THE REVOLUTIONARY
GOVERNMENT OF ZANZIBAR
THE FIRST VICE PRESIDENT’S OFFICE
THE REVOLUTIONARY
GOVERNMENT OF ZANZIBAR
THE FIRST VICE PRESIDENT’S OFFICE
THE REVOLUTIONARY
GOVERNMENT OF ZANZIBAR
THE FIRST VICE PRESIDENT’S OFFICE
GOVERNANCE OF CLIMATE ADAPTATION IN
SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES
INCEPTION REPORT 2015
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Disclaimer .............................................................................................................................................. 2
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 3
Schedule of Inception Mission ............................................................................................................... 5
Activities ................................................................................................................................................ 6
Meetings with governmental stakeholders .......................................................................................... 6
Department of Environment ............................................................................................................ 6
First Vice President’s Office ............................................................................................................ 8
Ministry of Finance .......................................................................................................................... 8
Planning Commission ..................................................................................................................... 8
Ministry of Land, Housing, Water, and Energy ................................................................................ 9
Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries ............................................................................................... 10
Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources .............................................................................. 11
Other stakeholders ....................................................................................................................... 11
Field visits ........................................................................................................................................ 12
Jozani Forest and Pete ................................................................................................................. 12
Jambiani ....................................................................................................................................... 12
Mkokotoni ..................................................................................................................................... 12
Nungwi ......................................................................................................................................... 13
Kilimani ......................................................................................................................................... 14
Three hotspots for baseline assessment ....................................................................................... 14
Overview of climate change related activities in Zanzibar .................................................................... 15
Strengthening Environment and Climate Change Governance Project ............................................. 15
Piloting Local Adaptation in Zanzibar ............................................................................................... 16
Least Developed Country Fund (LDCF) Project ............................................................................... 16
DFID-sponsored projects with activities in or implications for Zanzibar ............................................. 18
External Advisory Board ...................................................................................................................... 19
EAB members .................................................................................................................................. 19
Meeting schedule EAB ..................................................................................................................... 19
Update on work packages: additional technical assessments .............................................................. 20
Project planning ................................................................................................................................... 21
Further procedures .............................................................................................................................. 21
Annex I. Gantt Chart
Annex II. Work packages
DISCLAIMER
This is a procedural report that provides an overview of main activities during the inception phase of the
project. It is not intended as a comprehensive documentation of the research findings, which will be
published in 2016. Please do not cite this report.
In case of questions, please contact Ting Zhang ([email protected]).
INTRODUCTION
The latest IPCC reports describe climate change as “having caused impacts on natural and human
systems on all continents and across the oceans” in recent decades.1 Small Island Developing States’
(SIDS) particular vulnerability to sea level rise is mainly due to their small land masses, concentration of
populations, and their high dependence on the coastal ecosystems for food, livelihood, security, and
protection against extreme events. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC) recognizes the particular vulnerability of SIDS to the adverse effects of climate change and
thus stipulates that their specific needs and concerns should be given full consideration. The Barbados
Plan of Action for the Sustainable Development of SIDS (BPoA) and the Rio+20 Outcome point to the
climate-related predicament of SIDS and call for support to be provided. In light of the increasing
frequency of extreme events that threaten SIDS, greater resilience of SIDS and their communities to
disasters is needed under the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030). The United
Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) lists examples such as reducing
exposure to hazards, lessening vulnerability of people and property, wise management of land and
water, and improving preparedness and early warning for adverse events as ways to reduce disaster
risks through systematic efforts to analyze and reduce causal factors of disasters. Disaster risk
reduction (DRR) is seen by the UNISDR as part of sustainable development, as it complements
activities to achieve sustainable development but can also be adversely affected by activities that are
not sustainable.
The UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs lists 52 SIDS, spanning over the Caribbean, the
Pacific, and Africa, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean and South China Sea (AIMS). A regional cooperation
body has been established for each region, namely the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), the Pacific
Islands Forum (PIF), and the Indian Ocean Commission (IOC). Zanzibar, a semi-autonomous area of
Tanzania since 1964, is not strictly a SIDS. Nevertheless, the specific vulnerability and risks Zanzibar
faces are different from those mainland Tanzania is confronted with. The challenges specific to
Zanzibar have been largely omitted in the National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA) submitted by
the Tanzanian government in 2007, which has led to the decision by the Revolutionary Government of
Zanzibar (RGZ) and other relevant stakeholders to collaborate with international partners on developing
Zanzibar’s own climate strategy. Zanzibar remains independent from an administrative perspective in
most of its government matters, also in environmental issues.
Research in preparation for the process of a National Adaptation Program of Action for Zanzibar
shows the following expected adverse effects of climate change on Zanzibar:
Precipitation becomes more unpredictable, less frequent but more intense, and less frequent in
dry periods, with devastating effects on agriculture (for farmers’ livelihoods and for food
security);
Food security is also declining as a result of rising temperatures affecting fisheries;
Saltwater intrusion in wells near the coast due to rising sea level and over abstraction of
groundwater will further reduce water availability;
Adverse impact on human health due to higher intensity of disease outbreaks and speed of
spread, higher frequency of water-borne diseases due to flooding, and increasing malnutrition;
1 IPCC, Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Summary for Policymakers
(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, March 31, 2014), 4, http://ipcc-wg2.gov/AR5/images/uploads/IPCC_WG2AR5_SPM_Approved.pdf.
More frequent and intense extreme weather events;
Alteration to the local ecosystem, which will further reduce the resilience of Zanzibar to climate
change impacts. In particular, coral bleaching will in turn affect revenues from tourism.
Focusing on Zanzibar, the overall objective of the project 'Governance of Climate Change Adaptation in
Small Island Developing States (SIDS)' (Acronym: GO ADAPT SIDS) is to contribute to sustainable
economic development, climate change adaptation, and DRR through developing effective governance
arrangements in a participatory process. The central tenet of this project is to build adaptive capacity at
multiple levels and to advance social justice and human security in local climate action.
Specifically, the project aims to:
Develop a comparative assessment on planning for climate change adaptation and DRR in
SIDS;
Develop a consensus-based action plan for climate change adaptation and sustainable
economic development, detailing both physical interventions and design of governance
arrangements, and to build capacity to implement the governance arrangements;
Disseminate knowledge on the lessons learnt in participatory planning processes for climate
change adaptation.
With Zanzibar as the primary case study, the project stems from the following rationale. The economies
of most SIDS and of Zanzibar is very vulnerable to climate, since a high percentage of GDP and a high
percentage of livelihoods are associated with climate sensitive economic sectors (directly and
indirectly), in particular agriculture, livestock, fisheries, tourism, and nature protection. Current climate
variability and extreme events such as floods, droughts, and storms, but also ongoing coastal erosion
and saltwater intrusion due to sea level rise, leads to major economic costs and affect livelihood. On
top of climate variability, recent research shows that climate of Zanzibar has been changing, and in the
last decade has seen a significant increase in extreme events, including the recent extreme events
such as droughts and floods, as example, which has led to major economic costs. However, Zanzibar is
currently not adequately adapted to deal with current and increasing variability. Within this context,
Zanzibar is confronted with tensions between different stakeholders (e.g. agriculture, livestock,
fisheries, tourism, coastal protection, and nature protection) and is still characterized by a prevalence of
poverty. Climate change may exacerbate existing vulnerabilities and inequities which increases the
potential for conflict.
