Governance of Technical Education in India: Key Issues, Principles, and Case Studies

8/9/2019 Governance of Technical Education in India: Key Issues, Principles, and Case Studies

1/102

QMF UHS@A CBGL

U H S @ A C B G L U H S L J G E ^ B ^ F S G H . 2 : >

Fajtfa cy Bgarfbs C`hi

bga Obggfttf Kmfhge

Ehvfrgbgkf hd Qfkmgjkb`

Faukbtjhg jg Jgajb

Lfy Jssufs, ^rjgkjp`fs, bga Kbsf [tuajfs


2/102

U H S @ A C B G L U H S L J G E ^ B ^ F S G H . 2 : >

Ehvfrgbgkf hd Qfkmgjkb`

Faukbtjhg jg Jgajb

Lfy Jssufs, ^rjgkjp`fs, bga Kbsf [tuajfs

Fajtfa cy Bgarfbs C`hi bga Obggfttf Kmfhge


3/102

Khpyrjemt 3>2>

Qmf Jgtfrgbtjhgb` Cbgl dhr Sfkhgstruktjhg bga Afvf`hpifgt/Qmf Uhrà Cbgl

2=2= M [trfft, G.U.

Ubsmjgethg, A.K. 3>1;;, V.[.B.B`` rjemts rfsfrvfa

Ibgudbkturfa jg tmf Vgjtfa [tbtfs hd Bifrjkb

Djrst rjgtjge? Ibrkm 3>2>

^rjgtfa hg rfkyk`fa pbpfr

2 3 ; 1 2; 23 22 2>

Uhrà Cbgl Uhrljge ^bpfrs brf puc`jsmfa th khiiugjkbtf tmf rfsu`ts hd tmf Cbgls whrl th tmf

afvf`hpifgt khiiugjty wjtm tmf `fbst phssjc`f af`by. Qmf ibguskrjpt hd tmjs pbpfr tmfrfdhrf mbs ght

cffg prfpbrfa jg bkkhrabgkf wjtm tmf prhkfaurfs bpprhprjbtf th dhrib``yfajtfa tfxts. [hif shurkfs

kjtfa jg tmjs pbpfr iby cf jgdhrib` ahkuifgts tmbt brf ght rfbaj`y bvbj`bc`f.Qmf djgajges, jgtfrprftbtjhgs, bga khgkùsjhgs fxprfssfa mfrfjg brf tmhsf hd tmf butmhr(s) bga ah

ght gfkfssbrj`y rfd`fkt tmf vjfws hd tmf Jgtfrgbtjhgb` Cbgl dhr Sfkhgstruktjhg bga Afvf`hpifgt/Qmf

Uhrà Cbgl bga jts bddj`jbtfa hrebgjzbtjhgs, hr tmhsf hd tmf Fxfkutjvf Ajrfkthrs hd Qmf Uhrà Cbgl hr

tmf ehvfrgifgts tmfy rfprfsfgt.

Qmf Uhrà Cbgl ahfs ght eubrbgtff tmf bkkurbky hd tmf abtb jgkùafa jg tmjs whrl. Qmf

chugabrjfs, kh`hrs, afghijgbtjhgs, bga htmfr jgdhribtjhg smhwg hg bgy ibp jg tmjs whrl ah ght jip`y

bgy ouaeifgt hg tmf pbrt hd Qmf Uhrà Cbgl hd tmf `feb` stbtus hd bgy tfrrjthry hr tmf fgahrsfifgt hr

bkkfptbgkf hd sukm chugabrjfs.

Qmf ibtfrjb` jg tmjs puc`jkbtjhg js khpyrjemtfa. Khpyjge bga/hr trbgsijttjge phrtjhgs hr b`` hd tmjs

whrl wjtmhut pfrijssjhg iby cf b vjh`btjhg hd bpp`jkbc`f `bw. Qmf Jgtfrgbtjhgb` Cbgl dhr

Sfkhgstruktjhg bga Afvf`hpifgt/Qmf Uhrà Cbgl fgkhurbefs ajssfijgbtjhg hd jts whrl bga wj``ghrib``y erbgt pfrijssjhg prhipt`y th rfprhaukf phrtjhgs hd tmf whrl.

Dhr pfrijssjhg th pmhthkhpy hr rfprjgt bgy pbrt hd tmjs whrl, p`fbsf sfga b rfqufst wjtm khip`ftf

jgdhribtjhg th tmf Khpyrjemt K`fbrbgkf Kfgtfr, Jgk., 333 Shsfwhha Arjvf, Abgvfrs, IB >2:3;, V[B,

Qf`? :5=56>=1>>, Dbx? :5=56>115>, www.khpyrjemt.khi.

B`` htmfr qufrjfs hg rjemts bga `jkfgsfs, jgkùajge sucsjajbry rjemts, smhuà cf baarfssfa th tmf

Hddjkf hd tmf ûc`jsmfr, Qmf Uhrà Cbgl, 2=2= M [trfft GU, Ubsmjgethg, AK 3>1;;, V[B, Dbx? 3>3633

3133, fibj`? pucrjemtsNwhràcbgl.hre.

J[CG? :5=>=32;=;121

fJ[CG? :5=>=32;=;662

J[[G? 25346=5= AHJ? 2>.26:4/:5=>=32;=;121

@jcrbry hd Khgerfss Kbtb`hejgejgûc`jkbtjhg Abtb mbs cffg rfqufstfa.


4/102

jjj

Khgtfgts

Dhrfwhra ..................................................................................................................................... v

Bklghw`faeifgts ...................................................................................................................vj

Bchut tmf Khgtrjcuthrs ........................................................................................................ vjjj

Bkrhgyis bga Bccrfvjbtjhgs ................................................................................................. x

Fxfkutjvf [uiibry .................................................................................................................. xj

Qmf Gffa dhr Kmbgef ..........................................................................................................xj

Umbt Js Ehha Ehvfrgbgkf8 ................................................................................................xj

@fbrgjge Dhrui Hcofktjvfs .................................................................................................xjj

Jgputs bga ^rhkfss .............................................................................................................xjjj

2. Hutkhifs? Qmf Gjgf Lfy Ehvfrgbgkf Jssufs ................................................................ 2

Hutkhifs dhr [tbtfs .............................................................................................................. ;

Hutkhifs dhr Jgstjtutjhgs .................................................................................................... 6

Hutkhifs dhr tmf Khgsjafrbtjhg hd tmf IMSA ................................................................ 4

Hutkhifs dhr QFRJ^ dhr G^JV/IMSA bga tmf Uhr`a Cbgl ......................................... 5

Gfxt [tfps ..............................................................................................................................=

3. B Khiihg @bgeubef bga Lfy rjgkjp`fs hd Ehvfrgbgkf ...........................................:

Bgarfw Kucjf bga Bjis IkEujggfssB Khiihg @bgeubef dhr Ehvfrgbgkf8 ............................................................................:

Lfy ^rjgkjp`fs bga Kmb``fgefs hd Ehvfrgbgkf ............................................................... 2>

;. [tbtf Kbsf [tuajfs .............................................................................................................. 24

[tbtf Ehvfrgifgts hd Bgamrb ^rbafsm, Mbrybgb, Lbrgbtblb, bga Ufst Cfgeb`

Bgamrb ^rbafsm .................................................................................................................. 24

Mbrybgb................................................................................................................................ 33

Lbrgbtblb ............................................................................................................................. ;>

Ufst Cfgeb` ......................................................................................................................... ;1

1. Gbtjhgb` bga Jgtfrgbtjhgb` Kbsf [tuajfs ...................................................................... ;:

Brug Gjebvflbr, Shge Ubge, Qsuthiu Ljiurb, Bjis IkEujggfss, Bgarfw Kucjf, bga

Obggfttf Kmfhge

Jgajb ...................................................................................................................................... ;:

Kmjgb .................................................................................................................................... 16

Obpbg ..................................................................................................................................... 62

Qmf Sfpuc`jk hd Lhrfb ........................................................................................................ 6=

Furhpfbg Qrfgas jg Ehvfrgbgkf jg Mjemfr Faukbtjhg ................................................. 4;

Vgjtfa Ljgeahi ................................................................................................................. 46

Buthghiy bga Bkkhugtbcj`jty jg tmf Vgjtfa [tbtfs hd Bifrjkb .................................. 4:

V.[. [tbtf hd Tjrejgjb .......................................................................................................... 5>


5/102

jv Khgtfgts

Bppfgajxfs ............................................................................................................................... 55

Bppfgajx B. @jst hd ^brtjkjpbgts ...................................................................................... 55

Bppfgajx C. [hif Hcsfrvbtjhgs bga @fsshgs dhr Duturf @fbrgjge Dhrb ................... 5:

Bppfgajx K. Lfy Ehvfrgbgkf Jssufs ^rhdhrib .............................................................=1

Qbc`fs

Qbc`f ;.2. Guicfr, Qypf, bga Jgtblf hd Mjemfr Faukbtjhg Jgstjtutjhgs .......................... 2=

Qbc`f 1.2. Erhwtm hd Jgajbg Faukbtjhg.................................................................................1>

Qbc`f 1.3. B [uiibry hd Ibohr Brtjk`fs jg tmf Faukbtjhgb` @bws Sf`btfa th

Djgbgkf, ^rhvjsjhg, bga Rub`jty Bssurbgkf jg Kmjgbs MFJs .....................................1:

Qbc`f 1.;. ^frkfgtbefs hd Jgstjtutjhgs bga [tuafgts cy Jgstjtutjhgb` Hwgfrsmjp jg

Lhrfb .................................................................................................................................. 6=

Qbc`f 1.1. Ehvfrgifgtb` Fgtjtjfs jgvh`vfa jg Mjemfr Faukbtjhg Sfeu`btjhgs ...............6:Qbc`f 1.6. Bttfgabgkf jg VL Mjemfr Faukbtjhg ..................................................................46

Qbc`f 1.4. Mjemfr Faukbtjhg [fkthr jg Tjrejgjb, V[B .........................................................52

Djeurfs

Djeurf ;.2. Ehvfrgbgkf [trukturf jg Bgamrb ^rbafsm ........................................................ 2:

Djeurf ;.3. Erhwtm hd Fgejgffrjge Jgstjtutjhgs jg Ufst Cfgeb`........................................ ;6

Djeurf ;.;. Ufst Cfgeb`? Ehvfrgifgtb` Fgtjtjfs Jgvh`vfa jg Mjemfr Faukbtjhg

Sfeu`btjhgs (Baijgjstrbtjvf Mjfrbrkmy dhr Ibgbefifgt) ........................................;4

