1

Supplement

Table S1. Observation list of BC, OC and sulfate mass concentrations at the surface Code Site Country Network#1 LON LAT BC OC Sulfate

ACAD1 Acadia NP US I -68.26 44.38 ◯ ◯ ◯

ADPI1 Addison Pinnacle US I -77.21 42.09 ◯ ◯ ◯

AGTI1 Agua Tibia US I -116.97 33.46 ◯ ◯ ◯

AREN1 Arendtsville US I -77.31 39.92 ◯ ◯ ◯

ATLA1 South Dekalb US I -84.29 33.69 ◯ ◯ ◯

BADL1 Badlands NP US I -101.94 43.74 ◯ ◯ ◯

BALD1 Mount Baldy US I -109.44 34.06 ◯ ◯ ◯

BAND1 Bandelier NM US I -106.27 35.78 ◯ ◯ ◯

BIBE1 Big Bend NP US I -103.18 29.30 ◯ ◯ ◯

BIRM1 North Birmingham US I -86.81 33.55 ◯ ◯ ◯

BLIS1 Bliss SP (TRPA) US I -120.10 38.98 ◯ ◯ ◯

BLMO1 Blue Mounds US I -96.19 43.72 ◯ ◯ ◯

BOAP1 Bosque del Apache US I -106.85 33.87 ◯ ◯ ◯

BOLA1 Boulder Lake US I -109.64 42.85 ◯ ◯ ◯

BOND1 Bondville US I -88.37 40.05 ◯ ◯ ◯

BOWA1 Boundary Waters Canoe Area US I -91.50 47.95 ◯ ◯ ◯

BRCA1 Bryce Canyon NP US I -112.17 37.62 ◯ ◯ ◯

BRID1 Bridger Wilderness US I -109.76 42.97 ◯ ◯ ◯

BRIG1 Brigantine NWR US I -74.45 39.47 ◯ ◯ ◯

BRIS1 Breton Island US I -89.76 30.11 ◯ ◯ ◯

BRMA1 Bridgton US I -70.73 44.11 ◯ ◯ ◯

CABA1 Casco Bay US I -70.06 43.83 ◯ ◯ ◯

CABI1 Cabinet Mountains US I -115.67 47.95 ◯ ◯ ◯

CACO1 Cape Cod US I -70.02 41.98 ◯ ◯ ◯

CACR1 Caney Creek US I -94.14 34.45 ◯ ◯ ◯

CADI1 Cadiz US I -87.85 36.78 ◯ ◯ ◯

CANY1 Canyonlands NP US I -109.82 38.46 ◯ ◯ ◯

CAPI1 Capitol Reef NP US I -111.29 38.30 ◯ ◯ ◯

CEBL1 Cedar Bluff US I -99.76 38.77 ◯ ◯ ◯

CHAS1 Chassahowitzka NWR US I -82.55 28.75 ◯ ◯ ◯

CHER1 Cherokee Nation US I -97.03 36.96 ◯ ◯ ◯

CHIR1 Chiricahua NM US I -109.39 32.01 ◯ ◯ ◯

CLPE1 Cloud Peak US I -106.96 44.33 ◯ ◯ ◯

COGO1 Columbia Gorge #1 US I -122.21 45.57 ◯ ◯ ◯

COHU1 Cohutta US I -84.63 34.79 ◯ ◯ ◯

CORI1 Columbia River Gorge US I -121.00 45.66 ◯ ◯ ◯

CRES1 Crescent Lake US I -102.43 41.76 ◯ ◯ ◯

CRMO1 Craters of the Moon NM US I -113.56 43.46 ◯ ◯ ◯

2

DENA1 Denali NP US I -148.97 63.72 ◯ ◯ ◯

DETR1 Detroit US I -83.21 42.23 ◯ ◯ ◯

DEVA1 Death Valley NP US I -116.85 36.51 ◯ ◯ ◯

DOME1 Dome Lands Wilderness US I -118.14 35.73 ◯ ◯ ◯

DOSO1 Dolly Sods Wilderness US I -79.43 39.11 ◯ ◯ ◯

DOUG1 Douglas US I -109.54 31.35 ◯ ◯ ◯

EGBE1 Egbert US I -79.78 44.23 ◯ ◯ ◯

ELDO1 El Dorado Springs US I -94.03 37.70 ◯ ◯ ◯

ELLI1 Ellis US I -99.94 36.09 ◯ ◯ ◯