Despite these challenges, Zanzibar also provides great opportunities for sustainable economic
development of the activities on the islands. These developments should be legitimate to the
inhabitants of the area, reflect on the conflicting ambitions of stakeholders in area vulnerable to sea
level rise and ecosystem degradation (including the socio-ecological functions), and the uncertain
consequences of climate change, and fit within the current and future capacity of the national
government. There is the potential for much greater advances on climate adaptation planning and
DRR. While the existing policy sets out architecture and responsibilities, there remains the need for
considerable strengthening of adaptive capacity (i.e. at community and government level), information,
governance, infrastructure, etc. to enable this work most effectively. To realize sustainable
development of the area under these conditions, both physical interventions will have to be designed as
well as new governance arrangements. The process of designing will be the subject of this project.
The expected outputs of this project include:
Consensus-based action plans for three hotspot areas: Mkokotoni, Nungwi and Mjini Kiuyu;
Physical interventions and the governance arrangements that are needed to put these
interventions into place;
Road map for implementation and financing schemes;
Further study and knowledge sharing;
Improved planning capacity with local stakeholders.
In addition to an overview of existing initiatives on climate change adaptation and capacity building that
are relevant for Zanzibar, as well as an update on activities to be carried out in the different work
packages, a large part of this inception report will be devoted to the findings made during the inception
mission to Zanzibar by the project team. The main goals of the inception mission were to:
Consult with relevant local stakeholders and to gain their interest and commitment to the
project.
Identify hotspots that are particularly vulnerable to climate change.
Recruit a highly-competent junior researcher from Zanzibar, who will work closely with the Dutch
junior researcher (also based in Zanzibar) on conducting the baseline assessment as well as
being involved in the participatory planning processes.
SCHEDULE OF INCEPTION MISSION
The inception mission took place from 18 to 23 January, 2015. The mission followed the schedule
provided below.
Date Time Activity
18 January 10:00-17:00 Final preparation for the inception mission
19 January 09:00-11:00 Introductory meeting with the Department of Environment
11:00-14:00 Field visit to Jozani Forest and Pete, meeting with villagers
14:00-15:00 Lunch break
15:00-17:00 Field visit to Jambiani village, meeting with seaweed farmers
20 January 09:00-11:00 Field visit to Mkokotoni, meeting with rice farmers
11:00-13:00 Field visit to Nungwi, meeting with fishermen and hoteliers
13:00-14:00 Lunch break
14:00-15:30 Meeting with Principal Secretary of the First Vice President's Office
15:30-17:00 Field visit to Kilimani, meeting with local stakeholders
21 January 09:00-10:30 Meeting with Principal Secretary of the Ministry of Finance
10:30-12:00 Meeting with Executive Secretary of the Zanzibar Planning
Commission
12:00-13:30 Meeting with Principal Secretary of the Ministry of Land, Housing,
Date Time Activity
Water, and Energy
13:30-14:00 Lunch break
14:00-15:30 Meeting with Principal Secretary of Ministry of Livestock and
Fisheries
15:30-17:00 Meeting with Principal Secretary of Ministry of Agriculture and
Natural Resources
22 January 09:00-11:00 Meeting with the Attorney General's Office for the Memorandum of
Understanding
11:00-14:00 Debriefing meeting with the Department of Environment
14:00-15:00 Interviews with potential candidates for the local Young Expert
position
15:00-18:00 Lunch break and flight to Dar es Salaam
23 January 08:00-10:00 Meeting with the First Secretary of the Dutch embassy
ACTIVITIES
Meetings with governmental stakeholders
This section provides a summary of key points of discussions emerging from the meetings held with
various governmental stakeholders in Zanzibar.
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT The introductory meeting between the project team and the Department of Environment (DoE), the
main local contact for this project, was about getting to know each other's work in the area of climate
change and to exchange ideas about future directions of the project.
The DoE is composed of six units, namely: 1) pollution, prevention and control; 2) natural resources
management; 3) climate change; 4) environmental impact assessment (EIA); 5) planning, Policy and
research; 6) environmental Education; 7) administration and finance.
The DoE has been working under the guidance of the Zanzibar Environmental Policy (2013), the
Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Act No. 2 of 1996, and regulations regarding
EIA (2002); Non Renewable Natural Resources (2011), and the banning of plastic bags (2011), among
others. It is currently chiefly responsible for the proposal of an Environmental Management Act (2014).
Under the DoE there are two multi-sectoral committees on climate change. One committee is the
Climate Change Steering Committee, which advises on matters relating to the Zanzibar mission, policy,
strategy, and action plan with respect to all issues of climate change, and is primarily comprised of
Principal Secretaries from across government. Their responsibility includes recommending on guidance
for Climate Change Policy and Strategy, as well as any other climate change related document for
Zanzibar. The second committee is Climate Change Technical Committee, which implements the
directives and plan of action of the Climate Change Steering Committee on matters related to Zanzibar
policy, strategy, adaptation and mitigation plans and responsibilities with respect to climate change.
All economic sectors in Zanzibar are directly impacted by climate change. Key areas impacted by
climate change, identified by the DoE, include:
1. Agriculture. Almost all agriculture in Zanzibar is rainfed agriculture, which has been affected by
increasing frequency of drought and heavy rain. Saltwater inundation has also rendered
agricultural fields uncultivable.
2. Fisheries. 90 percent of protein obtained by the residents of Zanzibar in their diet comes from
fish. Currently, fishing only takes an artisanal form. Fishermen are heavily dependent on coral
reef for fishing. There is insufficient capacity and equipment to go beyond the coral reefs into
the deeper sea. As a consequence, coral reef bleaching resulting from changing water
temperature and higher acidity in the marine environment has negatively affected the fishing
yields.
3. Groundwater. Salination of groundwater has increasingly become a problem in Zanzibar, due to
lowering water table and rising sea level.
4. Beach erosion. Particularly the sandy beaches of Zanzibar have been severely affected by
erosion. According to a survey done in 2004, an estimated 30 to 80 meter of beaches has been
eroded in the past 50 years.
There are a variety of activities to address the challenges brought about by climate change. The DoE
has been actively involved in many of these. A few examples are shown below:
1. Environment and climate change project in cooperation with the United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP) and the United Nations Development Assistance Plan (UNDAP), which
seeks to develop tools for the management of climate change.
2. Development of climate change financing mechanisms in cooperation with the Ministry of
Finance.
3. Design of guidelines for mainstreaming climate change into all policies in cooperation with the
Ministry of Planning.
4. Development of an action plan to guide the implementation of the recently adopted Climate
Change Strategy (2014). A proposal of the action plan has been submitted to the UK
Department for International Development (DFID) and as of the date of the report is pending
approval.
5. Supporting the development of a Local Adaptation Program of Action (LAPA) in cooperation
with the International Institute of Environment and Development (IIED). The LAPA activities will
contribute to the implementation of the abovementioned action plan.
6. Island Project initiated by the Indian Ocean Commission (IOC). The project is funded by the
European Union (EU). Participating countries include Zanzibar, Comoros, Mauritius (project
lead), Reunion, Seychelles, and Madagascar. The project works in four areas: mapping of
coastal challenges in the Indian Ocean, disaster risk management, sustainable development
promotion through sustainability modelling, and coral reef protection. Most of the activities
center on capacity building.