Djeurf 1.2. Ehvfrgbgkf [trukturf jg Bkbafijk Hpfrbtjhgs? Jgajb ...................................12

Djeurf 1.3. [trukturf hd Ehvfrgbgkf hd Gbtjhgb` Vgjvfrsjtjfs jg Obpbg ........................... 6;


6/102

v

Dhrfwhra

frtjbry faukbtjhg, pbrtjku`br`y tfkmgjkb` bga fgejgffrjge faukbtjhg, js krjtjkb` th

rfb`jzf tmf Jgajbg arfbi hd cfkhijge b khipftjtjvf p`byfr jg tmf e`hcb` lghw`faef

fkhghiy. Bs pbrt hd tmf fgafbvhr th jiprhvf qub`jty hd faukbtjhgb` jgstjtutjhgs jg tmf

tfrtjbry sfkthr, tmf bji mbs cffg th fgmbgkf tmfjr buthghiy. Buthghiy bga

bkkhugtbcj`jty eh mbga jg mbga. Qmf sjtubtjhg kb``s dhr khgtjguhus `fbrgjge hg tmf pbrt

hd jgstjtutjhgsmhw th rfsphga th tmf rbpja`y kmbgejge fgvjrhgifgt wjtmhut

khiprhijsjge qub`jty. J bi fxtrfif`y mbppy th lghw tmbt tmf @fbrgjge Dhrui

khgvfgfa ugafr tmf bfejs hd tmf Qfkmgjkb` Faukbtjhg Rub`jty Jiprhvfifgt ^rherbi

(QFRJ^), jgk`uajge tmjs puc`jkbtjhg, mbs af`jcfrbtfa tmfsf jssufs jg erfbt `fgetm bga

afptm. J bi surf tmbt tmf hutkhifs smb`` cf fxtrfif`y usfdu` th djgftugjge hur

tfkmgjkb` faukbtjhg prherbiifs.

Lbpj` [jcb`

Ijgjstfr hd Muibg Sfshurkf Afvf`hpifgt

Ehvfrgifgt hd Jgajb

Q


7/102

vj

Bklghw`faeifgts

mf stbtf ehvfrgifgt af`febtjhgs bga jgstjtutjhgb` `fbafrs, wmh thhl jgtfrfst bga

jgvfstfa khgsjafrbc`f bihugt hd tmfjr tjif jg tmf Dhrui, afsfrvf tmf mjemfst

rfkhegjtjhg dhr tmfjr khgtrjcutjhg th tmf fvfgt bga tmjs rfphrt. Jg pbrtjku`br, wf

bklghw`faef tmf khgtrjcutjhgs hd [tbtf [fkrftbrjfs, Khiijssjhgfrs, bga Ajrfkthr hd

Qfkmgjkb` Faukbtjhg? [. [bmbrjyb, I. Cjswbs, B.[. [rjlbgtm, @. ^. Sfaay, I. ^. Euptb,

[. L. Ibmbobg, [. Abseuptb, bga M. V. Qb`bwbr. Jgaffa, tmf fgfrey bga khiijtifgt

drhi tmf af`febtjhgs smhwfa oust mhw jiphrtbgt ehvfrgbgkf hd tfkmgjkb` faukbtjhg js

jg Jgajb? Ehha Ehvfrgbgkf js ght bg hptjhg.

Qmf bpprhvb` bga fgkhurbefifgt hd tmf Ijgjstry hd Muibg Sfshurkfs

Afvf`hpifgt wbs fssfgtjb` dhr tmjs Dhrui. Uf tmbgl tmf Mhghrbc`f Ijgjstfr Lbpj`

[jcb` dhr mjs dhrfwhra th tmjs rfphrt. Qmf supphrt bga dbkj`jtbtjhg cy B. Qmblur bga

S. Kmhwambry wbs bs b`wbys fxfip`bry. Qmf fvfrmf`pdu`, pbtjfgt, bga prhbktjvfgfss

hd ^rhd. B.V. Ajerbslbr bga mjs tfbi jg tmf Gbtjhgb` ^rhofkt Jip`fifgtbtjhg Vgjt wbs

fqub``y erfbt`y bpprfkjbtfa.

B lfy pbrtgfr dhr tmf @fbrgjge Dhruiwbs tmf Gbtjhgb` Bsshkjbtjhg hd [hdtwbrf bga

[frvjkfs Khipbgjfs (GB[[KHI). Sboaffp [bmrbwbt, [bgamyb Kmjgtb`b, Cjambg

Lbglbtf, [mrutj Tfrib, Broug Ifghg, bga Bvgfft Cbobo drhi GB[[KHI mf`pfa jg tmf

afsjeg bga afvf`hpifgt hd tmf prherbi bga supphrtfa tmf `hkb` hrebgjzbtjhg hd tmf

Dhrui. GB[[KHIs khiijtifgt th Jgajbg faukbtjhg js rfibrlbc`f bga bg fxbip`f thjgaustry bsshkjbtjhgs e`hcb``y.

Qmf kb``s th bris drhi tmf Dhruis lfy spfblfrs drhi jgaustry bga ehvfrgifgt

wfrf jgsjemtdu` bga efgfrbtfa mfbtfa ajskussjhgs. Qmfsf spfblfrs jgk`uafa, ghtbc`y,

[.^.L. Gbjau J.B.[, [pfkjb` Kmjfd [fkrftbry bga ^rhdfsshr A. G. Sfaay, Tjkf Kmbgkf``hr,

Obwbmbr`b` Gfmru Qfkmgh`hejkb` Vgjvfrsjty, drhi Bgamrb ^rbafsm< bga Tjoby Qmbabgj,

KFH, Gbtjhgb` Jgstjtutf hd Jgdhribtjhg Qfkmgh`hejfs bga Kmbjribg hd tmf

Khgdfafrbtjhg hd Jgajbg Jgaustry Faukbtjhg Khiijttff.

Qmf @fbrgjge Dhrui bga tmjs rfphrt whu`a ght mbvf cffg dfbsjc`f wjtmhut tmf

trfifgahus fddhrt hd Obggfttf Kmfhge, wmh `fa tmf p`bggjge bga fxfkutjhg hd tmf

Dhruibga tmf rfphrt. ^rbjsf js b`sh auf th tmf mjem`fvf` tfbi hd ehvfrgbgkf fxpfrts hdBrug Gjebvflbr, Bgarfw Kucjf, Bjis IkEujggfss, bga Qhi Ljiurb, wmh wfgt

cfyhga tmf kb`` hd auty th sff tmrhuem tmjs @fbrgjge Dhrui sukkfssdu``y. Qmf `hejstjk

bga baijgjstrbtjvf fxfkutjhg wbs supfrc`y mbga`fa cy Bggf Lrhjofr wjtm tmf mf`pjge

mbga hd Sfgu Euptb bga F`drfab Tjgkfgt.

Q


8/102

Bklghw`faeifgts vjj

@bst`y, wf brf erbtfdu` dhr tmf djgbgkjb` supphrt rfkfjvfa drhi tmf dugafrs hd tmf

Uhrà Cbgls Ehvfrgbgkf Qrust Duga. Jg tmjs rfebra, tmf ugwbvfrjge bga spffay

supphrt drhi Eufgtfr Mfjafgmhd jg tmf Uhrà Cbgls Af`mj hddjkf wbs erfbt`y

bpprfkjbtfa. Uf b`sh vbùfa tmf sffa dugajge rfkfjvfa drhi Crjtjsm Khugkj` tmrhuem[b``y Eheejg bga ^bru` Euptb dhr tmf p`bggjge ifftjge jg Ubrbgeb`.

Qmjs pbpfr js b ohjgt puc`jkbtjhg wjtm GB[[KHI bga G^JV (Gbtjhgb` ^rhofkt bga

Jip`fifgtbtjhg Vgjt hd QFRJ^).

Bgarfbs C`hi bga Lurt @brsfg

Uhrà Cbgl


9/102

vjjj

Bchut tmf Khgtrjcuthrs

Bjis IkEujggfss js b sfgjhr bsshkjbtf hd tmf Gbtjhgb` Kfgtfr dhr Mjemfr Faukbtjhg

Ibgbefifgt [ystfis (GKMFI[) jg tmf Vgjtfa [tbtfs. Mf js b`sh bg butmhrjty hg stbtf

ehvfrgbgkf bga khhrajgbtjhg hd mjemfr faukbtjhg jg tmf Vgjtfa [tbtfs, bga ificfr hd

b guicfr hd jgtfrgbtjhgb` rfvjfws tmrhuem HFKA bga tmf Uhrà Cbgl. Mf b`sh bkts bs

b dbkj`jtbthr bga khgsu`tbgt dhr chbra afvf`hpifgt dhr tmf Bsshkjbtjhg hd Ehvfrgjge

Chbras hd Vgjvfrsjtjfs bga Kh``fefs (V.[.) bga mbs sfrvfa bs dhrifr kmbjr hd tmf Chbra

hd Qrustffs hd tmf [tbtf Kh``fefs jg Kh`hrbah.

Bgarfbs C`hi js b sfgjhr Faukbtjhg fkhghijst jg tmf Uhrà Cbgls afpbrtifgt dhr

Muibg Afvf`hpifgt jg [hutm Bsjb. Mf mbs bktfa bs tbsl tfbi `fbafr dhr twh tfbis

whrljge wjtm tmf ehvfrgifgts hd Jgajb bga ^bljstbg th jiprhvf qub`jty, bkkfss, bga

djgbgkjge hd tmfjr mjemfr faukbtjhg bga trbjgjge systfis. Mf mbs butmhrfa sfvfrb`

e`hcb` bga rfejhgb` stuajfs hg tmf djgbgkjge hd mjemfr faukbtjhg, stuafgt `hbgs, `bchr

ibrlfts, qub`jty hd faukbtjhg, bga skjfgkf, tfkmgh`hey, bga jgghvbtjhg.

Bgarfw Kucjf js tmf kmbjr hd tmf [khttjsm Krfajt bga Rub`jdjkbtjhg Drbifwhrl, b

ajrfkthr hd tmf @fbafrsmjp Dhugabtjhg dhr Mjemfr Faukbtjhg jg tmf VL, bga sfgjhr

jgafpfgafgt ajrfkthr dhr Mfr Ibofstys Jgspfkthrbtf dhr Faukbtjhg, [kht`bga, bga

khgtrjcuthr th tmf FV bga V.[. ehvfrgbgkf sfijgbr prherbis hg mjemfr faukbtjhg. Mf

mbs b`sh bktfa bs dhrifr kmbjr hd Fajgcurem Gbpjfr Vgjvfrsjty bga hd tmf Khiijttff hd

Kmbjrs hd VL Vgjvfrsjtjfs.