EVER1 Everglades NP US I -80.68 25.39 ◯ ◯ ◯

FLAT1 Flathead US I -114.27 47.77 ◯ ◯ ◯

FOPE1 Fort Peck US I -105.10 48.31 ◯ ◯ ◯

FRES1 Fresno US I -119.77 36.78 ◯ ◯ ◯

FRRE1 Frostberg Reservoir (Big Piney Run) US I -79.01 39.71 ◯ ◯ ◯

GAAR1 Gates of the Arctic NP US I -151.52 66.90 ◯ ◯ ◯

GAMO1 Gates of the Mountains US I -111.71 46.83 ◯ ◯ ◯

GICL1 Gila Wilderness US I -108.24 33.22 ◯ ◯ ◯

GLAC1 Glacier NP US I -114.00 48.51 ◯ ◯ ◯

GRBA1 Great Basin NP US I -114.22 39.01 ◯ ◯ ◯

GRCA2 Hance Camp at Grand Canyon NP US I -111.98 35.97 ◯ ◯ ◯

GRGU1 Great Gulf Wilderness US I -71.22 44.31 ◯ ◯ ◯

GRRI1 Great River Bluffs US I -91.41 43.94 ◯ ◯ ◯

GRSA1 Great Sand Dunes NM US I -105.52 37.72 ◯ ◯ ◯

GRSM1 Great Smoky Mountains NP US I -83.94 35.63 ◯ ◯ ◯

GUMO1 Guadalupe Mountains NP US I -104.81 31.83 ◯ ◯ ◯

HACR1 Haleakala Crater US I -156.25 20.76 ◯ ◯ ◯

HALE1 Haleakala NP US I -156.28 20.81 ◯ ◯ ◯

HAVO1 Hawaii Volcanoes NP US I -155.26 19.43 ◯ ◯ ◯

HECA1 Hells Canyon US I -116.84 44.97 ◯ ◯ ◯

HEGL1 Hercules-Glades US I -92.92 36.61 ◯ ◯ ◯

HOOV1 Hoover US I -119.18 38.09 ◯ ◯ ◯

IKBA1 Ike's Backbone US I -111.68 34.34 ◯ ◯ ◯

INGA1 Indian Gardens US I -112.13 36.08 ◯ ◯ ◯

ISLE1 Isle Royale NP US I -88.15 47.46 ◯ ◯ ◯

JARB1 Jarbidge Wilderness US I -115.43 41.89 ◯ ◯ ◯

JARI1 James River Face Wilderness US I -79.51 37.63 ◯ ◯ ◯

JOSH1 Joshua Tree NP US I -116.39 34.07 ◯ ◯ ◯

KAIS1 Kaiser US I -119.15 37.22 ◯ ◯ ◯

KALM1 Kalmiopsis US I -124.06 42.55 ◯ ◯ ◯

LABE1 Lava Beds NM US I -121.51 41.71 ◯ ◯ ◯

LASU2 Lake Sugema US I -92.01 40.69 ◯ ◯ ◯

LAVO1 Lassen Volcanic NP US I -121.58 40.54 ◯ ◯ ◯

3

LIGO1 Linville Gorge US I -81.93 35.97 ◯ ◯ ◯

LIVO1 Livonia US I -86.26 38.53 ◯ ◯ ◯

LOST1 Lostwood US I -102.40 48.64 ◯ ◯ ◯

LYBR1 Lye Brook Wilderness US I -73.13 43.15 ◯ ◯ ◯

MACA1 Mammoth Cave NP US I -86.15 37.13 ◯ ◯ ◯

MAKA1 Makah Tribe US I -124.60 48.37 ◯ ◯ ◯

MAVI1 Martha's Vineyard US I -70.78 41.33 ◯ ◯ ◯

MEAD1 Meadview US I -114.07 36.02 ◯ ◯ ◯

MELA1 Medicine Lake US I -104.48 48.49 ◯ ◯ ◯

MEVE1 Mesa Verde NP US I -108.49 37.20 ◯ ◯ ◯

MING1 Mingo US I -90.14 36.97 ◯ ◯ ◯

MKGO1 M.K. Goddard US I -80.15 41.43 ◯ ◯ ◯

MOHO1 Mount Hood US I -121.78 45.29 ◯ ◯ ◯

MOMO1 Mohawk Mt. US I -73.30 41.82 ◯ ◯ ◯

MONT1 Monture US I -113.15 47.12 ◯ ◯ ◯