7. World Bank-funded project on coastal zone resilience.
With Zanzibar having not yet been recognized as a SIDS, it cannot access the funding provided by the
UNFCCC directly but has to obtain it through the government of Tanzania. Currently, funding received
by the First Vice President's Office (FVPO), within which the DoE is nested, include the Least
Developed Countries Fund and the Climate Change Adaptation Fund. The former has been absorbed
to a limited extent by Zanzibar, while the latter has mainly been channeled to mainland Tanzania.
FIRST VICE PRESIDENT’S OFFICE The FVPO is mandated to coordinate four cross-cutting issues, including environment and climate
change, disability affairs, substance abuse and rehabilitation, and HIV/AIDS. The work of almost all
government ministries touches upon climate change, including that of the Attorney General’s chamber.
More than 145 places in Unguja and Pemba are currently affected by salt water inundation.
Furthermore, Zanzibar as a whole can be recognized as a coastal zone, which is more vulnerable to
climate change.
Zanzibar launched its Climate Change Strategy in June 2014 during the commemoration of the World
Environmental Day. The strategy was displayed in the Third International Conference on SIDS, which
held at Samoa in September 2014. There is local willingness to work with multiple stakeholders due to
imminent climate change threats.
Zanzibar is currently dependent on the mainland for its power source. There are projects to develop
alternative sources of energy, including pilots of solar energy and an EU-funded survey on the potential
for wind energy.
Two main obstacles are perceived by the FVPO as the greatest in the implementation of the Climate
Change Strategy:
1. International and regional conventions and protocols on the environment and climate
change are Union matters, which means Zanzibar and mainland Tanzania have to deal with
them jointly while their interests are sometimes not compatible.
2. Capacity of RGZ’s staff to deal with climate change issues needs to be improved. At the
same time, awareness by the private sector and the general public about the challenges of
climate change needs to be raised.
MINISTRY OF FINANCE The Zanzibar Climate Change Strategy calls for the establishment of climate change financing
mechanisms. The Ministry of Finance has been tasked to lead the process of developing them. Current
modalities for finance are not deemed to be viable or sustainable in the long term. The tax bases, which
present financing taps into is narrow mainly due to poverty and unemployment. There is new potential
for funding from the private sector after a new law on public private partnerships has been drafted.
PLANNING COMMISSION According to the Planning Commission, the problem with inaction or a lack of action in the area of
climate change adaptation is not due to the absence of planning but rather the failure to implement the
plans. The Planning Commission mentions three main obstacles for the implementation of the Climate
Change Strategy in Zanzibar, which is similar to those mentioned by the FVPO.
A lack of mainstreaming of climate change into all policies (unlike other cross-cutting issues
such as gender and HIV/AIDS) despite legal requirement for incorporation of climate change
and environmental considerations in all projects.
A lack of capacity by policy-makers is the main reason for the lack of mainstreaming. The
Planning Commission has been asked to develop guidelines to mainstream climate change into
sectoral policies but have not yet succeeded. The Commission identified the needs for
assistance provided to the planning departments of all ministries, as well as for knowledge
transfers of experiences learnt from the gender and HIV/AIDS-mainstreaming processes.
A lack of funding opportunities both for climate change-related activities and for participatory
planning processes.
The Planning Commission sees great potential in the project, particularly in the following areas:
Implementation of the national plan for adaptation (to be supported by DFID), as long as the
project stays well integrated with the national plan;
Providing an overview of the status quo of climate change adaptation efforts in Zanzibar leading
up to the review of the Zanzibar Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (MKUZA II).
Capacity building for staff (through learning-by-doing) in the Planning Commission on their skills
in facilitating participatory planning processes and on their knowledge about climate change
(and thus creating sustainability of the project).
The development of a ‘toolkit’ detailing a step-by-step approach on how to mainstream climate
change in each sector, also incorporating socio-economic considerations.
MINISTRY OF LAND, HOUSING, WATER, AND ENERGY Due to population growth, demand for housing and land in Zanzibar is increasing. At the same time,
climate change has led to more land scarcity as agricultural lands become unusable and houses are
being built on land that was once agricultural (as people are forced to relocate further inland). Land
disputes are on the rise. There are land tribunals that aim to peacefully mediate the disputes, which are
broadly categorized as disputes between private parties as well as investment-related disputes where
compensation are usually involved. Most of the disputes are over land boundaries.
A land registration system has been introduced to prevent land disputes. However, land registration
remains uncommon in Zanzibar. Three possible explanations for this include (perceived) corruption by
the government, (and related to this) fear of land being unlawfully taken away by the government, and a
lack of proof of ownership due to the customary nature of most land ownership.
The land tribunals have successfully mediated 10 percent of the disputes they receive, but aim to
increase the rate to 50 percent by the end of 2015. The last resort for disputes that are not resolved
through the land tribunals is the court.
In terms of water resources, there are two springs in the urban areas that provide the majority of the
water supply to Zanzibar’s urban residents. Water tables of both springs have been declining due to
overuse. The Ministry has attempted to restore the water table by constructing fences around the
springs. In addition, the Ministry has worked with contractors from the United Arab Emirates in deep
well drilling. Other measures to increase the availability of water supply include the introduction of
rainwater harvesting on the roof of nine schools. Wastewater falls under the responsibility of
municipalities, which are in collaboration with the ministry regarding the treatment and potential reuse
of wastewater. There is an intention to incorporate wastewater under the Zanzibar Water Authority
(ZAWA), which does fall under the ministry.
Demand-side water management measures are also being taken. Water leakage from pipes has been
identified as a major issue, as well as the wasteful use of water. The main reason for these is the flat
rate charge. The Ministry aims to introduce water meters (despite resistance by the local population) to
better monitor (and therefore better plan for) water use as well as to encourage water conservation
behavior.
MINISTRY OF LIVESTOCK AND FISHERIES The Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries has no specific focus on climate change as a separate issue,
but has incorporated climate change in many of its policies. The Ministry noted climate change impacts
on livestock production (and consequently food security) in Zanzibar. Changing rainfall patterns have
had an impact on the growth of pasture, which in turn affected the availability of food and immunity of
the livestock. Seawater intrusion has also been observed in some grazing areas. This is a phenomenon
occurring throughout the whole of Zanzibar.
Current action undertaken by the ministry to tackle seawater intrusion includes the planting of
mangroves, carried out in cooperation with the Department of Forest in the Ministry of Agriculture and
Natural Resources. There is not yet any specific plan to reclaim land that has been affected by
seawater intrusion. Due to the same strips of land usually being used for both agriculture and grazing
simultaneously, there is no clear delimitation of responsibility between the Ministry of Livestock and
Fisheries and the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources on many agricultural- and livestock-
related climate change problems.
In terms of fisheries, more than 23,000 farmers, most of whom women, are currently dependent on
seaweed farming. Some areas of seaweed cultivation are close to marine protected areas (MPAs),
threatening the health of the ecosystem in these areas. Seaweed production has also reduced mainly
as a result of nutrient depletion. There have been attempts to shift the seaweed farmers to deeper
areas away from the MPAs but the attempts have failed, mainly due to a lack of technical capacity of
the farmers. Illegal fishing exists but according to the Ministry is not occurring to a large extent.