Brug Gjebvflbr js tmf Sbob Sbibggb df``hw bt tmf Afpbrtifgt hd Bthijk Fgfrey, b

sfgjhr bavjshr bt [kjfgkf bga Qfkmgh`hey ^brl, Vgjvfrsjty hd ûgf, bga dhrifr kmbjr hd

tmf Jgajbg Vgjvfrsjty Erbgts Khiijssjhg, dhrifr vjkfkmbgkf``hr hd tmf Vgjvfrsjty hd

ûgf, bga dhugajge ajrfkthr hd tmf Gbtjhgb` Bssfssifgt bga Bkkrfajtbtjhg Khugkj`. Mf

prfvjhus`y supphrtfa tmf fstbc`jsmifgt hd JGRBBMF (tmf Jgtfrgbtjhgb` Gftwhrl hd

Rub`jty Bssurbgkf Befgkjfs jg Mjemfr Faukbtjhg) jg tmf prherbis fbr`y yfbrs.

Obggfttf Kmfhge js b Uhrà Cbgl khgsu`tbgt, dhrifr mfba hd Jgtfrgbtjhgb`

Kh``bchrbtjhg bga Afvf`hpifgt, bga bsshkjbtf ajrfkthr dhr Rub`jty Bssfssifgt, Mjemfr

Faukbtjhg Dugajge Khugkj` dhr Fge`bga, bga Mfr Ibofstys jgspfkthr dhr Durtmfr bga

Mjemfr Faukbtjhg. [mf mbs b`sh bktfa bs b dbkj`jtbthr bga bavjshr th jgtfrgbtjhgb`

jgjtjbtjvfs bga kh``bchrbtjhgs bga whrlfa jg pbrtgfrsmjp wjtm jgtfrgbtjhgb` bga

gbtjhgb` hrebgjzbtjhgs bga htmfr chajfs.

Shge Ubge js bsshkjbtf prhdfsshr bga mfba hd tmf Afpbrtifgt hd Faukbtjhg,

Fkhghijks, bga Baijgjstrbtjhg, jg tmf Erbaubtf [kmhh` hd Faukbtjhg bt ^fljge

Vgjvfrsjty. Mfr rfsfbrkm spbgs tmf rh`f hd faukbtjhg jg `bchr ibrlfts, djgbgkjge hdcbsjk faukbtjhg bga mjemfr faukbtjhg, faukbtjhgb` ph`jky thwbras phhr bga ijghrjty

brfbs, khiiugjty kh``fefs, prjvbtf faukbtjhg, bga ehvfrgbgkf strukturf hd skmhh`s bga

ugjvfrsjtjfs.


10/102

Bchut tmf Khgtrjcuthrs jx

[tbtf Ehvfrgifgts hd Bgamrb ^rbafsm, Mbrybgb, Lbrgbtblb, bga Ufst Cfgeb`. Qmf

af`febtjhgs drhi tmfsf dhur stbtfs prfpbrfa khgkjsf bga vfry jgdhribtjvf kbsf stuajfs.

Qmfsf stbtfs dhri tmf bvbgtebraf hd rfdhri jip`fifgtbtjhg jg Qfkmgjkb` Faukbtjhg jg

Jgajb. Qmfy brf khiijttfa th af`jvfrjge jiprhvfa ehvfrgbgkf jg tmf khgtfxt hd tmfjrph`jkjfs bga strbtfejfs dhr erfbtfr mjemfr faukbtjhg buthghiy bga jiprhvfa

bkkhugtbcj`jty.

Qsuthiu Ljiurb mbs sfrvfa bs bavjshr th Obpbgs Ijgjstry hd Faukbtjhg, Ku`turf,

[phrts, [kjfgkf, bga Qfkmgh`hey bga prfsjafgt hd tmf Gbtjhgb` Jgstjtutjhg dhr Bkbafijk

Aferffs bga Vgjvfrsjty Fvb`ubtjhg drhi 2::= th 3>>:., prfsjafgt hd Qhlyh Jgstjtutf hd

Qfkmgh`hey drhi 2::; th 2::5, chbra Ificfr hd JGRBBMF drhi 3>>; th 3>>6., bga

vjkf kmbjr dhr tmf Kfgtrb` Khugkj` dhr Faukbtjhg drhi 3>>2 th 3>>5. Jg baajtjhg, mf mbs

sfrvfa bs ificfr hd [kjfgkf Khugkj` hd Obpbg drhi 3>>> th 3>>=, chbra ificfr dhr

Jgtfrgbtjhgb` Efhtfkmgjkb` [hkjfty drhi 2::3 th 2::4, bga HFKA fxpfrt rfebrajgequb`jty bssurbgkf dhr krhsschrafr mjemfr faukbtjhg drhi 3>>; th 3>>4.


11/102

x

Bkrhgyis bga Bccrfvjbtjhgs

BAK Bkbafijk Aferffs Khiijttff

BDSK Baijssjhg bga Dff Sfeu`bthry Khiijttff

BJKQF B`` Jgajb Khugkj` dhr Qfkmgjkb` Faukbtjhg

B^[KMF Bgamrb ^rbafsm [tbtf Khugkj` dhr Mjemfr Faukbtjhg

CHE Chbra hd Ehvfrghrs

KJJ Qmf Khgdfafrbtjhg hd Jgajbg Jgaustry

KVK Khiijttff hd Vgjvfrsjty Kmbjrs

A[Q Afpbrtifgt hd [kjfgkf bga Qfkmgh`hey

DJKKJ Dfafrbtjhg hd Jgajbg Kmbicfrs hd Khiifrkf bga Jgaustry

MFJs Mjemfr Faukbtjhg Jgstjtutjhgs

MHA Mfbas hd Afpbrtifgt

JJI Jgajbg Jgstjtutf hd Ibgbefifgt

JJ[FS Jgajbg Jgstjtutf hd [kjfgtjdjk Faukbtjhg, bga Sfsfbrkm

JJQ Jgajbg Jgstjtutf hd Qfkmgh`hey

JSE Jgtfrgb``y Efgfrbtfa Sfvfguf

OGQV Obwbmbr`b` Gfmru Qfkmgh`hejkb` Vgjvfrsjty

IF]Q Ijgjstry hd Faukbtjhg, Ku`turf [phrts, [kjfgkf bga Qfkmgh`hey

IF[Q Ijgjstry hd Faukbtjhg, [kjfgkf bga Qfkmgh`hey

IMSA Ijgjstry hd Muibg Sfshurkfs Afvf`hpifgtGBBK Gbtjhgb` Bssfssifgt bga Bkkrfajtbtjhg Khugkj`

GB[[KHI Gbtjhgb` Bsshkjbtjhg hd [hdtwbrf bga [frvjkfs Khipbgjfs

GCB Gbtjhgb` Chbra hd Bkkrfajtbtjhg

GJBAVF Gbtjhgb` Jgstjtutjhg dhr Bkbafijk Aferffs bga Vgjvfrsjty Fvb`ubtjhg

GJJQ Gbtjhgb` Jgstjtutf hd Jgdhribtjhg Qfkmgh`hejfs

G^JV Gbtjhgb` ^rhofkt Jip`fifgtbtjhg Vgjt

HCK Htmfr Cbklwbras Kbstfs

RB Rub`jty Bssurbgkf

SEVLQ Sbojv Ebgamj Vgjvfrsjty hd Lghw`faef Qfkmgh`hey

[K [kmfau`fa Kbstfs[KMFT [tbtf Khugkj` hd Mjemfr Faukbtjhg dhr Tjrejgjb

[Q [kmfau`fa Qrjcfs

QFRJ^ Qfkmgjkb` Faukbtjhg Rub`jty Jiprhvfifgt ^rherbi

VEK Vgjvfrsjty Erbgts Khiijssjhg

TQV Tjsvfsvbrbyb Qfkmgh`hejkb` Vgjvfrsjty

Kurrfgky fqujvb`fgts bga afghijgbtjhgs bs hd Dfcrubry 2, 3>2>

Supff 14.;49 V[$2.>>

Ss. 2 `bk 9 Ss. 2>>,>>> 9 V[$3,265

Ss. 2 krhrf 9 Ss. 2>,>>>,>>> 9 V[$326,5>;


12/102

xj

Fxfkutjvf [uiibry

Qmf Gffa dhr Kmbgef

Qfrtjbry faukbtjhg, bga jg pbrtjku`br tfkmgjkb` bga fgejgffrjge faukbtjhg, js krjtjkb` th

Jgajbs bspjrbtjhgs hd strfgetmfgjge jts rfputbtjhg bs b ibohr khipftjtjvf p`byfr jg tmf

e`hcb` lghw`faef fkhghiy. Qmf systfi js muef bga khip`fx, bga tmfrf js b khgsfgsus

tmbt rfdhris brf jipfrbtjvf. Jssufs hd dbjr bkkfss bga bddhrabc`f pbrtjkjpbtjhg jg mjemfr

faukbtjhg brf krjtjkb` jd Jgajb js th fiphwfr jts pfhp`f wjtm faukbtjhgb` hpphrtugjtjfs

tmbt b``hw jgajvjaub` phtfgtjb` th cf du`dj``fa, bga b``hw ihrf Jgajbg erbaubtfs

hpphrtugjtjfs dhr fip`hyifgt bga th khipftf jg bg jgtfrgbtjhgb` brfgb.

Qmfrf brf bpprhxjibtf`y 3,1>> tfkmgjkb`/fgejgffrjge jgstjtutjhgs bkrhss Jgajbs ;>stbtfs, hd wmjkm `fss tmbg = pfrkfgt hd puc`jk jgstjtutjhgs brf buthghihus. Qmf afibga

dhr tfrtjbry faukbtjhg khgtjgufs. Qmfrf mbs cffg b pmfghifgb` erhwtm jg tmf guicfr

hd prjvbtf kh``fefs bkrhss Jgajb jg tmf `bst 3> yfbrs. ^rjvbtf kh``fefs ghw af`jvfr =6

pfrkfgt hd b`` tfkmgjkb` bga fgejgffrjge faukbtjhg. Qmf sjegjdjkbgt kmbgefs jg supp`y

bga afibga iblf jt jgkrfbsjge`y jiphrtbgt th fgsurf tmbt tfrtjbry faukbtjhg systfis

bga jgstjtutjhgs brf fddfktjvf`y bga fddjkjfgt`y ehvfrgfa bga ibgbefa th ifft tmf

gffas hd jgaustry bga shkjfty.