MOOS1 Moosehorn NWR US I -67.27 45.13 ◯ ◯ ◯

MORA1 Mount Rainier NP US I -122.12 46.76 ◯ ◯ ◯

MOZI1 Mount Zirkel Wilderness US I -106.68 40.54 ◯ ◯ ◯

NEBR1 Nebraska NF US I -100.34 41.89 ◯ ◯ ◯

NEYO1 Is 52 US I -73.90 40.82 ◯ ◯ ◯

NOAB1 North Absaroka US I -109.38 44.74 ◯ ◯ ◯

NOCA1 North Cascades US I -121.06 48.73 ◯ ◯ ◯

NOCH1 Northern Cheyenne US I -106.56 45.65 ◯ ◯ ◯

OKEF1 Okefenokee NWR US I -82.13 30.74 ◯ ◯ ◯

OLYM1 Olympic US I -122.97 48.01 ◯ ◯ ◯

ORPI1 Organ Pipe US I -112.80 31.95 ◯ ◯ ◯

PACK1 Pack Monadnock Summit US I -71.88 42.86 ◯ ◯ ◯

PASA1 Pasayten US I -119.93 48.39 ◯ ◯ ◯

PEFO1 Petrified Forest NP US I -109.77 35.08 ◯ ◯ ◯

PENO1 Penobscot US I -68.65 44.95 ◯ ◯ ◯

PHOE1 Phoenix US I -112.10 33.50 ◯ ◯ ◯

PINN1 Pinnacles NM US I -121.16 36.48 ◯ ◯ ◯

PITT1 Lawrenceville US I -79.96 40.47 ◯ ◯ ◯

PMRF1 Proctor Maple R. F. US I -72.87 44.53 ◯ ◯ ◯

PORE1 Point Reyes National Seashore US I -122.91 38.12 ◯ ◯ ◯

PRIS1 Presque Isle US I -68.03 46.70 ◯ ◯ ◯

PUSO1 Puget Sound US I -122.31 47.57 ◯ ◯ ◯

QUCI1 Quaker City US I -81.34 39.94 ◯ ◯ ◯

QURE1 Quabbin Summit US I -72.33 42.30 ◯ ◯ ◯

QUVA1 Queen Valley US I -111.29 33.29 ◯ ◯ ◯

RAFA1 San Rafael US I -120.01 34.73 ◯ ◯ ◯

REDW1 Redwood NP US I -124.08 41.56 ◯ ◯ ◯

4

ROMA1 Cape Romain NWR US I -79.66 32.94 ◯ ◯ ◯

ROMO1 Rocky Mountain NP US I -105.55 40.28 ◯ ◯ ◯

SACR1 Salt Creek US I -104.40 33.46 ◯ ◯ ◯

SAFO1 Sac and Fox US I -95.57 39.98 ◯ ◯ ◯

SAGO1 San Gorgonio Wilderness US I -116.91 34.19 ◯ ◯ ◯

SAGU1 Saguaro NM US I -110.74 32.17 ◯ ◯ ◯

SAMA1 St. Marks US I -84.16 30.09 ◯ ◯ ◯

SAPE1 San Pedro Parks US I -106.84 36.01 ◯ ◯ ◯

SAWE1 Saguaro West US I -111.22 32.25 ◯ ◯ ◯

SAWT1 Sawtooth NF US I -114.93 44.17 ◯ ◯ ◯

SENE1 Seney US I -85.95 46.29 ◯ ◯ ◯

SEQU1 Sequoia NP US I -118.83 36.49 ◯ ◯ ◯

SHEN1 Shenandoah NP US I -78.43 38.52 ◯ ◯ ◯

SHMI1 Shamrock Mine US I -107.48 37.30 ◯ ◯ ◯

SHRO1 Shining Rock Wilderness US I -82.77 35.39 ◯ ◯ ◯

SIAN1 Sierra Ancha US I -110.94 34.09 ◯ ◯ ◯

SIKE1 Sikes US I -92.44 32.06 ◯ ◯ ◯

SIME1 Simeonof US I -160.51 55.33 ◯ ◯ ◯

SIPS1 Sipsey Wilderness US I -87.34 34.34 ◯ ◯ ◯

SNPA1 Snoqualmie Pass US I -121.43 47.42 ◯ ◯ ◯

STAR1 Starkey US I -118.51 45.22 ◯ ◯ ◯

SULA1 Sula Peak US I -114.00 45.86 ◯ ◯ ◯

SWAN1 Swanquarter US I -76.21 35.45 ◯ ◯ ◯