Negative impacts by climate change on the fisheries sector also manifest in coral reef bleaching, sea
temperature rise, and sedimentation of the seabed, the consequences of which include a declining fish
population, particularly those that depend on sea grass.
There have been recent developments in both marine (mainly) and freshwater (small-scale)
aquaculture, particularly in Pemba. There is potential for rainwater harvesting in both forms of
aquaculture. However, there is currently only one area investing in rainwater harvesting.
The Ministry has received support from the DoE and the Institute for Marine Sciences to address the
marine environmental changes. The Ministry has implemented fishery programs that will identify
vulnerable areas and plant artificial reefs. Several programs exist but there is a lack of monitoring and
evaluation of the progress and results of these programs.
The Ministry works with local interest groups closely. Local representatives of interest groups are well-
organized. Some areas are represented by fishery committees, seaweed associations (consisting of
female farmers only), and livestock farmer associations. The Ministry provides agricultural extension
services to these associations on topics such as protection of livestock, health of fisheries and so on.
The Ministry mentioned a need for capacity building, particularly on the livestock aspect of their work.
There are limited staff’s skills and know-how on climate change issues. In addition, livestock farmers
are not yet aware of how climate change affects their work or how they could adapt their livestock
practices in relation to the changing rain patterns. There are daily weather updates provided on
television but not all farmers have access to the weather forecast due to a lack of television or even a
lack of access to electricity.
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES The Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resource is responsible for the management and coordination
of activities related to agricultural and natural resources development in the islands and ensure the
sustainable use of natural resources. The Ministry comprises of six departments (Department of
Planning, Policy and Research; Department of Administration and Human Resources; Department of
Agriculture; Department of Forest and Non-Renewable Natural Resources; Department of Irrigation;
Department of Food Security and Nutrition), two institutes (Kizimbani Agricultural Training Institute and
the Institute of Agricultural Research) and the Liaison Office in Pemba.
The Ministry recognizes climate change impacts in the form of seawater intrusion in rice fields. As
responses, dykes have been built at two sites in Pemba to protect the rice fields. Preparations are in
place to expand the construction of dykes and to also reinforce the protection of rice fields with the
replanting of mangroves. These projects are financed both by the government and by the communities
themselves.
There is currently also a policy review with regard to policies on natural resources management.
The Ministry has recently completed assessments related to climate change for some four-year
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) projects. In addition, the
Ministry has conducted a survey on wood burner use among Unguja and Pemba residents. A study has
also been carried out to assess the forest coverage of Zanzibar.
Zanzibar has seen a high prevalence of community-based natural resources management for both
terrestrial and marine natural resources. There are also platforms available for the implementation of
projects and action plans to further raise the awareness of community-based natural resources
management. As the roles of farmers and fishermen are very often played by the same people, the
management of marine and terrestrial resources are closely connected.
The Ministry considers the following as areas that could be improved or that need assistance:
Despites a presence of expertise within the Ministry on climate change issues, funding is not
always available to implement programs or projects;
The crop calendar is changing due to changing rainfall patterns. Farmers need to be made
aware of these changes and adapt their practice accordingly;
Agricultural technology transfer and technical assistance (e.g. through developing toolkits).
OTHER STAKEHOLDERS It has emerged from this inception mission that in addition to the abovementioned governmental
stakeholders, the following stakeholders (list is not exhaustive) are also of high relevance for the
project:
Village leaders (sheha’s);
Sheha committees;
District councils;
Regional commissions;
Association of Tour Guides;
Fishery Committees;
NGOs for organic farming, cloves farming, and climate change;
CODECOZ;
Association of Tourism Investors;
Zanzibar Water Authority.
Field visits
The team conducted field visits to six sites in Zanzibar that have shown signs of impacts of climate
change. This section presents a brief overview of the observations made at the sites.
JOZANI FOREST AND PETE Jozani Forest and Pete,
located in the forested south of
Unguja (see Figure 1), has
witnessed changing winds in
recent years. Southerly winds
are increasing in force and
frequency, as a result of
weather variability. This has
led to flooding during strong
southern winds, which push
the seawater into the Pete
inlet, submerging outside walls
of houses (see Figure 2). This relatively new phenomenon has incurred
internal displacement in the area, as villagers seek higher grounds or
areas further inland.
JAMBIANI Jambiani is located in the southeast of Unguja (see Figure 4). It is a touristic
area directly on the beach, where erosion has been severe (70 to 100
meters in 30 to 40 years). In addition, the income of local fishermen is also
threatened by the coastal erosion. Some fishermen have taken up seaweed
farming (for export) to sustain their livelihoods. The reason for the coastal
erosion is similar to that for Jozani and Pete, namely increasing winds and
changing wind directions to mainly southerly winds. Furthermore, current
adaptation measures take on an individual level, such as concrete walls
(Figure 3), are increasing the rate of erosion.
MKOKOTONI
Mkokotoni is located in the northwest of Unguja (see Figure 5). Villagers in
this area are mostly (rice) farmers. The area is suffering from coastal
FIGURE 1 THE LOCATION OF JOZANI FOREST AND PETE IN UNGUJA.
FIGURE 2 MARKS LEFT BEHIND BY SEAWATER AT RISING TIDE CAN BE SEEN ON THE OUTSIDE WALL OF THE HOUSE IN JOZANI AND PETE.
FIGURE 4 THE LOCATION OF JAMBIANI IN UNGUJA.
erosion and salt water
inundation in agricultural
area. The coastal erosion is
caused by the combination of
cutting of mangroves and the
illegal beach sand mining.
The sand was taken to the
nearby Island Tumbatu where
there is a scarcity of building
materials since it mainly
consists of coral rock. The
destabilizing effect of sand
mining and mangrove cutting
caused a breach through the sand dunes and sea water inundated the low
lying agricultural land and grazing areas.
Because of incoming seawater as well as an accumulation of storm water in preferential pathway,
previously fertile farmland has been degraded and
deemed uncultivable. Farmers are forced to switch to
more salt-resistant crops. The community built an earth
levee but due to its ill design the levee was destroyed
during high sea water events (see Figure 6). Around 10
hectares of land have been invaded by sea water and the
upper soil layer is brackish and no longer suitable for
agricultural production (see Figure 7). According to the
local population, local groundwater layers still seem to be
fresh and not affected by the sea water. The beach
vegetation is still being cut for small constructions and
other dune breaches are threatening the fisher village and
the productive areas. The local population took action
through the local authorities to stop the illegal sand
mining.
NUNGWI Nungwi, located at the northernmost point of Unguja (see
Figure 8), is an area highly frequented by tourists. The
area is exposed to strong winds, waves, and currents.
Beaches at Nungwi have experienced exponential rates
of erosion (70 to 100 meters) in the past few decades
(and in particularly the past five to six years (7 to 10
meters), due to stronger and changing winds, waves, and
currents.
Due to its beautiful coral reefs, the area is home to many
high quality hotels, diving schools, fishermen, and
FIGURE 3 SEA WALLS HAVE BEEN CONSTRUCTED ALONG THE BEACH FRONT IN JAMBIANI.
FIGURE 5 THE LOCATION OF MKOKOTONI IN UNGUJA.
FIGURE 6 A DYKE CONSTRUCTED BY FARMERS IN MKOKOTONI HAS BEEN BREACHED BY THE INCOMING SEA WATER.