Jg baajtjhg, ibohr mjemfr faukbtjhg rfdhris brf hgehjge. Qmfrf brf sjegjdjkbgt

jgjtjbtjvfs tmbt strfss, bihge htmfr lfy prjhrjtjfs, tmf jiphrtbgkf hd jgkrfbsjge

buthghiy bga bkkhugtbcj`jty jg tmf tfrtjbry faukbtjhg sfkthr. Khugtrywjaf ph`jkjfsmbvf khgtjgufa th jafgtjdy tmjs bs lfy th tmf af`jvfry hd tmfsf gbtjhgb` gffas bga th

jiprhvjge tmf qub`jty hd `fbrgjge bga tfbkmjge hutputs bga hutkhifs.2Qmfrf js ghw

bg fvfg erfbtfr khiijtifgt bga jipfrbtjvf th jip`fifgtjge tmfsf rfdhris.

Bs lfy gbtjhgb` kmbgefs brf jiijgfgt, stblfmhàfr erhups rfprfsfgtfa bt tmf

@fbrgjge Dhrui fipmbsjzfa tmf jiphrtbgkf hd whrljge jg pbrtgfrsmjp, sh tmbt

hvfr`bppjge jgtfrfsts kbg supphrt b ihrf fddfktjvf af`jvfry hd faukbtjhg th ifft tmf

gffas hd shkjfty bga jgaustry. Ehha ehvfrgbgkf js bg brfb wmfrf fddfktjvf pbrtgfrsmjps

brf krukjb`. [trfgetmfgjge `jgls wjtm jgaustry bga `hkb` khiiugjtjfs khuà b`sh

supphrt b rbgef hd afvf`hpifgt hpphrtugjtjfs dhr khursfs, dbku`ty bga ihst

jiphrtbgt`y tmf stuafgt fxpfrjfgkf bga faukbtjhg bga rfsfbrkm hutkhifs.Qmfsf prjhrjtjfs brf jg `jgf wjtm tmf sfkhga pmbsf hd tmf Qfkmgjkb` Faukbtjhg

Rub`jty Jiprhvfifgt ^rhofkt bga tmf gffa dhr hgehjge kbpbkjty cujàjge. Afvf`hpjge

fddfktjvf ehvfrgbgkf wj`` ugafrpjg `hgetfri afvf`hpifgts.

Umbt Js Ehha Ehvfrgbgkf8

Qmf @fbrgjge Dhrui rfd`fktfa hg tmf kurrfgt e`hcb` krjsjs bga fxbip`fs hd dbj`fa bga

jgfddfktjvf ehvfrgbgkf. Qmjs `fa th ajskussjhg hd wmy ehha ehvfrgbgkf js jiphrtbgt,bga

mhw dugabifgtb` prjgkjp`fs brf gffafa jg bg buthghihus mjemfr faukbtjhg systfi

bs wjtm b`` buthghihus jgstjtutjhgs tmbt sfrvf puc`jk jgtfrfsts.Iukm mbs cffg wrjttfg bchut ehha ehvfrgbgkf, chtm jg mjemfr faukbtjhg bga jg

tmf khrphrbtf sfkthr cy jgtfrgbtjhgb` khgtrjcuthrs. K`fbr`y, jg tmf khrphrbtf bga

cbgljge sfkthrs hvfr rfkfgt yfbrs ibgy cjttfr `fsshgs mbvf cffg `fbrgfa. Qmjs jgkùafs


13/102

xjj Fxfkutjvf [uiibry

fxbip`fs `jlf Fgrhg jg tmf Vgjtfa [tbtfs bga [btybi jg Jgajb, wmfrf chbras hd

ehvfrghrs dbj`fa jg tmfjr fssfgtjb` autjfs. Mjemfr faukbtjhg kbg ebjg drhi tmfsf

fxpfrjfgkfs, cut tmf ajddfrfgt kjrkuistbgkfs hd `fbrgjge jgstjtutjhgs smhuà ght cfkhif

`jijtfa jg sffljge th dh``hw bgy kurrfgt khrphrbtf ihaf`. Jg rfebra th ehha ehvfrgbgkftmf puc`jk bga ghtdhrprhdjt sfkthrs mbvf iukm b`sh th khgtrjcutf?

Ehha ehvfrgbgkf ugafrpjgs bga supphrts tmf ijssjhg bga purphsf hd tmfjgstjtutjhg. Ujtmhut sukm smbrfa jgtfgt jg purphsf bga af`jvfry b chbra hd

ehvfrghrs (CHE) wj`` cf wfbl.

Ehha ehvfrgbgkf krfbtfs b shuga, ftmjkb` bga sustbjgbc`f strbtfey, bkkfptbc`fth tmf jgstjtutjhg bs b wmh`f bga htmfr lfy stblfmhàfrs.

Ehha ehvfrgbgkf hvfrsffs tmf jip`fifgtbtjhg hd sukm strbtfey tmrhuem wf``khgsjafrfa prhkfssfs bga prhkfaurfs jg bg hpfg, trbgspbrfgt bga mhgfst

ibggfr.

Ehha ehvfrgbgkf js fssfgtjb` th tmf erbgt hr bssfrtjhg hd buthghiy. Chbras hdehvfrghrs, cy ficrbkjge ehha ehvfrgbgkf bpprhbkmfs, bkkfpt ugfqujvhkb``y

tmfjr hwg kh``fktjvf bga jgajvjaub` rfsphgsjcj`jtjfs.

Ehha ehvfrgbgkf js ght hptjhgb`.

Ihrf hg tmf cbsjk ^rjgkjp`fs bga Kmb``fgefs dhr Ehvfrgbgkfajskussfa bt tmf dhrui iby

cf dhuga jg Kmbptfr 3.Qmf lfy prjgkjp`fs bga kmb``fgefs dhr ehvfrgbgkf wfrf durtmfr

suiibrjzfa bt tmf Dhrui bs dh``hws?

Dhr stbtfs?

Fstbc`jsm af`jvfrbc`f ph`jkjfs dhr puc`jk cfgfdjt, wmjkm jgkùaf b k`fbr p`bkf dhrmjemfr faukbtjhg

Krfbtf buthghihus strukturfs dhr jgstjtutjhgs Fstbc`jsm k`fbr krjtfrjb dhr jgtfrvfgtjhgs Ficfa jg djgbgkf ph`jky supphrt dhr mjemfr faukbtjhg bga jgstjtutjhgb`

ijssjhg.

Dhr jgstjtutjhgs bga tmfjr ehvfrgjge chajfs? ehvfrgjge chajfs smhuà?

Bkt bs tmf kusthajbg hd vbùfs, ijssjhg bga purphsf Bssfrt jts buthghiy bga bkkhugtbcj`jty Cf ugbicjeuhus`y bga kh``fktjvf`y rfsphgsjc`f dhr hvfrsjemt Lffp jts fddfktjvfgfss ugafr hcofktjvf rfvjfw.

@fbrgjge DhruiHcofktjvfs

Qmf @fbrgjge Dhruidhr Ehvfrgbgkf jg Qfkmgjkb` bga Fgejgffrjge Faukbtjhg wbs b ohjgt

jgjtjbtjvf hd tmf Uhrà Cbgl bga tmf Gbtjhgb` ^rhofkt Jip`fifgtbtjhg Vgjt (G^JV) dhr

tmf Qfkmgjkb` Faukbtjhg Rub`jty Jiprhvfifgt ^rherbi (QFRJ^) hd tmf Ehvfrgifgt hd

Jgajb.3

Jt wbs b pj`ht jgjtjbtjvf tmbt thhl p`bkf jg Myafrbcba drhi 3;34[fptficfr 3>>: jg

pbrtgfrsmjp wjtm stbtf ehvfrgifgts, tmf Ijgjstry hd Muibg Sfshurkf Afvf`hpifgt(IMSA) bga tmf Gbtjhgb` Bsshkjbtjhg hd [hdtwbrf bga [frvjkfs Khipbgjfs

(GB[[KHI),;dh``hwjge tmf khip`ftjhg hd QFRJ^J, bga cfdhrf tmf stbrt hd QFRJ^JJ.


14/102

Fxfkutjvf [uiibry xjjj

Qmf lfy hcofktjvfs dhr tmf @fbrgjge Dhruiwfrf?

Qh bssjst tmf pbrtjkjpbtjge stbtf ehvfrgifgts bga jgstjtutjhgs th hctbjg cfttfrfaukbtjhg bga `fbrgjge hutkhifs tmrhuem ihrf strbtfejk, purphsfdu` bga

fddfktjvf ehvfrgbgkf hd tmfjr tfkmgjkb` bga fgejgffrjge faukbtjhg jgstjtutjhgs.

Qh dbkj`jtbtf bg fxkmbgef hd `fbrgjge bga smbrjge hd ehha ehvfrgbgkf ph`jkybga prbktjkf afvf`hpifgts, cbrrjfrs, bga jssufs bkrhss tmf pbrtjkjpbtjge Jgajbg

stbtfs bga jgtfrgbtjhgb``y.

Qh afvf`hp b khgkfptub` drbifwhrl dhr b `fbrgjge dhrui hg ehvfrgbgkf bs bthh` th durtmfr cujà kbpbkjty hd sfgjhr ph`jky iblfrs bga jgstjtutjhgb` `fbafrs

rfsphgsjc`f dhr tfkmgjkb` bga fgejgffrjge faukbtjhg. Qmjs thh` smhuà cf

fvbùbtfa tmrhuem tmjs pj`ht wjtm tmf jgtfgtjhg th dbkj`jtbtf htmfr `fbrgjge dhrb

ugafr tmf buspjkfs hd QFRJ^JJ. Baajtjhgb` dhrb whuà prhihtf tmf smbrjge hd

lghw`faef, fxpfrjfgkf, bga ehha prbktjkf th cujà kbpbkjty bga bssjst

sustbjgbc`f afvf`hpifgt jg htmfr Jgajbg stbtfs.

Jgputs bga ^rhkfss

Qmf @fbrgjge Dhruicrhuemt theftmfr?

[fgjhr ph`jky iblfrs bga jgstjtutjhgb` `fbafrs drhi djvf stbtfs?1 Bgamrb^rbafsm, Mbrybgb, Lbrgbtblb, Ibmbrbsmtrb, bga Ufst Cfgeb`

Ijgjstry hd Muibg Sfshurkf Afvf`hpifgt Gbtjhgb` fxpfrts drhi bkbafijb bga jgaustry

Jgafpfgafgt jgtfrgbtjhgb` khgsu`tbgts, Uhrà Cbgl, bga G^JV stbdd.([ff pbrtjkjpbgts `jst jg Bppfgajx B bga ihrf aftbj` hg tmf Dhruijgputs jg Bppfgajx

C)

Qmf @fbrgjge Dhrui rfqujrfa b sjegjdjkbgt bihugt hd khgtfgt prfpbrbtjhg cy tmf

khrf dhrui tfbi bga pbrtjkjpbgts. B mb`daby p`bggjge ifftjge wbs mfà jg Qmf

Gbtjhgb` Jgstjtutf hd Qfkmgh`hey, Ubrbgeb` jg Obgubry 3>>: bga b aftbj`fa p`bggjge

bga vjsjhg ahkuifgt wbs prhaukfa.