SYCA1 Sycamore Canyon US I -111.97 35.14 ◯ ◯ ◯

TALL1 Tallgrass US I -96.56 38.43 ◯ ◯ ◯

THBA1 Thunder Basin US I -105.29 44.66 ◯ ◯ ◯

THRO1 Theodore Roosevelt US I -103.38 46.89 ◯ ◯ ◯

THSI1 Three Sisters Wilderness US I -122.04 44.29 ◯ ◯ ◯

TONT1 Tonto NM US I -111.11 33.65 ◯ ◯ ◯

TRCR1 Trapper Creek US I -150.32 62.32 ◯ ◯ ◯

TRIN1 Trinity US I -122.80 40.79 ◯ ◯ ◯

TUXE1 Tuxedni US I -152.67 59.99 ◯ ◯ ◯

ULBE1 UL Bend US I -108.72 47.58 ◯ ◯ ◯

UPBU1 Upper Buffalo Wilderness US I -93.20 35.83 ◯ ◯ ◯

VIIS1 Virgin Islands NP US I -64.80 18.34 ◯ ◯ ◯

VILA1 Viking Lake US I -95.05 40.97 ◯ ◯ ◯

VOYA2 Voyageurs NP #2 US I -92.83 48.41 ◯ ◯ ◯

WASH1 Washington D.C. US I -77.03 38.88 ◯ ◯ ◯

WEMI1 Weminuche Wilderness US I -107.80 37.66 ◯ ◯ ◯

WHIT1 White Mountain US I -105.53 33.47 ◯ ◯ ◯

WHPA1 White Pass US I -121.39 46.62 ◯ ◯ ◯

WHPE1 Wheeler Peak US I -105.45 36.59 ◯ ◯ ◯

5

WHRI1 White River NF US I -106.82 39.15 ◯ ◯ ◯

WICA1 Wind Cave US I -103.48 43.56 ◯ ◯ ◯

WIMO1 Wichita Mountains US I -98.71 34.73 ◯ ◯ ◯

WRIG1 Wrightwood US I -117.69 34.38 ◯ ◯ ◯

YELL2 Yellowstone NP 2 US I -110.40 44.57 ◯ ◯ ◯

YOSE1 Yosemite NP US I -119.71 37.71 ◯ ◯ ◯

ZICA1 Zion Canyon US I -113.15 37.20 ◯ ◯ ◯

CH0002R Payerne Switzerland EM 6.94 46.81 ◯ ◯ ◯

CH0005R Rigi Switzerland EM 8.46 47.07 ◯ ◯ ◯

DE0002R Waldhof Germany EM 10.76 52.80 ◯ ◯ ◯

DE0003R Schauinsland Germany EM 7.91 47.91 ◯ ◯ ◯

DE0007R Neuglobsow Germany EM 13.03 53.17 ◯ ◯ ◯

DE0008R Schmücke Germany EM 10.77 50.65 ◯ ◯ ◯

DE0044R Melpitz Germany EM 12.93 51.53 ◯ ◯ ◯

ES0009R Campisabalos Spain EM -3.14 41.28 ◯ ◯ ◯

ES1778R Montseny Spain EM 2.35 41.77 ◯ ◯ ◯

FR0030R Puy de Dome France EM 2.95 45.77 ◯ ◯ ◯

GB0036R Harwell UK EM -1.32 51.57 ◯ ◯ ◯

IT0004R Ispra Italy EM 8.63 45.80 ◯ ◯ ◯

NL0114U Overtoom Netherlands EM 4.81 52.36 ◯ ◯ ◯

NL0118K Ring_A10_Zuid Netherlands EM 4.90 52.33 ◯ ◯ ◯

NO0001R Birkenes Norway EM 8.25 58.38 ◯ ◯ ◯

NO0002R Birkenes II Norway EM 8.25 58.39 ◯ ◯ ◯

NO0039R Kårvatn Norway EM 8.88 62.78 ◯ ◯ ◯

NO0056R Hurdal Norway EM 11.08 60.37 ◯ ◯ ◯

PL0005R Diabla Gora Poland EM 22.07 54.15 ◯ ◯ ◯

SE0011R Vavihill Sweden EM 13.15 56.02 ◯ ◯ ◯

SE0012R Aspvreten Sweden EM 17.38 58.80 ◯ ◯ ◯

SI0008R Iskrba Slovenia EM 14.87 45.57 ◯ ◯ ◯

CD Chengdu China C 104.04 30.65 ◯ ◯ ◯

DL Dalian China C 121.63 38.90 ◯ ◯ ◯