FIGURE 7 FIELDS THAT ONCE PRODUCED RICE IN MKOKOTONI ARE LEFT BARREN AFTER SEAWATER INTRUSION.
seaweed farmers. As a result the area is of high socio-economic importance
for Zanzibar. Due to the high population density and the growing population,
the area is also affected by water scarcity. An over abstraction of
groundwater has led to seawater intrusion. Measures taken against beach
erosion have had no effect at best or even a counterproductive effect. There
are many hotels concentrated in Nungwi, including several high-end hotel
resorts. Some of the hotels have constructed concrete walls to prevent
beach erosion (see Figure 9). Without properly guided technical surveys,
parts of the sea walls have collapsed or been undermined. As in the case of
Jambiani, the sea walls are in fact exacerbating the problem of erosion.
Hoteliers mentioned the need to purchase and deposit new sands on the
beaches in front of their properties on some occasions. Vertical walls built to
protect the hotels are provoking additional erosion and stakeholders are not
aware of how to solve the issues. More detailed analysis of the coastal
dynamics is necessary before measures can be proposed. Fishermen in
Nungwi are also affected by climate change, as
damage to coral reefs means they are yielding less fish
(see Figure 10).
KILIMANI Kilimani is a semi-urban residential area near Stone
Town in the west of Zanzibar. Located in an estuary, it
has been affected by seawater inundation.
THREE HOTSPOTS FOR BASELINE ASSESSMENT The team has decided to choose three specific
hotspots to focus the stakeholder analysis, the
participatory planning process, and the implementation
of climate adaptation plans on. The hotspots were
selected on the basis of the abovementioned field visits
as well as the wider inventory of hotspots visited in the
framework of the Scoping Study by Deltares (Letitre et
al.).
The selection criteria for the three hotspots were:
A location on Unguja and on Pemba Island;
Stakeholders showed initiative and willingness
to solve the problems;
Location where the type of stakeholders is
diverse and where the problems are representative of
the problems occurring across many locations in
Zanzibar;
Locations where climate change-related
FIGURE 8 THE LOCATION OF NUNGWI IN UNGUJA.
FIGURE 9 A LUXURY HOTEL RESORT IN NUNGWI IS PROTECTED AT THE BEACH FRONT BY TALL CONCRETE SEA WALLS, WHICH HAVE PARTIALLY COLLAPSED IN SOME PLACES.
FIGURE 10 ARTISANAL FISHING BOATS ARE SCATTERED NEAR THE BEACH IN NUNGWI. FISHERMEN IN THE AREA ARE DEPENDENT ON CORAL REEFS FOR THE FISHING YIELDS.
problems are having serious impact and where
urgent actions are needed;
Locations where both climate-related factors and
human-related factors play a role but where
additional analysis is needed to define what the
role is exactly.
The following locations have been selected in mutual
consultation with the DoE and other stakeholders.
Mkokotoni (Unguja)
Nungwi (Unguja)
Mjini Kiuyu (Pemba)
Mjini Kiuyu was visited by project team member Peter Letitre in a scoping study by Deltares. An area in
Pemba, population density is increasing in Mjini Kiuyu and more houses are built close to the coastline.
Mangrove areas have been partly destroyed. During certain periods of the year seawater levels are
reaching the houses, also causing floods and erosion of the beaches (see Figure 11). Villagers have
already started replanting mangroves and biological protection methods have been used in attempts to
stop beach erosion. Options to relocate houses to higher areas have been discussed but not yet
implemented.
OVERVIEW OF CLIMATE CHANGE RELATED ACTIVITIES IN
ZANZIBAR
This section provides an overview of the past, ongoing, and upcoming climate change related activities
in Zanzibar. The list is by no means exhaustive but reflects the knowledge that the team has obtained
through its partners on the ground as well as members of the project’s External Advisory Board. The
team aims to build on the past and existing efforts and connect the project’s outcomes to any upcoming
activities whenever possible.
Strengthening Environment and Climate Change Governance Project
This project aims to strengthen environment and climate change governance in Zanzibar. The project is
funded by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Tanzania through the United Nations
Development Assistance Plan (UNDAP). The project started in 2012 and is expected to complete in
2016 with seven outputs:
Environment and climate change adaptation mainstreamed in national development planning
processes as part of the Zanzibar Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty II (MKUZA-II)
implementation;
Development of the Zanzibar Climate Change Strategy;
Strengthened institutional framework for improved climate change governance in Zanzibar;
Development of the Zanzibar Climate Change Financing Mechanism;
FIGURE 11 FLOODING IN RESIDENTIAL AREAS OF MJINI KIUYU.
Improved levels of information availability and awareness on climate change impacts and
adaptation strategies among general public and MDAs;
Strengthened capacity for increased use of sustainable low carbon energy efficient
technologies;
Strengthened enabling environment for increased use of alternatives to forest-oriented biomass.
Piloting Local Adaptation in Zanzibar
On 15th July, 2014, the FVPO signed agreement with the International Institute for Environment and
Development (IIED) to support the capacity development program for local adaptation plan of actions
(LAPA) in Zanzibar. IIED allocated about £40,000 to support the LAPA intervention. In line with
Zanzibar Climate Change Strategy and as a means of implementing integrating adaptation options into
development policy and planning processes, FVPO and IIED initiated the process of LAPA
development in mid-2014. As of May 2015, the LAPA was being prepared through extensive
stakeholder consultations.
The program has three main objectives:
To enable communities to understand the changing and uncertain future climatic conditions and
engage them effectively in the process of identifying adaptation priorities;
To support the implementation of climate-resilient plans that are flexible enough for responding
to changing and uncertain climatic conditions;
To inform sectoral programs for mainstreaming and policy reforms.
This program started in March 2015 and is expected to complete on December 2015.
Least Developed Country Fund (LDCF) Project
The purpose of the LDCF project is to address urgent adaptation needs in four targeted vulnerable
coastal sites in Tanzania. These include Pangani District, Bagamoyo District, Rufiji District, and
Zanzibar. The project is designed to achieve the following three outcomes:
increased local level capacities and knowledge to effectively analyze the threats and potential
impacts of climate change;
enhanced government and public engagement in climate change adaptation activities;
reduced vulnerability to climate change in the coastal zones by means of adaptation
interventions and pilot innovations. Interventions will address the systematic barriers to climate
change adaptation and strengthen existing soft and hard infrastructure for coastal protection.
LDCF PROJECT ACTIVITIES AND RELATED OUTPUTS ARE AS FOLLOWS:
Output Activity
Climate change impact assessment capacity established for project sites (monitoring climate changes)
District level training on sectoral, livelihoods and planning, climate and economic vulnerability and Participatory Vulnerability Assessments (PVA) (3 training workshops).
Procure and provide district-level training on coastal vulnerability modeling tools (DIVA, COSMO).
Detailed participatory coastal vulnerability Produce coastal vulnerability models and
Output Activity
assessment for Rufiji, Bagamoyo and Pangani districts and Zanzibar
maps and a costal vulnerability index for Tanzania.
Perform PVA, revise existing land use policies to integrate climate adaptation and prepare policy recommendations including budget allocations.
Public engagement in climate change adaptation activities is enhanced
Strengthening of non-governmental organization (NGO) and community-based organization (CBO) network on climate change.