Qh prhvjaf bg bpprhprjbtf cbsjs bga khipbrbtjvf khgtfxt dhr ajskussjhgs, kbsf

stuajfs wfrf afvf`hpfa jg bavbgkf hd tmf @fbrgjge Dhrui? Efgfrjk pbpfrs hg tmf

prjgkjp`fs, kmb``fgefs, bga khiihg `bgeubef hd ehvfrgbgkf (Kmbptfr 3)< djvf stbtf kbsf

stuajfs (Kmbptfr ;), bga b gbtjhgb` Jgajb bga sfvfg jgtfrgbtjhgb` kbsf stuajfs (Kmbptfr1), bga twfgty jgstjtutjhgb` kbsf stuajfs.

Qmf prjgkjpb` stfps hd tmf prhkfss hd tmf dhuraby Dhruiwfrf bs dh``hws?

Djrst mb`d hd tmf Dhrui dhkusfa bt stbtf `fvf`, tmf sfkhga bt tmf jgstjtutjhgb``fvf`, djgjsmjge wjtm khgkùsjhgs rf`btfa th chtm stbtfs bga jgstjtutjhgs

B ijx hd dhkusfa p`fgbry bga sib`` erhup whrl th dbkj`jtbtf afcbtf bgaajskussjhg

^`fgbry sfssjhgs usjge smhrt prfsfgtbtjhgs, bga pbgf`s wmh rfsphgafa thdhkusfa qufstjhgjge drhi pbrtjkjpbgts

Jgvjtfa spfblfrs? Ir. [.^.L. Gbjau J.B.[, [pfkjb` Kmjfd [fkrftbry, Bgamrb^rbafsm, bga Ir. Tjoby Qmbabgj, KFH, GJJQ bga ^rhd A G Sfaay, Tjkf

Kmbgkf``hr, OGQV, Bgamrb ^rbafsm.


15/102

xjv Fxfkutjvf [uiibry

B`` @fbrgjge Dhrui ibtfrjb`s bga prfsfgtbtjhgs mbvf cffg phstfa hg tmf Dhrui

wfcsjtf b`hge wjtm cfst fxbip`fs jafgtjdjfa cy tmf pbrtjkjpbgts. Ihrf jgdhribtjhg

bchut tmf jgputs drhi pbrtjkjpbgts, jgvjtfa spfblfrs, bga tmf Dhruiprhkfss js bvbj`bc`f

jg Bppfgajx C.6

Ghtfs

2Qmf khgkfpt hd Buthghiy wbs djrst tb`lfa jg Lhtmbrj Khiijssjhg rfphrt jg fbr`y sjxtjfs bga

mbvf cffg rffipmbsjzfa jg sfvfrb` sucsfqufgt rfphrt jg `bst sjx afkbafs. Qmf Ehvfrgifgt hd

Jgajbs 22tm DjvfZfbr ^`bg, tmf KBCF Khiijttff hg Buthghiy hd Mjemfr Faukbtjhg

Jgstjtutjhgs, fstbc`jsmfa cy tmf Ijgjstry hd Muibg Sfshurkfs (IMSA) (3>>6), bga ihrf rfkfgt`y,

jg tmf Lghw`faef Khiijssjhgs SfphrtQhwbra b Lghw`faef [hkjfty? Qmrff Zfbrs hd tmf Lghw`faef

Khiijssjhg, Hkthcfr 3>>=, bga jg Ougf 3>>:, Qmf Zbsm ^b` Khiijttff Sfphrt? Sfphrt hd Qmf

Khiijttff th Bavjsf hg Sfghvbtjhg bga Sfouvfgbtjhg hd Mjemfr Faukbtjhg, b`` kb`` dhr ibohr rfdhris

dhr Mjemfr Faukbtjhg jg Jgajb jgkùajge Jiprhvjge tmf Ehvfrgbgkf hd Fgejgffrjge Jgstjtutjhgs.3 Qfkmgjkb`/Fgejgffrjge Faukbtjhg Rub`jty Jiprhvfifgt ^rhofkt (QFRJ^)? (mttp?//www.gpju.

gjk.jg/prhofktXtfkm1.mti). QFRJ^ js b Ehvfrgifgt hd Jgajb prhofkt supphrtfa cy tmf Uhrà Cbgl

th jiprhvf qub`jty hd tfkmgjkb` faukbtjhg. Qmf djrst pmbsf, QFRJ^J, stbrtfa jg Ibrkm 3>>; bga

fgafa Ibrkm 3>>: khvfrjge 235 jgstjtutjhgs drhi 2; stbtfs< jgkùajge 2= kfgtrb``y dugafa

jgstjtutjhgs, 4= stbtf ehvfrgifgt dugafa jgstjtutjhgs, 33 prjvbtf ugbjafa jgstjtutjhgs bga 2:

ph`ytfkmgjks. Qmf sfkhga pmbsf, QFRJ^JJ, js fxpfktfa th stbrt Bprj` 3>2>.; Qmf Gbtjhgb` Bsshkjbtjhg dhr Gbtjhgb` Bsshkjbtjhg hd [hdtwbrf bga [frvjkf Khipbgjfs

(GB[[KHI)? www.gbsskhi.jg1 Qmf djvf stbtfs wfrf jgvjtfa cbsfa hg pfrdhribgkf jg QFRJ^J. Bt tmf tjif hd tmf QFRJ^

bssfssifgt b`` djvf stbtfs mba b ibohrjty hd wf`` pfrdhrijge jgstjtutjhgs jg tmf brfbs hd buthghiy,

bkkrfajtbtjhg, jip`fifgtbtjhg, bga jg tmf utj`jzbtjhg hd dugas.6 mttp?//eh.whràcbgl.hre/AOHQ5CU=S>.


16/102

2

K M B ^ Q F S 2

Hutkhifs? Qmf Gjgf

Lfy Ehvfrgbgkf Jssufs

ghw`faef, fxpfrjfgkf, bga lfy jssufs rf`btfa th afvf`hpjge ehha ehvfrgbgkf jg

tfkmgjkb` bga fgejgffrjge faukbtjhg dhr tmf djvf pbrtjkjpbtjge stbtfs wfrf

vjehrhus`y bga hpfg`y smbrfa, afcbtfa, bga ajskussfa bt tmf @fbrgjge Dhrui. Qmf lfy

hutkhif wbs b suiibry hd gjgf lfy ehvfrgbgkf jssufsjafgtjdjfa bga afcbtfa aurjge

tmf Dhrui ajskussjhgs. Qmfsf brf bs dh``hws?

2. Khgkfptub`jzf `feb` dhugabtjhg dhr b gfw ihaf` hd bg buthghihus jgstjtutjhg th

sfrvf b puc`jk purphsf. Qmf ihaf` smhuà cf tmf sbif dhr jgstjtutjhgs dugafa jg pbrt

cy tmf ehvfrgifgt bs wf`` bs tmhsf rfkfjvjge gh ehvfrgifgt sucsjay. Qrbgsjtjhg b``kurrfgt ehvfrgifgt-dugafa, ehvfrgifgt-bjafa bga prjvbtf ghg-bjafa jgstjtutjhgs

th tmjs ihaf`.

3. Khiihg `feb` drbifwhrl dhr ehvfrgbgkf, khgsjstfgt wjtm tmf gfw ihaf` hd bg

buthghihus jgstjtutjhg, wmjkm prhvjafs?

K`fbr stbtfifgts hd rfsphgsjcj`jtjfs bga rf`btjhgsmjps dhr tmf CHE, jgkùajgekhiphsjtjhg hd chbras hd ehvfrghrs, sf`fktjhg/ghijgbtjhg hd ificfrs,

phwfrs, dugktjhgs, bga bg jgku`kbtjhg bga bssfssifgt hd bkkhugtbcj`jty (usjge

gbtjhgb` eujaf`jgfs)

^rhdfssjhgb` qub`jdjkbtjhgs, fxpfrjfgkf, rfsphgsjcj`jtjfs bga bpphjgtifgt hd tmf(b) Tjkf Kmbgkf``hr/Ajrfkthr, bga (c) tmf sfgjhr jgstjtutjhgb` hddjkjb`s, jgkùajge

tfris bga khgajtjhgs hd sfrvjkf (wjtm ijgjiui stbgabras sft cy tmf stbtf bga

jip`fifgtfa cy mjemfr faukbtjhg jgstjtutjhgs \MFJsY)

Jgtfrgb` ehvfrgjge strukturf hd tmf jgstjtutjhg, jgkùajge tmf prjgkjpb`bkbafijk bga baijgjstrbtjvf chajfs wjtmjg tmf jgstjtutjhg.

;. [trbtfejk p`bggjge bt jgstjtutjhgb` bga stbtf `fvf`s th fgsurf?

B`jegifgt wjtm gbtjhgb` bga stbtf prjhrjtjfs dhr Jgajbs e`hcb` khipftjtjvfgfssjg tmf lghw`faef fkhghiy?

[jzf, smbpf, bga rf`btjhgsmjp

Bkkfss bga fqujty Bddhrabcj`jty (tmjs wj`` gffa supphrt drhi kfgtrb` ehvfrgifgt) Rub`jty

L


17/102

3 Uhrà Cbgl Uhrljge ^bpfr

Sfsfbrkm khipftjtjvfgfss Jgkùsjvfgfss (efgafr, ftmgjkjty, bga sh dhrtm) Sfsphgsjvfgfss th tmf gffa hd jgaustry bga Jgajbs duturf fkhghiy (sff b`sh

krfajt trbgsdfr ugafr jssuf 1 cf`hw).

1. Khiihg qub`jty bssurbgkf ph`jkjfs bga stbgabras (sukm bs tmhsf jgtfrgbtjhgb``y

cfgkmibrlfa usjge bkkfptfa pbrbiftfrs th ifft tmf gffas hd jgaustry) jgkùajge?