DH Dunhuang China C 94.68 40.15 ◯ ◯ ◯

GLS Gaolanshan China C 105.85 36.00 ◯ ◯ ◯

GC Gucheng China C 115.80 39.13 ◯ ◯ ◯

JS Jinsha China C 114.20 29.63 ◯ ◯ ◯

LS Lhasa China C 91.13 29.67 ◯ ◯ ◯

LA LinAn China C 119.73 30.30 ◯ ◯ ◯

LFS Longfengshan China C 127.60 44.73 ◯ ◯ ◯

NJ Nanning China C 108.35 22.82 ◯ ◯ ◯

PY Panyu China C 113.35 23.00 ◯ ◯ ◯

TYS Taiyangshan China C 111.71 29.17 ◯ ◯ ◯

XA Xian China C 108.97 34.43 ◯ ◯ ◯

6

ZZ Zhengzhou China C 113.68 34.78 ◯ ◯ ◯

CRLA1 Crater Lake NP US I -122.14 42.90 ◯ ◯

CY0002R Ayia Marina Cyprus E 33.06 35.04 ◯ ◯

CZ0003R Kosetice Czech E 15.08 49.57 ◯ ◯

BIBE1 Big Bend NP US I -103.18 29.30 ◯

BIRM1 North Birmingham US I -86.81 33.55 ◯

BRET1 Breton US I -89.21 29.12 ◯

CHIC1 Chicago US I -87.71 41.75 ◯

COHI1 Connecticut Hill US I -76.65 42.40 ◯

FLTO1 Flat Tops US I -107.63 39.92 ◯

HILL1 Hillside US I -112.96 34.43 ◯

HOUS1 Houston Deer Park #2 US I -95.13 29.67 ◯

LTCC1 Lake Tahoe Community College US I -119.97 38.92 ◯

OLTO1 Old Town US I -68.65 44.93 ◯

OMAH1 Omaha US I -96.43 42.15 ◯

OWVL1 Owens Valley US I -118.33 37.36 ◯

PETE1 Petersburg US I -132.81 56.61 ◯

PHOE5 Phoenix Colocated Sampler US I -112.10 33.50 ◯

ROMA1 Cape Romain NWR US I -79.66 32.94 ◯

RUBI1 Rubidoux US I -117.42 34.00 ◯

SAGA1 San Gabriel US I -118.03 34.30 ◯

SPOK1 Spokane Res. US I -117.86 47.90 ◯

STIL1 Stilwell US I -94.67 35.75 ◯

WARI1 Walker River Paiute Tribe US I -118.81 38.95 ◯

AM0001R Amberd Armenia EM 44.26 40.38 ◯

AT0002 Illmitz Austria EM 16.77 47.77 ◯

DE0001 Westerland Germany EM 8.31 54.93 ◯

DE0009 Zingst Germany EM 12.73 54.43 ◯

DK0003 Tange Denmark EM 9.60 56.35 ◯

DK0005 Keldsnor Denmark EM 10.73 54.73 ◯

DK0008 Anholt Denmark EM 11.52 56.72 ◯

DK0010 Nord, Greenland Denmark EM -16.67 81.60 ◯

DK0012 Risoe Denmark EM 12.09 55.69 ◯

DK0031 Ulborg Denmark EM 8.43 56.28 ◯

FI0009 Utö Finland EM 21.38 59.78 ◯

FI0017 Virolahti II Finland EM 27.69 60.53 ◯

FI0022 Oulanka Finland EM 29.40 66.32 ◯

FI0036 Pallas (Matorova) Finland EM 24.24 68.00 ◯

FI0037 Ähtäri II Finland EM 24.18 62.58 ◯

IE0001 Valentia Observatory Ireland EM -10.24 51.94 ◯

IE0005 Oak Park Ireland EM -6.92 52.87 ◯

IE0006 Malin Head Ireland EM -7.34 55.38 ◯

7

IE0008 Carnsore Point Ireland EM -6.37 52.19 ◯