Implementation of an awareness campaign focused on climate change in Coastal zones.
Student internship program established for interns to project sites
Creation and administration of a climate change internship program for undergraduate and graduate students.
Knowledge is integrated into university curriculum Perform a curriculum assessment for potential integration of climate change as multidisciplinary course of study within formal curriculum review.
Develop pilot courses and educational materials for streamlining climate change into selected courses.
Train academic staff and deliver pilot courses.
Mangroves are restored in pilot sites Restore mangroves using locally available resilient tree species (Rufiji, Zanzibar, Pemba).
Creation and local enforcement of no-take zones and buffer areas in rehabilitated mangroves.
Create community-based mangrove nursery and management associations for ongoing sustainable management and monitoring.
Water resources are protected from sea level rise and erosion and coastal communities have access to safe water
Decommission and relocate salinized wells (Bagamoyo).
Water harvesting systems implemented (Bagamoyo).
Train communities on water conservation, management and recycling (Bagamoyo).
Coastal infrastructure and assets are protected Rehabilitation and upgrade of Pangani seawall, Kisiwa Panza seawall and Bwawani seawall.
Dyke, groyne and spillway reconstruction at Ukele and Tumbe west (Zanzibar).
The LDCF project started in 2013 and is expected to complete in 2017. It is coordinated by the Vice
President’s Office of the United Republic of Tanzania.
DFID-sponsored projects with activities in or implications for Zanzibar
The UK Department for International Development (DFID) is active in the realm of climate change both
in mainland Tanzania and in Zanzibar. The existing program portfolio relevant for climate change
adaptation in Zanzibar is listed below.
Tanzania Climate Change Institutional Strengthening Program (4 July 2011 – 15 June 2015)
The aim of the program is to improve Tanzania's access to climate finance and use it effectively to
support climate change resilience and low carbon sustainable growth by securing international climate
change funds both from multilaterals and bilaterals and by assessing targets annually which have been
set in the National Climate Change Strategy. The £3 million program will focus on providing support to
government institutions at a national and local level. This will complement other support provided by
DFID to civil society and private sector to address the challenges of climate change in Tanzania. The
coverage of the program has recently been extended to Zanzibar. It is under this program that the
proposal to develop a national climate change action plan submitted by the RGZ has been approved,
with finance to be channeled through the UNDP. The plan will be developed before October or
November 2015.
Renewable Energy and Adaptation Climate Technologies (Africa Climate Change Challenge
Fund) (16 September 2010 – 31 August 2016)
This program aims to stimulate private sector investment in developing low cost, clean energy and
climate change technologies and services, such as solar power, biomass energy, irrigation and crop
insurance products for small holder farmers. Every business supported by the program must
demonstrate a positive impact on the rural poor through increased incomes, employment and
productivity or by reducing costs. The program is implemented by NGOs, with funding totaling to £15
million.
Accountability in Tanzania (ACT) Program (1 May 2009 – 31 March 2016)
This £30 million program focuses on increasing the accountability and responsiveness of government
to its citizens through a strengthened civil society. The UK’s funding is to establish a civil society
climate change and environment advocacy fund. The intervention will complement other climate change
work currently funded by DFID Tanzania providing support to government and private sector. With
intended outputs such as improved public access to information on climate change and the
environment, increased civil society engagement in the formulation of climate change and environment
policies, stronger civil society monitoring of the implementation of these policies, and improved civil
society understanding of how to secure better climate change and environment policy, the program
seeks to improve policy and institutions to support climate change resilience and environmentally
sustainable growth, and eventually enable Tanzania to achieve the Millennium Development Goals
though better management of environment and climate change risks and opportunities.
Upcoming programs
Stage II of the Institutional Strengthening Program
The second stage of the Institutional Strengthening Program will continue to include Zanzibar in its
work. The total funding for this program will amount to £25 million. The framework for the program
will be developed by June 2015.
Building Urban Resilience to Climate Change in Tanzania
This £3 million program will be jointly implemented with the World Bank. It sees improved urban
resilience as a way to achieve positive impact on urban development at the city level and reduce
shocks to vulnerable households at the community level. The areas of focus include flood risks,
public private partnerships, municipal waste management, etc. The program will mainly be carried
out on urban resilience in Dar es Salaam, with some funding also for Zanzibar.
Water Resources Management in the Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor
This program will focus mainly on data collection and capacity building and will be supported by £5
million. The starting point is water as an obstacle to economic development. The framework for the
program will be developed by May 2015. It is part of the International Water Stewardship Program
in collaboration with the IFC Water Resource Group.
EXTERNAL ADVISORY BOARD
In the period February to March 2015 an External Advisory Board (EAB) has been established. Core
tasks for the advisory board include monitoring and evaluation of the project (both on content and
process), knowledge exchange and connection with similar projects, and identification of possible
follow-up and spin-off opportunities.
EAB members
Currently, the EAB consists of the following persons:
Arwin van Buuren, Erasmus University (EUR)
Jeroen Warner, Wageningen University (WUR)
Rob Verheem, Netherlands Committee for Environmental Assessment (NCEA)
Paul Watkiss, Global Climate Adaptation Partnership (GCAP)
Meeting schedule EAB
The EAB will convene four times over the remaining 20-months project period. Each meeting will
require 3 hours. The first EAB meeting (i.e. kick-off meeting) took place on Wednesday, April 1st, 2015,
14:00-17:00 hours in The Hague. The project team presented: the project, baseline assessment interim
findings, and analytical framework for comparative assessment. The EAB gave feedback on the
objectives, deliverables, key success factors, strengths and weaknesses of the project, and linked it to
relevant ongoing activities.
Proposed meeting schedule for all EAB meetings:
Activity When/where
EAB Kick-off meeting 01-04-2015, 14:00-17:00 hours, The Hague
Second EAB meeting (possibly in conjunction
with the GO ADAPT SIDS session at the
August 2015 (possibly Stockholm)
Stockholm World Water Week 2015)
Third EAB meeting (possibly in conjunction
with the Final Multi-stakeholder workshop in
Zanzibar)
February or March 2016 (possibly in Zanzibar)
Final International Conference of GO ADAPT
SIDS, in conjunction with the final event of The
Hague Institute’s Water Diplomacy: Making
Water Cooperation Work-project
November 2016, The Hague
UPDATE ON WORK PACKAGES: ADDITIONAL TECHNICAL
ASSESSMENTS
For the baseline assessment (work package 2) the project team decided to conduct a technical
assessment of each three hotspots, in addition to the baseline work already planned. Deltares has
been contracted to deliver the following additional services in the period March to April 2015:
Component A: Assess the coastal erosion problems and possible protection measures for
the three selected hotspots Mkokotoni, Nungwi, and Mjini Kiuyu: A desk assessment will
be carried out in which coastal erosion and coastal protection will be discussed for the selected
three hotspots. First a brief general overview of potential causes for erosion will be given and of
potential measures to mitigate erosion. On a conceptual level it will describe how the sediment
balance can be disturbed by natural causes and by human interference with the system. This
description will have a general character, so it may in a later stage also be used to understand
erosion problems in other areas. Then the main causes of erosion at the selected sites will be
evaluated. Attention will be paid to the relatively wave-exposed beach at Nungwi, for which
indicative estimates of the sediment transports and sediment balance will be made on the basis
of open source wave data. Also for the more shielded areas Mkokotoni and Mjini Kiuyu the main
cause(s) of coastal erosion will be investigated, although at these locations flooding (rather than
coastal erosion) seems to be the dominant problem. Coastal protection strategies and possible
mitigating measures will be evaluated on a conceptual level. Advantages and disadvantages of
various measures will be discussed for the three selected sites. Also the effects of measures
taken in the past will be evaluated. The desk assessment will be carried out on the basis of
readily available data. Though our in-house available data are sufficient to carry out this desk
study, it would be useful if the following data could be made available by DoE to support our
evaluation: a) historical shoreline data (old maps or photographs of the coasts at the selected
sites); b) details on measures carried out in the past (type of measure, year of construction).