Khiihg drbifwhrl dhr qub`jdjkbtjhgs, spfkjdyjge tmf lghw`faef bga slj``srfqujrfa dhr fip`hyifgt th fstbc`jsm krfajc`f gbtjhgb` stbgabras

Kurrjkuùi drbifwhrls/sucofkt cfgkmibrls th eujaf kurrjkuùiafvf`hpifgt (stbtf/kfgtrb` ehvfrgifgt th spfkjdy ijgjiui krfajts)

[tuafgt bssfssifgt, bga khgtjguhus qub`jty jiprhvfifgt wjtmjg jgstjtutjhgs

Bssfssifgt bga kfrtjdjkbtjhg hd slj``s bga khipftfgkjfs hctbjgfa tmrhuemjgaustrycbsfa trbjgjge bga fxpfrjfgkf dhr pbrtjb` krfajt thwbra aferffs Rub`jty bssurbgkf bga bkkhugtbcj`jty cbsfa hg hutkhifs (bt vbrjhus `fvf`s?

jgstjtutjhg, stbtf, kfgtrb` ehvfrgifgt)

^h`jkjfs bga ifkmbgjsis dhr stuafgt ihcj`jty (jgkùajge krfajt trbgsdfr)wjtmjg bga cftwffg jgstjtutjhgs bga stbtfs, bga hutsjaf Jgajb

Drbifwhrl dhr dbku`ty bpprbjsb`/dbku`ty afvf`hpifgt skmfif jgkùajgetrbjgjge,gffas bgb`ysjs bga dugajge.

6. ^h`jkjfs bga dhrib` ifkmbgjsis dhr jgaustry/bkbafijk kh``bchrbtjhg, jgkùajge,

cut ght `jijtfa th?

Jgaustry jgvfstifgt jg mjemfr faukbtjhg (jg ljga, bga dugajge)< tmjs iby gffagbtjhgb` jgkfgtjvfs/ supphrt

Fxpfrts drhi prjvbtf jgaustry sfrvjge bs dbku`ty bga rfsfbrkmfrs bt jgstjtutjhgsbga dbku`ty sfrvjge jg jgaustry

Jgaustry prhvjajge trbjgjge dhr stuafgts bga bwbrajge hd krfajt dhr jgaustrycbsfa trbjgjge.

4. ^rhdfssjhgb` afvf`hpifgt dhr dbku`ty, jgstjtutjhgb` `fbafrs bga chbras hd

ehvfrghrs th jgkrfbsf tmfjr kbpbkjty th bssuif jgkrfbsfa rfsphgsjcj`jtjfs jgbuthghihus jgstjtutjhgs (qub`jty bssurbgkf, kurrjkuùi afvf`hpifgt, bga sh dhrtm)

5. Hptjiui utj`jzbtjhg hd rfshurkfs,jgkùajge, cut ght `jijtfa th?

[mbrjge hd dbku`ty bga htmfr rfshurkfs (`bchrbthrjfs, `jcrbrjfs) bihgejgstjtutjhgs

Vsf hd tfkmgh`hey dhr fddfktjvf af`jvfry hd khursfs bga th supphrt rfsfbrkm.

=. Qfkmgjkb` bssjstbgkf bga ifgthrjge (mbgamhàjge) dhr jgstjtutjhgs ibljge tmf

trbgsjtjhg th buthghihus stbtus

:. ^h`jky th tbkl`f dbku`ty smhrtbef


18/102

Ehvfrgbgkf hd Qfkmgjkb` Faukbtjhg jg Jgajb? Lfy Jssufs, ^rjgkjp`fs, bga Kbsf [tuajfs ;

Jt wbs k`fbr drhi khgtrjcutjhgs ibaf tmbt tmf pbrtjkjpbtjge stbtfs mbvf b sfgsf hd

urefgky bga khiijtifgt th af`jvfr tmf ph`jkjfs bga prbktjkf pfrtjgfgt th ehha

ehvfrgbgkf dhr wmjkm tmfy mhà rfsphgsjcj`jty. Mhwfvfr, jt wbs b`sh k`fbr tmbt tmf

kmb``fgefs dbkfa brf dugabifgtb` bga khip`fx.Ibgy lfy jssufs brf iu`tj`byfrfa bga jgtfr`jglfa, jgvh`vjge jgstjtutjhgs, stbtf

ehvfrgifgts bga kfgtrb` ehvfrgifgttmbt js, gbtjhgb` chajfs. Qmjs kbg cf sffg jg tmf

`jst hd gjgf lfy bga 3; suckbtfehrjfs hd ehvfrgbgkf jssufs `jstfa bchvf tmbt wfrf kfgtrb`

th tmf ajskussjhg. [tbtfs jafgtjdjfa tmrhuem ajskussjhg wmjkm chajfs tmfy khgsjafrfa

whuà cf rfsphgsjc`f dhr tbljge rfsphgsjcj`jty bga bktjhg.

Qmfrf brf guicfr hd brfbs jg wmjkm stbtfs bga jgstjtutjhgs kbg tblf bg fddfktjvf

`fba jg rfsphgsf th tmf gjgf lfy ehvfrgbgkf jssufs. Qmfsf brf sfpbrbtf`y suiibrjzfa

cf`hw dhr stbtfs, dhr jgstjtutjhgs, bga dhr tmf kfgtrb` ehvfrgifgt tmbt js, gbtjhgb`

chajfs. Durtmfr, b sft hd hutkhifs dhr QFRJ^JJ wfrf jafgtjdjfa dhr IMSA/G^JV bga

tmf Uhrà Cbgl.

Hutkhifs dhr [tbtfs

Afspjtf ajddfrfgkfs jg tmf sjzf bga smbpf hd tfkmgjkb` bga fgejgffrjge faukbtjhg

sfkthrs (dhr fxbip`f, jg tmf pfrkfgtbef hd prhvjsjhg tmrhuem prjvbtf ghgbjafa

kh``fefs), jt wbs berffa tmf pbrtjkjpbtjge djvf stbtfs dbkf sjij`br kmb``fgefs bga

prjhrjtjfs dhr jiprhvfifgt. Qmfsf kbg cf suiibrjzfa bs?

Afvf`hpjge b rfeu`bthry drbifwhrl th fgsurf qub`jty bga puc`jkbkkhugtbcj`jty jg tmf dbkf hd fxtrbhrajgbry fxpbgsjhg hd tmf sfkthr, fspfkjb``y

jg prjvbtf ghgbjafa kh``fefs Fgsurjge bddhrabcj`jty bga ifrjtcbsfa bkkfss Jgkrfbsjge jgstjtutjhgb` buthghiy, jg pbrtjku`br afvf`hpjge tmf kbpbkjty hd

chbras hd ehvfrghrs bga jgstjtutjhgb` `fbafrs th bssuif erfbtfr rfsphgsjcj`jty

dhr af`febtfa butmhrjty, bga jgstjtutjge gfw ifkmbgjsis dhr qub`jty bssurbgkf

bga bkkhugtbcj`jty

Sfdhrijge stbgabras bga kurrjku`b th ifft e`hcb` fxpfktbtjhgs dhr erbaubtfslghw`faef bga slj``s, bga jgkrfbsjge rf`fvbgkf th rfejhgb`, gbtjhgb` bga

e`hcb` `bchr ibrlft afibgas

[trfgetmfgjge `jgls wjtm jgaustry/fip`hyfrs [trfgetmfgjge tmf `jgls cftwffg skjfgkf bga tfkmgh`hey bga rfejhgb`

fkhghijk afvf`hpifgt

Baarfssjge tmf sfvfrf smhrtbef hd qub`jdjfa dbku`ty bga jgstjtutjhgb``fbafrs/ibgbefrs.

Qmf stbtf kbsf stuajfs, kmbptfr ;, bga prfsfgtbtjhgs bt tmf @fbrgjge Dhruiprhvjafa

fxbip`fs hd mhw tmf djvf stbtfs brf `fbajge jg fddhrts th djga shùtjhgs th tmfsf

kmb``fgefs. Bihge tmfsf rfdhris brf?

Sfdhris jg rfeu`btjhgs ehvfrgjge baijssjhg bga fstbc`jsmifgt hd khiihgfxbijgbtjhgs dhr fgtrbgkf jgth tfkmgjkb` bga fgejgffrjge jgstjtutjhgs

Fxtfgajge buthghiy bga htmfr ehvfrgbgkf rfdhris cy fxtfgajge rfdhrisjgjtjbtfa jg QFRJ^J th b`` jgstjtutjhgs, jgkùajge fstbc`jsmifgt hd chbras hd


19/102


ehvfrghrs, c`hkl erbgt dugajge pbttfrgs (bt `fbst dhr ghgp`bg, ghgsb`bry

khiphgfgts)

[trfgetmfgjge tmf rh`f hd tfkmgjkb` ugjvfrsjtjfs bs b ifbgs th jiprhvf tmf

qub`jty hd buthghihus bddj`jbtfa kh``fefs [trfgetmfgjge tmf rh`f hd tmf stbtf tfkmgjkb` faukbtjhg afpbrtifgts jg

prhihtjge kmbgef bga jgghvbtjhg, strfgetmfgjge `jgls wjtm jgaustry bga

rfejhgb` fkhghijk afvf`hpifgt, prhihtjge gftwhrljge bihge jgstjtutjhgs,

bga prhvjajge tfkmgjkb` bssjstbgkf bga supphrt dhr jiprhvfifgt bt tmf

ugjvfrsjty bga kh``fef `fvf`s.

Qmf @fbrgjge Dhrui rfbkmfa khgsfgsus hg gjgf lfy ehvfrgbgkf jssufs. Ujtm dfw

fxkfptjhgs, bktjhgs brf rfqujrfa bt fvfry `fvf` hd tmf systfi th baarfss tmf jssufs?

kfgtrb` butmhrjtjfs (IMSA, B`` Jgajb Khugkj` dhr Qfkmgjkb` Faukbtjhg \BJKQF},

Vgjvfrsjty Erbgts Khiijssjhg \VEKY, Gbtjhgb` Chbra hd Bkkrfajtbtjhg \GCBY,

Gbtjhgb` Bssfssifgt bga Bkkrfajtbtjhg Khugkj` \GBBKY, hr sukkfsshr kfgtrb`

rfeu`bthry butmhrjty), stbtfs, bddj`jbtjge ugjvfrsjtjfs, bga kh``fefs. Gfvfrtmf`fss, tmf

stbtfs kbg tblf tmf `fba (fjtmfr jgajvjaub``y hr tmrhuem kh``fktjvf bktjhg) jg sfvfrb`

brfbs?

