Gov 1255: Politics of India Emily Clough SOCIAL MOVEMENTS Part
I
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Social Movements Environmental Movements Womens Movements
Sexual Minority Politics Anti-Corruption Movement
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Social Movement Theory How do social movements organize
themselves? How do people solve collective action problems?
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Social Movement Theory How do social movements organize
themselves? How do people solve collective action problems? Early
theorists: Marx: Structural class cleavages make it inevitable
Lenin: Intellectual vanguard and organization Gramsci: Working
class organic intellectual
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Social Movement Theory How do social movements organize
themselves? How do people solve collective action problems? Early
theorists: Marx: Structural class cleavages make it inevitable
Lenin: Intellectual vanguard and organization Gramsci: Working
class organic intellectual Individual decisions to participate
Olson: relative costs and benefits at the individual level
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Social Movement Theory How do social movements organize
themselves? How do people solve collective action problems? Early
theorists: Marx: Structural class cleavages make it inevitable
Lenin: Intellectual vanguard and organization Gramsci: Working
class organic intellectual Individual decisions to participate
Olson: relative costs and benefits at the individual level
Characteristics of social movements McCarthy & Zald: movement
entrepreneurs, organization
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Social Movement Theory How do social movements organize
themselves? How do people solve collective action problems? Early
theorists: Marx: Structural class cleavages make it inevitable
Lenin: Intellectual vanguard and organization Gramsci: Working
class organic intellectual Individual decisions to participate
Olson: relative costs and benefits at the individual level
Characteristics of social movements McCarthy & Zald: movement
entrepreneurs, organization Beyond the movement: context McCarthy
& Zald: resources Tarrow
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Political opportunity structure
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Tarrow Political opportunity structure Repertoires of
conventions
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Tarrow Political opportunity structure Repertoires of
conventions Ideological frames
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Tarrow Political opportunity structure Repertoires of
conventions Ideological frames Social networks
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Environmental Movements Forest Resources
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Environmental Movements Forest Resources Water Resources
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Conflict over Forest Resources Chipko (Hug the Trees) Movement
in the Central Himalayas in 1973
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Chipko Movement
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Conflict over Forests Chipko (Hug the Trees) Movement
Representative of wide spectrum of forest-based conflicts Traced to
establishment of the Indian forest department in 1864. This was a
watershed: Political Social Ecological Social conflict
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Conflict over Forests Intensified in post-Independence years
because of new ecological dimension dwindling forests Popular
movements focus on 2 issues: Return of control of forests to
community. State must withdraw. Contrast between the subsistence
orientation of villagers and the commercial orientation of the
state.
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Conflict over Water Big Dams Nehrus temples of modern India
Over time, villagers less willing to sacrifice Experience of
displaced communities of the past
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Conflict Over Water Three Critiques of Big Dams: Economic
critique: States invariably overvalue benefits & undervalue
costs Ecological critique: High incidence of water logging &
wholesale submergence of large tropical forests and precious
wildlife & fishlife Social critique: Displacement of millions
of poor villagers from their ancestral homelands without adequate
consultation or compensation
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Narmada Bachao Andolan/ Save the Narmada Campaign
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Narmada River Projects
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Leader of the Narmada Bachao Andolan: Medha Patkar
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Critiques of the Narmada Dams by the NBA that the project has
been conceived without adequate participation from the people who
are going to be affected; that many dams are not viable solutions
to many of the problems (power, drinking water, flood control,
irrigation) they set out to solve, and that there needs to be a
greater emphasis on the search for alternative solutions from all
concerned (Government, NGOs, people); that the construction and
planning of many dams has disrupted (and will potentially disrupt)
the lives of millions of people without just and adequate
compensation
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Expected benefits of the Sardar Sarovar Dam Judgement of the
Supreme Court of India in 2000: "The argument in favour of the
Sardar Sarovar Project is that the benefits are so large that they
substantially outweigh the costs of the immediate human and
environmental disruption. there appears to be no alternative to
escalating human deprivation, particularly in the dry areas of
Gujarat. The project has the potential to feed as many as 20
million people, provide domestic and industrial water for about 30
million, employ about 1 million, and provide valuable peak electric
power. Set against the futures of about 70,000 project affected
peoplethe ratio of beneficiaries to affected persons is well over
100:1.
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Environmental Movements Forest - Chipko Movement Water -
Narmada Bachao Andolan Gandhian Social Movements
Womens Movements No single movement On diverse issues
Traditional focus: Womens education Widow remarriage New focus
Alcoholism Physical Abuse by Husbands Inflation Environment
(Chipko) Dalit issues
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Womens Movements Early Womens Movements: Movement against Dowry
Demands for additional dowry after marriage Violence toward women
for dowry bride burning Delhi-centered Suicide or kitchen accidents
New legislation mandating investigation into death by fire of new
brides; increasing stringency of punishment for cruelty to women;
mental cruelty; post-mortem exam within 7 years of marriage
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Movement against Dowry
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Womens Movements Early Womens Movements: Campaign against Dowry
Campaign against Rape Police rape 1970s demonstrations against
police rape and landlord rape national movement New legislation
burden of proof on the accused Issue of implementation
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Womens Movements Early Womens Movements: Campaign against Dowry
Campaign against Rape Features of Early Womens Movements: Popular
support Legislative successes
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Womens Movements Later Womens Movements: Critiques from
sections of traditionalist society Success of early womens
movements Rise of religious fundamentalism Pro-sati movements early
80s Real woman vs. Feminists
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Rights of Sexual Minorities Contemporary movement Challenges:
cultural, normative, institutional, legal Victories in all areas
Section 377 struck down in 2009 Case of lesbian marriage July 2011
Early days Confined to urban areas Still high rates of violence and
marginalization
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Anti-Corruption Movement Anna Hazare Team Anna and civil
society groups Methods: Gandhian (peaceful protest, courting
arrest, hunger strikes) + technology (Facebook, twitter, texts) Jan
Lokpal Bill ombudsman for corruption
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Anti-Corruption Movement Proponents: Lokpal Bill intended to
help eliminate corruption Grassroots movement overturns stereotype
of jaded public
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7wv5tlDNFlY
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Anti-Corruption Protests Critics: Movements leaders have been
charged with corruption Movement makes misguided demands the Lokpal
Bill wont solve corruption and may make it worse
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