Component B: Flood maps will be prepared for Mkokotoni and Mjini Kiuyu to assess the
risks of flooding in cases of high water events and to assess the effects of protective
measures such as a dam or a levee in Mkokotoni. The contractor will collect the necessary
satellite data (SRTM30m, SRTM+ (bathymetry oceans and see). The data requires analysis and
correction of elevations. On the basis of these data the contractor will prepare a 2D flood
visualization of both Mkokotoni and Mjini Kiuyu. For Mkokotoni the contractor will draft some
scenario’s what will happen in case of floods and what will be the effect of building a dam or
levee. The results (flood maps for different scenarios will be reported in the form of maps, a
report and a PowerPoint presentation. The results will be the basis for the problem analysis and
the analysis of possible solutions. Peter Letitre has been assigned to guide this problem
analysis and discussion of possible solutions during the three workshops.
PROJECT PLANNING
The overall planning scheme was agreed upon between the project team and the DoE during the
inception mission. A more detailed planning has been provided in the Gantt chart in Annex I.
FURTHER PROCEDURES
There was no doubt from the team's experience during the inception mission that Zanzibar cannot
afford to wait when it comes to climate change adaptation. The inception mission overall confirmed the
potential of the project to directly impact on local needs. It also enabled the team to tailor the project
even further to reflect local capacities and culture. Finally, the mission allowed the team to better
connect to existing efforts by bilateral donors and international agencies.
The inception mission marks the start of the project. Two parallel processes will take place between
February and June 2015. The first is the baseline assessment (including a system analysis and a
stakeholder analysis) for each of the three selected hotspots. In addition to Nungwi and Mkokotoni,
which the team has selected as the two hotspots on Unguja, the third hotspot will be Mijni Kiuyu on
Pemba. The reason for the inclusion of this hotspot is two-fold. The first reason is because the ambition
of the project to support the implementation of the national climate change action plan in Zanzibar,
which will cover both Unguja and Pemba islands. The second reason is the observation made by a
project team member in an earlier visit to Zanzibar, which indicates severe climate change impacts on
the third hotspot that are typical of impacts across many parts of Zanzibar. The baseline assessment
(work package 2) will be conducted by the team of two young experts in Zanzibar, with guidance from
and discussion with the rest of the project team.
The second is the comparative case studies of a SIDS in the Pacific and a SIDS in the Caribbean (work
package 4), in order to identify best practices based upon which lessons could be drawn for climate
change adaptation in Zanzibar. The comparative analysis will be conducted by the project team based
in the Netherlands, in close consultation with stakeholders in the respective case study countries.
The participatory planning process (work package 3) will start from May 2015 onwards, with the first
local stakeholder workshops in three hotspots being scheduled for 29 May – 5 June 2015 (see planning
in section 5).
Planned field trips include:
Month Field trip
April 2015 Meeting with stakeholders from SIDS in the Pacific and Caribbean during the
Month Field trip
World Water Forum in South Korea (12-17 April 2015)
June 2015 Multi-stakeholder workshops in three hotspots in Zanzibar
September
2015
Multi-stakeholder workshops with high-level policy-makers in Zanzibar
November 2015 Meeting with stakeholders and field visits to SIDS in the Caribbean
February 2016 Multi-stakeholder workshop Stonetown: Roadmap to implementation
ANNEX I. GANTT CHART
Work Package & task Sep-14 Oct-14 Nov-14 Dec-14 Jan-15 Feb-15 Mar-15 Apr-15 May-15 Jun-15 Jul-15 Aug-15 Sep-15 Oct-15 Nov-15 Dec-15 Jan-16 Feb-16 Mar-16 Apr-16 May-16 Jun-16 Jul-16 Aug-16 Sep-16 Oct-16 Nov-16 Dec-16
1. Project management
Needs assessment
Establishing project partnerships & contracts
Writing up project proposal
Feedback on proposal
Adjusting project proposal and submission for approval
Establishing project advisory committee
Writing up proposal for YEP NL
Writing up proposal for YEP ZNZ
Supervision of YEP NL
Supervision of YEP ZNZ
Training on participatory planning
Final conference in The Hague
2. Baseline assessment
Planning of inception mission ZNZ
Inception mission ZNZ
Reporting & follow-up inception mission ZNZ
Stakeholder analysis Mkokotoni
Systems analysis Mkokotoni
Vulnerability assessment Mkokotoni
Stakeholder analysis Mijni Kiuyu
Systems analysis Mijni Kiuyu
Vulnerability assessment Mijni Kiuyu
Stakeholder analysis Nungwi
Systems analysis Nungwi
Vulnerability assessment Nungwi
3. Participatory planning
Planning of participatory planning process Mkokotoni
Planning of participatory planning process Mijni Kiuyu
Planning of participatory planning process Nungwi
Participatory planning in three hotspots
Reporting & follow-up participatory planning in hotspots
Participatory planning at aggregated level (planning & actual meeting)
Reporting & follow-up participatory planning aggregate
Multi-criteria analysis leading to priority interventions
Developing roadmap for implementation of interventions
Developing general methods for climate-proof development in SIDS
Dissemination of findings in ZNZ in final workshop
4. Comparative analysis
Developing comparative assessment framework
Rapid assessment of SIDS & selection of cases
Contact SIDS Pacific
Contact SIDS Caribbean
Field mission SIDS Pacific for data collection
Reporting of field mission SIDS Pacific
Field mission SIDS Caribbean for data collection
Reporting of field mission SIDS Caribbean
Distilling best practices for ZNZ
ANNEX II. WORK PACKAGES
Work Package 1: Project Management
Team members: Patrick Huntjens (Project leader), Ting Zhang (Project coordinator), Fabienne Smith (Project assistant)
Objectives:
Ensure the project meets its objectives within allocated budget and schedule timescales;
Activities: Project Leader (PL: Patrick):
Overall supervision;
Contractual management (i.e. based on ToRs of project team);
Inception phase: Developing ToR’s for individual members of the project team
Inception phase: contacting and contracting local partners
Inception phase: liaise with strategic partners, e.g. World Bank, Dutch Embassy, GWP, UNDP etc
Supervising the administrative / financial part of the project (PMA deliver financial accounts + invoices to project director).