Sfvjfw systfibtjkb``y tmf fxtfgt th wmjkm fxjstjge stbtf `bws, rfeu`btjhgs, bgahvfrb`` kbpbkjty (dhr fxbip`f, trbjgjge bga qub`jdjkbtjhgs hd stbtf hddjkjb`s)

supphrt hr sfrvf bs cbrrjfrs th b trbgsjtjhg drhi kfgtrb` stbtf khgtrh` th b gfw

rh`f hd ph`jky `fbafrsmjp bga stffrjge bt bris `fgetm dhr b gftwhrl hd

buthghihus jgstjtutjhgs.

Sfvjfw systfibtjkb``y fxjstjge stbtf `bws bga rfeu`btjhgs th fgsurf k`fbrstbtfifgts hd rfsphgsjcj`jtjfs bga rf`btjhgsmjps hd chbras hd ehvfrghrs bga

prhdfssjhgb` qub`jdjkbtjhgs hd jgstjtutjhgb` `fbafrs brf khgsjstfgt wjtm b ihrf

afkfgtrb`jzfa bkkhugtbc`f systfi.

Afvf`hp eujaf`jgfs dhr fddfktjvf pfrdhribgkf hd chbras hd ehvfrghrs bgaprhvjajge hpphrtugjtjfs dhr chbras hd ehvfrghrs ificfrs th pbrtjkjpbtf jg

prhdfssjhgb` afvf`hpifgt fvfgts th lffp bcrfbst hd `btfst afvf`hpifgts jg

fgejgffrjge/tfkmgjkb` faukbtjhg bga smbrf cfst prbktjkfs jg chbra hd ehvfrghr

`fbafrsmjp.

[phgshr stbtf`fvf` `fbrgjge dhruis fgebejge tmf stbtfs sfgjhr ph`jky iblfrsbga jgaustry/kjvjk `fbafrs th ebjg crhbafr ugafrstbgajge bga khiijtifgt th

tmf kmbgefs jg ehvfrgbgkf gffafa th supphrt b e`hcb``y khipftjtjvf

fgejgffrjge/tfkmgjkb` faukbtjhg systfi.

Vgafrtblf stbtf`fvf` strbtfejk p`bggjge th fgsurf b`jegifgt hd tmftfkmgjkb`/fgejgffrjge faukbtjhg systfi wjtm stbtf bga gbtjhgb` prjhrjtjfs dhr

khipftjtjvfgfss jg tmf e`hcb` lghw`faef fkhghiy. Fgebefifgt hd lfy

stblfmhàfrs, fspfkjb``y rfprfsfgtbtjvfs hd jgaustry/fip`hyfrs, smhuà cf b

lfy ajifgsjhg hd tmjs p`bggjge.

Afvf`hp gfw ifkmbgjsis dhr fstbc`jsmjge stbgabras, kurrjkuùi, bga qub`jty

bssurbgkf/bkkhugtbcj`jty cfgkmibrlfa th jgtfrgbtjhgb``y bkkfptfa pbrbiftfrs.Umj`f kfgtrb` befgkjfs iust p`by b rh`f jg tmfsf jgjtjbtjvfs, stbtfs (jgajvjaub``y

hr jg kh``bchrbtjhg wjtm fbkm htmfr) khuà `fba jg pj`htjge gfw bpprhbkmfs tmbt

khuà sfrvf bs ihaf`s th cf jip`fifgtfa gbtjhgb``y. B lfy bspfkt hd tmf stbtf


20/102

Ehvfrgbgkf hd Qfkmgjkb` Faukbtjhg jg Jgajb? Lfy Jssufs, ^rjgkjp`fs, bga Kbsf [tuajfs 6

jgjtjbtjvfs smhuà cf b durtmfr rfdjgfifgt hd tmf rh`f hd tfkmgjkb` ugjvfrsjtjfs jg

rf`btjhgsmjp th buthghihus bddj`jbtfa tfkmgjkb`/fgejgffrjge kh``fefs.

[trfgetmfg fgebefifgt hd jgaustry/fip`hyfrs bt fvfry `fvf` hd tmf systfi,

jgkùajge fgsurjge tmbt ifkmbgjsis brf jg p`bkf dhr khgsjstfgt, sustbjgbc`f,twhwby khiiugjkbtjhg bga kh``bchrbtjhg.

^rhvjaf prhdfssjhgb` afvf`hpifgt dhr stbtf, ugjvfrsjty, bga kh``fef hddjkjb`s thjgkrfbsf tmfjr lghw`faef bga slj``s th bssuif gfw rfsphgsjcj`jtjfs jg b ihrf

afkfgtrb`jzfa, d`fxjc`f, trbgspbrfgt, bga rfsphgsjvf systfi.

^rhvjaf tfkmgjkb` bssjstbgkf th jgstjtutjhgs (chbras hd ehvfrghrs, vjkfkmbgkf``hrs/ajrfkthrs, bga sfgjhr jgstjtutjhgb` `fbafrs) th iblf tmf trbgsjtjhg

drhi stbtf khgtrh``fa th b ihrf buthghihus stbtus.

Hutkhifs dhr Jgstjtutjhgs

Afspjtf ajddfrfgkfs jg tmf sjzf bga smbpf hd jgajvjaub` tfkmgjkb` bga fgejgffrjge

jgstjtutjhgs bga tmfjr `feb` bga dugajge brrbgefifgts, tmfrf wfrf k`fbr`y sjij`br jssufs

crhba`y jafgtjdjfa dhr jgstjtutjhgs jg b`` djvf stbtfs.

Qmfrf wbs b gffa th fstbc`jsm b k`fbr stbtfifgt hd rfsphgsjcj`jtjfs bgarf`btjhgsmjps dhr chbras hd ehvfrghrs, jgkùajge khiphsjtjhg hd Chbras,

sf`fktjhg/ghijgbtjhg hd ificfrs, tmfjr phwfrs bga dugktjhgs bga jgku`kbtjhg

bga bssfssifgt.

Qmfrf wbs b gffa th fgsurf tmbt jgstjtutjhgs bga stblfmhàfrs mbvf chtm b k`fbrbga khiihg ugafrstbgajge hd wmbt js ifbgt cy buthghiy bga

bkkhugtbcj`jty. Qmfrf wbs b gffa th bkt jg bkkhrabgkf wjtm sukm bkkfptfa ifbgjges. Qmfrf wbs b gffa th afvf`hp erfbtfr strfgetm jg tmf kbpbkjtjfs hd chbras hd

ehvfrghrs.

[ukm baajtjhgb` strfgetm whuà khif jg mbvjge rfebra th tmf prhdfssjhgb`qub`jdjkbtjhgs, jgaustry fxpfrjfgkf, bga trbjgjge hd ificfrs hd chbras hd

ehvfrghrs.

Krjtjkb``y, b`` gjgf lfy ehvfrgbgkf jssufs, rfbkmfa cy khgsfgsus bt tmf @fbrgjge

Dhrui, rfd`fkt jgstjtutjhgb` gffas. Bebjg, wjtm dfw fxkfptjhgs, bktjhgs brf rfqujrfa bt

fvfry `fvf` hd tmf systfi th baarfss tmf jssufs. Jgvh`vjge jgstjtutjhgs jg fddfktjvfpbrtgfrsmjp wjtm stbtf ehvfrgifgts jg pbrtjku`br, wj`` cf jiphrtbgt bga kmb``fgejge,

fspfkjb``y jg stbtfs wjtm b sjzbc`f tfrtjbry sfkthr.

Gfvfrtmf`fss, jgajvjaub` jgstjtutjhgs kbg tblf b `fba (fjtmfr jgajvjaub``y hr

tmrhuem kh``fktjvf bktjhg jgvh`vjge jgstjtutjhgs wjtmjg hgf stbtf hr bkrhss stbtfs) jg

sfvfrb` brfbs?

Sfvjfw tmf khgstjtufgt ahkuifgts hd fbkm jgstjtutjhg th aftfrijgf wmjkmsupphrt hr sfrvf bs cbrrjfrs th b trbgsjtjhg drhi kfgtrb` stbtf khgtrh` th b gfw

rh`f hd ph`jky `fbafrsmjp dhr bg buthghihus jgstjtutjhg. ^rfpbrf sukm

bifgaifgts bs iby cf gfkfssbry th dbkj`jtbtf kmbgef.

Afvf`hp eujaf`jgfs dhr fddfktjvf pfrdhribgkf hd chbras hd ehvfrghrs bgaprhvjaf hpphrtugjtjfs dhr jgajvjaub` ehvfrghrs th pbrtjkjpbtf jg `fbrgjge dhrb


21/102


th lffp bcrfbst hd `btfst afvf`hpifgts jg fgejgffrjge/tfkmgjkb` faukbtjhg bga

smbrf cfst prbktjkf jg ehvfrghr `fbafrsmjp.

Qh rfsphga th gfw stbgabras, kurrjku`b bga qub`jty bssurbgkf ph`jkjfs bga

stbgabras th cf afvf`hpfa bga cfgkmibrlfa th jgtfrgbtjhgb``y bkkfptfapbrbiftfrs.

[trfgetmfg fddfktjvf fgebefifgt hd jgaustry/fip`hyfrs bt fvfry `fvf` hd tmfjgstjtutjhg, jgkùajge fgsurjge tmbt ifkmbgjsis brf jg p`bkf dhr khgsjstfgt,

sustbjgbc`f, twhwby khiiugjkbtjhg bga djgbgkjb``y vjbc`f kh``bchrbtjhg.

^brtjkjpbtf jg durtmfr `fbrgjge dhrb bt tmf jgstjtutjhgb` `fvf`, fjtmfr jgajvjaub``yhr kh``fktjvf`y, th fgmbgkf ugafrstbgajge hd tmf kmbgefs jg ehvfrgbgkf gffafa

th supphrt b e`hcb``y khipftjtjvf fgejgffrjge/tfkmgjkb` faukbtjhg systfi

jgkùajge tmf rf`btjhgsmjp hd buthghihus bddj`jbtfa tfkmgjkb`/fgejgffrjge

kh``fefs th tfkmgjkb` ugjvfrsjtjfs.

^rhvjaf suddjkjfgt dugajge bga tjif dhr prhdfssjhgb` afvf`hpifgt dhrugjvfrsjty, bga kh``fef hddjkjb`s th jgkrfbsf tmfjr lghw`faef bga slj``s th

bssuif gfw rfsphgsjcj`jtjfs jg b ihrf afkfgtrb`jzfa, d`fxjc`f, trbgspbrfgt, bga

rfsphgsjvf systfi.

Hutkhifs dhr tmf Khgsjafrbtjhg hd tmf IMSA

B guicfr hd tmf lfy ehvfrgbgkf jssufs brf gbtjhgb` bga rfqujrf b khhrajgbtfa

rfsphgsf. Qmf dh``hwjge brf tmf lfy ehvfrgbgkfrf`btfa jssufs tmbt jgvh`vf tmf

khgsjafrbtjhg hd kfgtrb` ehvfrgifgt/gbtjhgb` chajfs?

