagons- pulled by horses or oxen

Litter For the noble and wealthy who wished to travel in

style protected from the sun and rain. Also for the injuredand sick


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Inventions:

Windmill

Tidal mill- operated by allowing thetided to pull into a one way gate,which closes automatically the tidefalls. When the tide is low again, thewater is release which the turns the

mill.


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Horse shoe

First mechanical clocks

1st investigation of the optics andinvention of crude lenses. RogerBacon earliest comment on usinglenses for optical purposes.

Manufacture of distilled spirits(liquor)

The hour glass

Quarantine-During the black plague.

M di l l hi


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Medieval clothing- Clothing worn bydifferent people

From the 11th through the 14th centuries, medieval clothingvaried according to the social standing of the people.

Medieval clothes provided information about the status of the

person wearing them

The clothing and fashion during the times of the Middle Ageswas dominated and highly influenced by the Kings andQueens of the era. Only the wealthy could dress infashionable clothes.

M di l W


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Medieval Women - Fashion and Clothes

The Women's Fashion of the early Middle Ages was still influencedby the classical styles of the Greek and Roman women and theirclothing was at times so tight as to display all the elegance of theirform.

The female clothing of the time consisted of two tunics, the under

one being longer but less capacious than the other.

Women also wore a long cloak over their clothing and closed shoes,which had then begun to be made pointed

During the period of 1200 - 1300 luxury was at its height when goldand silver, pearls and precious stones were lavished on clothing

Hats consisted of a frame of wirework covered with different typesof fabrics which was embroidered or trimmed with lace.


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During the period of 1400 - 1500 the women worelong trains to their dresses which were eventuallyshortened.

Sleeves became long, hanging and embroidered orfringed.

Fashion dictated that women's dresses and clothingbecame shorter and were trimmed in the most costlymanner.


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Medieval clothing- men

The men of the time wore their hair short.

Velvet was used to show ranking.

Some caps had a point at the top with a streamer comingfrom the top. Some of the hats had peaks in the front which

were turned up. more luxurious fabrics were used to showrank such as velvet.

They also began the use of the purse which had the belt bya cord of silk or cotton, and sometimes by a metal chain


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Jewellery:

The choice of material for any given

piece of jewelry was defined by itseconomic value, rarity, symbolism,aesthetic notions, and considerations

of prestige. Used mostly gold and silver

All sorts of precious stones were used

as decoration, pearls, amber, rubies,


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Techniques:

soldering,

Stamping, striking and casting were all methods ofcrafting jewelry

Lost wax casting

Chasing and repousee mercury gilding ( a form of plating)

Embossing

Engraving

Granulation

Filigree

Niello

Enamel


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Precious stones were believed to

have magical abilities that couldassist in things such as childbirth,detecting poison and even curingepilepsy. Jewels that had an

inscription, figure or symbolengraved into it had even moremagical powers.

Goldsmiths often also used antiquecameos (profile portraits) or intaglioswhich were semi precious stones

decorated with engravings or reliefs.


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Symbolic virtues ofgems

The value of the materials lay in their symboliccharacter as well. The beauty and purity of theprecious materials symbolized heavenlyperfection

Religious leaders stressed themedicinal value of stones andminerals.

Stones and their humanwearershad an intimaterelationship

A writer speaks of the emerald saying"We saw that as long as we carried it,we healed many suffering falling sickness.

By virtueof this stone we also stopped tempests. . .andwe tried it on exhausted travelers whoimmediatelyrecovered from the labors of the longtravel.'


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Powers ofeach stone:

The emerald: mitigates the one who wears it, and eliminates impatiencefrom the humanbody, and resists the Devil, so that he cannot harm by a noxious temptationThe ruby: If you wear it on you, neither spiritual poison can harm you, norair, norwater, however poisonous it would be.

The diamond:guards him safe from every dream, and reveals him the spiritof wisdom, and

enables his intellect to scrutinize and understand many more things, and thdivinecauses of phenomena spiritual and natural: and it stops or prevents allintruding poisons and

cures those whose heart is not strong enough, and fortifies themand, being a bearer of victory, it grants to the one who wears it a honorablevictory over hisenemies, and it should be worn enclosed in silver.Sad part was a stone could lose its virtue through the sin of the one whowore it.


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Figural brooches

Devotionaljewelery

Functional Jewellerypieces


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Jewellery was very important for selfexpression and self representation.

Jewellery did not only include theusual of necklaces, rings andbracelets but also decorative buttonsand pieces of jewellery sewn into

hats and garments Common heraldic motifs (eg 12th

century Rhenish eagle shaped gold

fibula) were often used to decorate


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References

http://www.historyforkids.org/le http://listverse.com/2007/09/22

http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/i http://web.ceu.hu/medstud/ma

http://www.medieval-life.net/ed

http://www.medieval-life.net/po

http://medievaleurope.mrdonn.
http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/medieval/economy/index.htmhttp://listverse.com/2007/09/22/top-10-inventions-of-the-middle-ages/http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/inventions-in-the-middle-ages.htmhttp://web.ceu.hu/medstud/manual/SRM/jewel.htmhttp://www.medieval-life.net/education.htmhttp://www.medieval-life.net/poetry.htmhttp://medievaleurope.mrdonn.org/http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/middle-ages-women.htmhttp://medievaleurope.mrdonn.org/http://www.medieval-life.net/poetry.htmhttp://www.medieval-life.net/education.htmhttp://web.ceu.hu/medstud/manual/SRM/jewel.htmhttp://www.middle-ages.org.uk/inventions-in-the-middle-ages.htmhttp://listverse.com/2007/09/22/top-10-inventions-of-the-middle-ages/http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/medieval/economy/index.htm


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Gothic Period Final

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