IS0002 Irafoss Iceland EM -21.02 64.08 ◯

IS0091 Storhofdi Iceland EM -20.28 63.40 ◯

LV0010 Rucava Latvia EM 21.17 56.16 ◯

MD0013 Leova II Moldova EM 28.28 46.49 ◯

NL0008 Bilthoven Netherlands EM 5.20 52.12 ◯

NL0009 Kollumerwaard Netherlands EM 6.28 53.33 ◯

NL0010 Vredepeel Netherlands EM 5.85 51.54 ◯

NL0091 De Zilk Netherlands EM 4.50 52.30 ◯

NO0015 Tustervatn Norway EM 13.92 65.83 ◯

NO0042 Ny-Ålesund Norway EM 11.89 78.91 ◯

NO0055 Karasjok Norway EM 25.22 69.47 ◯

NO0090 Andøya Norway EM 16.01 69.28 ◯

NO0091 Søgne Norway EM 7.85 58.12 ◯

SE0014 Råö Sweden EM 11.91 57.39 ◯

SK0002 Chopok Slovakia EM 19.58 48.93 ◯

SK0004 Stará Lesná Slovakia EM 20.28 49.15 ◯

SK0006 Starina Slovakia EM 22.27 49.05 ◯

- Phnom Penh Cambodia EA 104.83 11.55 ◯

- Hongwen China EA 118.13 24.47 ◯

- Serpong Indonesia EA 106.57 -6.25 ◯

- Rishiri Japan EA 141.21 45.12 ◯

- Ochiishi Japan EA 145.50 43.15 ◯

- Tappi Japan EA 140.35 41.25 ◯

- Sadoseki Japan EA 138.40 38.23 ◯

- Happo Japan EA 137.80 36.68 ◯

- Ijira Japan EA 136.69 35.57 ◯

- Oki Japan EA 133.19 36.28 ◯

- Banryu Japan EA 131.80 34.67 ◯

- Yusuhara Japan EA 132.93 33.37 ◯

- Hedo Japan EA 128.25 26.85 ◯

- Ogasawara Japan EA 142.22 27.08 ◯

- Tokyo Japan EA 139.76 35.68 ◯

- TanahRata Malaysia EA 101.38 4.47 ◯

- Petaling Jaya Malaysia EA 101.65 3.10 ◯

- Danum Valley Malaysia EA 117.85 4.98 ◯

- Ulaanbaatar Mongolia EA 106.82 47.90 ◯

- Terelj Mongolia EA 107.48 47.98 ◯

- Yangon Myanmar EA 96.12 16.50 ◯

- Metro Manila Philippines EA 121.07 14.63 ◯

- Los Banos Philippines EA 121.25 14.18 ◯

- Mt. Sto. Tomas Philippines EA 120.60 16.42 ◯

8

- Mondy Russia EA 101.00 51.67 ◯

- Listvyanka Russia EA 104.90 51.85 ◯

- Irkutsk Russia EA 104.25 52.23 ◯

- Primorskaya Russia EA 132.12 43.70 ◯

- Bangkok Thailand EA 100.53 13.77 ◯

- Patumthani Thailand EA 100.57 13.73 ◯

- Khanchanaburi Thailand EA 100.77 14.03 ◯

- Chiang Mai Thailand EA 98.93 18.77 ◯

- Nakhon Ratchasima Thailand EA 101.88 14.45 ◯

- Ha Noi Viet Nam EA 105.85 21.02 ◯

- Hoa Binh Viet Nam EA 105.33 20.82 ◯

BYIS1 Baengnyeong Island Korea I 124.63 37.97 ◯

#1 Network includes I (IMPROVE), EM (EMEP), C (CAWNET) and EA (EANET).

9

Table S2. Observation sites of dust and seasalt operated by University of Miami, US. Site Country LON LAT dust seasalt