Monitoring the activities within the work packages to safeguard their usefulness and quality (e.g. based on weekly updates from (or meetings with) and PMA);
Coordination of work packages, i.e. ensure timely delivery of planned outputs for each work package, based on detailed time schedule for all work packages linked to expected outputs of each work package (see annex 3);
Coordinator / Project Management Assistant (PC: Ting):
Day-to-day coordination;
Inception phase: Organization of participatory planning process + action research in Zanzibar in close collaboration with field researchers and under the guidance of PL;
Inception phase: further refining of task allocations, activities and time schedules;
Coordination of work packages under supervision of PL, i.e. ensure timely delivery of planned outputs for each work package, based on detailed time schedule for all work packages linked to expected outputs of each work package;
Organization and facilitation of External Advisory Committee (including time schedule, agenda and minutes for meetings in consultation with PL);
Coordination of field trips to comparative case study countries in the Pacific/AIMS and the Caribbean and organization of workshops in these countries, in collaboration with PL.
Management of content and program of the final conference in The Hague, and coordination of conference logistics.
Secretary (PA: Fabienne):
Managing the administrative / financial part of the project (e.g. PMA deliver financial accounts + invoices to SC, to be signed off by PL);
Logistics related to all project activities;
For project activities in Zanzibar, providing logistical support to field researchers;
For project activities in Pacific, AIMS, and Caribbean SIDS, providing logistical support to PL and PMA;
Organization of final conference in The Hague, under the supervision of PL and PMA.
Outputs + deadlines:
Project financial management report (December 2016)
Final project report (December 2016)
Periodic progress reports (June 2015, December 2015, June 2016)
Work Package 2: Baseline Assessment
Team members: Patrick Huntjens, Rens de Man, Ting Zhang, Sieske Valk (YEP-er NL), Salim Bakar (YEP-er Zanzibar)
Objectives:
Understand the local context and the relevant stakeholders as well as their needs for the project.
Provide an information base against which to monitor and assess the project’s progress and effectiveness during implementation and after completion.
Activities: Choosing comparative cases - in-house work at The Hague Institute (PH, RdM, TZ) (November-December 2014):
Rapid assessment of SIDS where we can find best practices and failures on planning for sustainable and climate-robust economic development.
Make a pre-selection of SIDS (2-3 from the Pacific/AIMS, 2-3 from the Caribbean) as comparative cases, and make a list of relevant organizations in the pre-selected SIDS.
Contact the relevant organizations to ask for best practices and failures.
Based on the information from the relevant organizations and other information from desk research, select one SIDS from the Pacific/AIMS and one SIDS from the Caribbean as comparative cases.
Baseline assessment for Zanzibar (December 2014-April 2015):
Draft a baseline plan, outlining what information is needed, and how, where and by whom the information can be collected: including focus, process / performance indicators, data collection methods, data source and quantity, means of analysis, and time frame. (PH, RdM, TZ)
Conduct a stakeholder analysis to a stakeholder analysis to identify actors who have a trigger and are able to act, by exploring the structure of social and governance networks, mapping actor perceptions and values.
Conduct a systems analysis of both the physical and socio-economic systems, and the vulnerabilities and institutional capacities.
For both the stakeholder analysis and the system analysis, work will be done in both The Hague and Zanzibar:
o Desk research at The Hague Institute (PH, RdM, TZ) o Field research in Zanzibar:
SV will be responsible for coordination of the interviews and focus groups. The interviews and focus groups will be conducted by SV and SB together. SB will be responsible for the development and implementation of local surveys. Surveys will take place at the two main islands of Zanzibar: Unguja and Pemba. Interviews with relevant stakeholders, including government officials, representatives of private companies, civil society and local people will focus on the problems, risks and vulnerabilities (What is at stake?), on possible solutions and adaptation measures (What can be done and who should do it?), how should the future look like (Vision?) and what are obstacles to reach that vision?
The baseline assessment for Zanzibar should include:
o Extensive stakeholder analysis to identify the most relevant stakeholders, their stake and importance, as well as to establish an overview of the stakeholders’ perceived priority problems, potential solutions, opinion on the potential of the project, ideas on partners and sustainability of the projects, as well as lessons learnt from past projects.
o System analysis of both the physical and socio-economic systems, and the vulnerabilities and institutional capacities.
o Needs assessment (felt needs, normative needs, relative needs). o Existing work in related fields and locations, including ongoing planning processes.
Outputs + deadlines:
A baseline assessment report of Zanzibar (April 2015).
A risk assessment or conflict matrix (April 2015).
A conceptual framework for the project (April 2015).
Consolidation of (local) partners in Zanzibar (May 2015).
Work Package 3: Participatory Planning Process
Team members: Patrick Huntjens, Rens de Man, Ting Zhang, Peter Letitre, Sieske Valk (YEP-er NL), Salim Bakar (YEP-er Zanzibar)
Objectives:
Bring together diverse stakeholders in development planning as co-learners and co-researchers.
Promote the use of local knowledge in developing a consensus-based action plan and empower stakeholders to have a say in the development of key economic sectors and adaptation to climate change.
Activities:
Based on the findings of the baseline assessment, create mechanisms that enable equitable stakeholder participation in Zanzibar, identify the specific issues and problems to be addressed during the participatory planning process, and make a plan of action (April-May 2015). (PH, RdM, TZ, PL, SV, SB).
Facilitation of the participatory planning processes, which should enable an exchange of knowledge and information among all stakeholders and the researchers, to be followed by an analysis of the information and options. (Facilitators: PH, RdM; Observers: TZ, SV, SB)
o 1st meeting: June 2015 o 2nd meeting: September 2015 o 3rd meeting: December 2015 o 4th meeting: February 2016
The participatory planning process will take place along a capacity building track, a decision support track, and a dialogue track. The facilitators will facilitate negotiations / discussions among stakeholders in order to formulate the action plan as well as a roadmap towards implementation of the plan. The observers will monitor and evaluate the participatory planning processes.
Outputs + deadlines:
Documentation of the four meetings, including four monitoring and evaluation reports (June 2015, September 2015, December 2015, February 2016).
Consensus-based action plan and implementation plan (September 2016).
Working paper (subsequently journal article) on the participatory planning process (September
2016).
One commentary on the challenges and lessons learnt from conducting the participatory planning process (February 2016).
Manual and training workshop for capacity building for future participatory planning processes (February 2016).
Work Package 4: Comparative Analysis
Team members: Patrick Huntjens, Rens de Man, Ting Zhang
Objectives:
Understand the dynamics of processes of mutual learning between SIDS about mainstreaming climate change adaptation in planning;
Make recommendations to optimize such learning processes.
Activities:
Meeting with local stakeholders and other relevant organizations in the case study countries in order to obtain insights into best practices and failures and success factors (June to December 2015)
Organize workshops with local stakeholders and relevant organizations to reflect on lesson-drawing and review results (June to December 2015).
Through desk research, translate lessons from cases into prescriptions in general and for Zanzibar in particular (June 2015 to March 2016).
Outputs + deadlines:
A plan of action for field research in the comparative case study countries (January 2015).
Confirmed comparative case studies with their respective best practices and failures, as well as relevant local and regional organizations (February-April 2015).
Country specific reports for Fiji and Barbados (November 2015)
Working paper on comparative analysis: learning between SIDS: lessons on policy-transfer (March 2016)
Journal article on policy learning / knowledge transfer between SIDS (November 2016)
Policy brief on policy learning / knowledge transfer between SIDS (October 2016)
Two commentaries on policy learning about SIDS governance: one about lessons learned in Zanzibar and one about how to optimize policy learning (prescriptions) (June 2016, September 2016)