Midway Island US -177.40 28.20 ◯ ◯

Oahu Hawaii US -157.70 21.30 ◯ ◯

RSMAS Univ. of Miami US -80.20 25.80 ◯ ◯

Ragged Point Barbados -59.40 13.20 ◯ ◯

Mace Head Ireland -9.90 53.30 ◯ ◯

Cape Point S. Africa 18.50 -34.30 ◯ ◯

Cheju Korea 126.50 33.50 ◯ ◯

Hedo Okinawa Japan 128.20 26.90 ◯ ◯

Cape Grim Tasmania Australia 144.70 -40.70 ◯ ◯

Norfolk Island Australia 168.00 -29.10 ◯ ◯

Funafuti Tuvalu -179.00 -8.50 ◯

Bermuda UK -64.90 32.30 ◯

Marsh-King George island Antarctica -58.30 -62.20 ◯

Izana Tenerife Spain -16.50 28.30 ◯

Mawson Antarctica 62.50 -67.60 ◯

Enewetak Atoll US 162.30 11.30 ◯

Yate New Caledonia 167.00 -22.10 ◯

Nauru Nauru 167.00 -0.50 ◯

Chatham Island New Zealand -176.50 -43.90 ◯

America Samoa US -170.60 -14.20 ◯

Fanning Island Kiribati -159.30 3.90 ◯

Palmer Antarctica -64.05 -64.90 ◯

Heimaey Iceland -20.30 63.40 ◯

Reunion Island France 55.83 -21.20 ◯

Invercargill New Zealand 168.40 -46.40 ◯

Wellington New Zealand 174.90 -41.30 ◯

10

Table S3. Observation sites of AOT Site Country Network#1 LON LAT

BONDVILLE US A -88.37 40.05

BSRN_sBAO_Boulder US A -105.01 40.05

Billerica US A -71.27 42.53

Bozeman US A -111.05 45.66

Bratts_Lake US A -104.70 50.28

CARTEL US A -71.93 45.38

Cart_Site US A -97.49 36.61

Egbert US A -79.75 44.23

Fresno US A -119.77 36.78

GSFC US A -76.84 38.99

HJAndrews US A -122.22 44.24

Halifax US A -63.59 44.64

KONZA_EDC US A -96.61 39.10

Kangerlussuaq US A -50.62 67.00

La_Parguera US A -67.05 17.97

MD_Science_Center US A -76.62 39.28

Mauna_Loa US A -155.58 19.54

Mexico_City US A -99.18 19.33

Missoula US A -114.08 46.92

Pickle_Lake US A -90.22 51.45

Railroad_Valley US A -115.96 38.50

Rimrock US A -116.99 46.49

Rogers_Dry_Lake US A -117.89 34.93

SERC US A -76.50 38.88

Saturn_Island US A -123.13 48.78

Sevilleta US A -106.89 34.36

Sioux_Falls US A -96.63 43.74

TABLE_MOUNTAIN_CA US A -117.68 34.38

Alta_Floresta Brazil A -56.10 -9.87

Arica Chile A -70.31 -18.47

CEILAP-BA Argentina A -58.50 -34.57

CUIABA-MIRANDA Brazil A -56.02 -15.73

Campo_Grande_SONDA Brazil A -54.54 -20.44

Trelew Argentina A -65.31 -43.25

ATHENS-NOA Greece A 23.78 37.99

Autilla Spain A -4.60 42.00

Belsk Poland A 20.79 51.84

Blida Algeria A 2.88 36.51

Bucharest_Inoe Romania A 26.03 44.35

Burjassot Spain A -0.42 39.51

11

Carpentras France A 5.06 44.08

El_Arenosillo Spain A -6.73 37.11

Ersa France A 9.36 43.00

Evora Portugal A -7.91 38.57

FORTH_CRETE Greece A 25.28 35.33

Granada Spain A -3.61 37.16

Gustav_Dalen_Tower Swedish coast A 17.47 58.59

IMS-METU-ERDEMLI Turkey A 34.26 36.57

Ispra Italy A 8.63 45.80

Kyiv Ukraine A 30.50 50.36

Lampedusa Italy A 12.63 35.52

Lecce_University Italy A 18.11 40.34

Lille France A 3.14 50.61

Malaga Spain A -4.48 36.72

Minsk Belarus A 27.60 53.92

Modena Italy A 10.95 44.63

Moldova Moldova A 28.82 47.00

Moscow_MSU_MO Russia A 37.51 55.70

OHP_OBSERVATOIRE France A 5.71 43.94

Palaiseau France A 2.21 48.70

Palencia Spain A -4.52 41.99

Rome_Tor_Vergata Italy A 12.65 41.84

Sevastopol Ukraine A 33.52 44.62

Thessaloniki Greece A 22.96 40.63

Toravere Estonia A 26.46 58.26

Toulon France A 6.01 43.14

Capo_Verde Sal Island A -22.94 16.73

Dakar Senegal A -16.96 14.39

Dhadnah UAE A 56.33 25.51

Eilat Israel A 34.92 29.50

IER_Cinzana Mali A -5.93 13.28

Ilorin Nigeria A 4.34 8.32

Izana Spain A -16.50 28.31

Nes_Ziona Israel A 34.79 31.92

SEDE_BOKER Israel A 34.78 30.86

Santa_Cruz_Tenerife Tenerife A -16.25 28.47

Solar_Village Saudi Arabia A 46.40 24.91

Mongu Zambia A 23.15 -15.25

REUNION_ST_DENIS France A 55.48 -20.88

Skukuza South Africa A 31.59 -24.99

Birdsville Australia A 139.35 -25.90

Canberra Australia A 149.11 -35.27

12

Jabiru Australia A 132.89 -12.66

Lake_Argyle Australia A 128.75 -16.11

Lauder New Zealand S 169.68 -45.04

Chiang_Mai_Met_Sta Thailand A 98.97 18.77

Dushanbe Tajikistan A 68.86 38.55

Kanpur India A 80.23 26.51

Karachi Pakistan A 67.03 24.87

Shirahama Japan A 135.36 33.69

Silpakorn_Univ Thailand A 100.04 13.82

Yakutsk Russia A 129.37 61.66

Sendai Japan S 140.84 38.26

Chiba Japan S 140.10 35.63

Hedo Japan S 128.25 26.87

Miyako Japan S 125.33 24.74

SACOL China A 104.14 35.95

XiangHe China A 116.96 39.75

Akedala China C 87.97 47.12

Lhasa China C 91.13 29.67

Mt.Waliguan China C 100.92 36.28

Shangri-La China C 99.73 28.02

Dunhuang China C 94.68 40.15

Ejina China C 101.07 41.95

Hami China C 93.52 42.82

Hotan China C 79.93 37.13

Jiuquan China C 98.48 39.77

Minqin China C 103.08 38.63

Tazhong China C 83.67 39.00

Urumqi China C 108.52 41.57

Xilinhot China C 116.12 43.95

Zhangbei China C 114.70 41.15

Zhurihe China C 112.90 42.40

Dongsheng China C 109.98 39.83

Mt.Caolan China C 103.85 36.00

Yan'an China C 109.50 36.60

Yulin China C 109.20 38.43

Changde China C 111.70 29.17

Dongtan China C 121.96 31.52

Gucheng China C 115.80 39.13

Huimin China C 117.53 37.48

Lin'an China C 119.73 30.30

Mt.Longfeng China C 127.60 44.73

Mt.Tai China C 117.10 36.25

13

Shangdianzi China C 117.12 40.65

Tongyu China C 122.87 44.42

Yushe China C 112.98 37.07

Anshan China C 123.00 41.08

Beijing China C 116.47 39.80

Benxi China C 123.78 41.32

Chengdu China C 104.03 30.65

Dalian China C 121.63 38.90

Datong China C 113.33 40.10

Fushun China C 123.95 41.88

Hangzhou China C 120.17 30.23

Hefei China C 116.38 31.98

Kuming China C 102.65 25.01

Lanzhou China C 103.88 36.05

Naning China C 118.77 32.05

Nanjing China C 108.35 22.82

Panyu China C 113.35 23.00

Pudong China C 121.55 31.22

Shenyang China C 123.50 41.77

Tianjin China C 117.17 39.10

Wulate China C 87.62 43.78

Xi'an China C 108.97 34.43

Yinchuan China C 106.22 38.48

Zhengzhou China C 113.68 34.78

#1 The network includes A (AERONET), S (SKYNET) and C (CARINET).

14

Table S4 Observation sites of surface radiation fluxes by BSRN Code Site Country Longitude Latitude ale Alert US -62.42 82.49 ber Bermuda US -64.67 32.27 bon Bondville US -88.37 40.07 bos Boulder, SURFRAD US -105.24 40.13 bou Boulder US -105.01 40.05 clh Chesapeake Light US -75.71 36.91 dra Desert Rock US -116.02 36.63 fpe Fort Peck US -105.10 48.32 cab Cabauw Netherlands 4.93 51.97 car Carpentras France 5.06 44.08 nya Ny-Ålesund Norway 11.93 78.93 pal Palaiseau France 2.21 48.71 tor Toravere Estonia 26.46 58.25 sbo Sedo Boqer Israel 34.78 30.86 tam Tamanrasset Algeria 5.53 22.79 asp Alice Springs Australia 133.89 -23.80 dar Darwin Australia 130.89 -12.43 dom Concordia Station Antarctica 123.38 -75.10 dwn Darwin Met Office Australia 130.89 -12.42 gvn Neumayer Station Antarctica -8.25 -70.65 lau Lauder New Zealand 169.69 -45.05

man Momote Papua New Guinea 147.43 -2.06 nau Nauru Island Nauru 166.92 -0.52 syo Syowa Antarctica 39.59 -69.01 tat Tateno Japan 140.13 36.06