B`` stbtfs bga jgstjtutjhgs afsjrf ihrf buthghiy wjtm bkkhugtbcj`jty. Qmf khgkfptub`jzbtjhg hd b `feb` dhugabtjhg dhr b gfw ihaf` hd bg

buthghihus jgstjtutjhg th sfrvf b puc`jk purphsfb ihaf` tmbt khuà cf

bpp`jfa th b`` jgstjtutjhgs, chtm puc`jk bga prjvbtf.

Qmf afsjeg hd b `feb` drbifwhrl dhr ehvfrgbgkfkhgsjstfgt wjtm tmf bchvfihaf`tmbt prhvjafs b k`fbr stbtfifgt hd rfsphgsjcj`jtjfs bga rf`btjhgsmjps

dhr chbras hd ehvfrghrs (jgkùajge tmf khiphsjtjhg, rfkrujtifgt, bga

sf`fktjhg, phwfrs bga dugktjhgs, bga bssfssifgt hd bkkhugtbcj`jty). Qmf

tfrijgh`hey usfa jg jip`fifgtbtjhg hd sukm smhuà cf k`fbr`y bga ugjdhri`y

ugafrsthha cy b``.

^h`jky stbtfifgts rfd`fktjge gbtjhgb` gffas, dhr fxbip`f, jg rf`btjhg th Jgajbse`hcb` khipftjtjvfgfss jg tmf lghw`faef fkhghiy tmbt prhvjaf b khgtfxt dhr

stbtf ehvfrgifgts bga jgstjtutjhgs strbtfejk p`bggjge jg tfris hd sjzf, smbpf,

bga rf`btjhgsmjps< bkkfss bga fqujty< bddhrabcj`jty< qub`jty, rfsfbrkm

khipftjtjvfgfss< bga jgkùsjvfgfss (hr jg rfsphgsf th spfkjdjk bga jiifajbtf

gffas sukm bs b dbku`ty smhrtbef krjsjs).

Khiihg qub`jty bssurbgkf ph`jkjfs bga stbgabras tmbt brf jgtfrgbtjhgb``ycfgkmibrlfa. Dhr fxbip`f, b qub`jdjkbtjhgs drbifwhrl wjtm sucofkt

cfgkmibrls th eujaf kurrjkuùi afvf`hpifgt, bssfssifgt, bga kfrtjdjkbtjhg

hd slj``s bga khipftfgkfs. Jgdhribtjhg hg qub`jty bga stbgabras jg bkkfssjc`f

dhribts smhuà cf ibaf bvbj`bc`f th stuafgts, pbrfgts, bga htmfr stblfmhàfrs.


22/102


Ehvfrgbgkf hd prjvbtf jgstjtutjhgs js jiphrtbgt bs =6 pfrkfgt hd tfkmgjkb` bgafgejgffrjge jgstjtutjhgs brf jg tmf prjvbtf sfkthr bga gffa supphrt bga

ihgjthrjge.

Jiprhvfa jgaustry bga bkbafijk kh``bchrbtjhg th supphrt jgaustryjgvfstifgt jg mjemfr faukbtjhg bga rfsfbrkm, hpphrtugjtjfs dhr trbjgjge dhr

jgaustry, bs wf`` bs jgaustrys khgtrjcutjhg th kurrjku`b, dbku`ty bga stuafgt

afvf`hpifgt.

Bkkfssjcj`jty smhuà cf jiprhvfa, ibjgtbjgjge qub`jty< lffpjge jg vjfw tmf`bref phpu`btjhg hd tmf khugtry.

Gffa wbs fxprfssfa dhr krfajt trbgsdfrs th fgbc`f ihvfifgt hd stuafgts drhihgf jgstjtutjhg th bghtmfr bga drhi stbtf th stbtf.

Sfshurkf smbrjge, jg tfris hd dbku`ty bga jgdrbstrukturf dbkj`jty smhuà cffgkhurbefa wjtmjg tmf stbtf bga hutsjaf jgkùajge ihcj`jty hd dbku`ty.

^h`jkjfs dhr tmf utj`jzbtjhg hd gfw tfkmgh`hey wmfrf tmfsf whuà crjgefddjkjfgkjfs bga afvf`hpifgt hpphrtugjtjfs dhr stbtfs bga jgstjtutjhgs.

Hutkhifs dhr QFRJ^ dhr G^JV/IMSA bga tmf Uhrà Cbgl

Qmf Dhruikhgdjrifa tmf kfgtrb`jty hd strfgetmfgjge ehvfrgbgkf ph`jkjfs bga prbktjkf

bt tmf stbtf bga jgstjtutjhgb` `fvf` dhr qub`jty hd tfkmgjkb` faukbtjhg. Qmf IMSA/G^JV

bga tmf Uhrà Cbgl wf`khifa tmf hpphrtugjty th `fbrg tmf dh``hwjge drhi tmf

pbrtjkjpbtjge stbtf ehvfrgifgts bga jgstjtutjhgs?

Aftbj`fa bga fxkjtjge jgdhribtjhg rfebrajge stbtfs erhwjge fxpfrjfgkf hd bwbrajge

buthghiy th jgstjtutjhgs bga tmf wbys tmbt jgstjtutjhgs mbvf stfppfa up prbktjkfs thfiphwfr, jgkfgtjvjzf bga mhà bkkhugtbc`f dbku`ty. [mbrjge tmfsf ghvf` prbktjkfs

bga ph`jkjfs bkrhss stbtfs bga jgstjtutjhgs whuà sucstbgtjb``y jiprhvf tmf

hutkhifs hd tfkmgjkb` faukbtjhg. Qmjs lghw`faef smbrjge js b tbsl tmbt

IMSA/G^JV bga tmf Uhrà Cbgl wj`` khgtjguf th supphrt tmrhuem QFRJ^JJ.

Jiprhvfa ugafrstbgajge hd tmf cb`bgkf cftwffg jgkrfbsfa buthghiy bga strfgetmfgfabkkhugtbcj`jty tmrhuem fddfktjvf chbras hd ehvfrghrs. Qmfrf js b k`fbr gffa th

jiprhvf tmf prbktjkfs bga kbpbkjtjfs wjtmjg jgstjtutjhgb` ibgbefifgt, bga jg

pbrtjku`br wjtmjg chbras hd ehvfrghrs, th kbrry hut fddfktjvf strbtfejfs bga

hvfrsjemt. Htmfrwjsf, jgkrfbsfa buthghiy bga dugajge wj`` ght mbvf jts du``

rfturgs, bga khuà cf bcusfa. G^JV bga tmf Cbgl smhuà tmrhuem QFRJ^JJ

whrl jg k`hsf pbrtgfrsmjp wjtm stbtfs, bddj`jbtjge ugjvfrsjtjfs, bga jgstjtutjhgs

th bssjst tmf cujàjge hd tmjs kbpbkjty. Qmbt cfjge sbja, tmf stbtus quh jg

tfkmgjkb` faukbtjhg iby cf hvfrstbtfa jg tfris hd jts bkmjfvfifgtswmfg

khipbrfa th prbktjkf f`sfwmfrf. Kfrtbjg stbtfs bga jgstjtutjhgs brf trbvf``jge

bt b sgbj`s pbkf. QFRJ^JJ smhuà fgkhurbef stbtfs bga jgstjtutjhgs th eh

cfyhga tmfjr khidhrt zhgf bga rfwbra rfdhri jip`fifgtbtjhg.

Bg bkutf bwbrfgfss tmbt QFRJ^JJ smhuà prhvjaf strhge pfrdhribgkf jgdhribtjhg thstbtf ehvfrgifgts, chbras hd ehvfrghrs, bga mfbas hd jgstjtutjhgs. [huga stbtf bga

jgstjtutjhgb` ibgbefifgt rfqujrfs krfajc`f cfgkmibrljge th phsjtjhg fbkm

jgstjtutjhg jg rf`btjhg th htmfrs bga bssfss pfrdhribgkf. Qmjs jgdhribtjhg js

prfsfgt`y ght bvbj`bc`f jg Jgajb, cut wj`` cf put hg dbst trbkl th pj`ht bg


23/102

= Uhrà Cbgl Uhrljge ^bpfr

fddfktjvf systfi dhr kh``fktjge bga ajssfijgbtjge sukm pfrdhribgkf

jgdhribtjhg.

B gffa th fgmbgkf tmf eujaf`jgfs dhr ehvfrgbgkf rfdhris jg QFRJ^JJbs afskrjcfa jg

tmf ^rhofkt Jip`fifgtbtjhg ^`bg, bga b khiijtifgt th supphrt ehvfrgbgkfprjhrjtjfs jafgtjdjfa aurjge tmf Dhrui.

Djgb``y, ibgy htmfr khugtrjfs jg tmf whrà kurrfgt`y brf whrljge hg rfdhrijgetmf ehvfrgbgkf hd tmfjr mjemfr faukbtjhg systfi bga jgstjtutjhgs. Htmfr

khugtrjfs, jg pbrtjku`br jg [hutm Bsjb, kbg `fbrg drhi tmf Jgajbg fxpfrjfgkf hd

ehvfrgbgkf rfdhris. Qmf Dhruis pbrtgfrsmjp bga `fbrgjge bpprhbkm

crjgejge ph`jkyiblfrs bga jgstjtutjhgb` `fbafrs theftmfr js hgf hd sukm cfst

prbktjkf Jgajbg ihaf`s tmbt khuà jgspjrf htmfr khugtrjfs jg tmfjr ehvfrgbgkf

rfdhri fddhrts.

Gfxt [tfps

Qmf ajssfijgbtjhg hd tmjs rfphrt js tmf djrst gfxt stfp. Jt js cfjge kjrku`btfa th tmf

pbrtjkjpbtjge stbtf ehvfrgifgts bga jgstjtutjhgs. Durtmfr, jt wj`` cf smbrfa wjtm stbtfs

tmbt aja ght pbrtjkjpbtf th fgkhurbef tmfi th tblf pbrt jg tmf buthghiy bga

bkkhugtbcj`jty rfdhri hd tfkmgjkb` faukbtjhg.

Qmf ibjg dh``hwup wj`` cf tmrhuem tmf befgabs tmbt stbtf rfprfsfgtbtjvfs bga

htmfrs mbvf tblfg bwby drhi tmf @fbrgjge Dhrui fjtmfr bs bktjhg dhr kbskbajge tmfjr

`fbrgjge, hr bs bktjhg p`bgs tmbt tmfy iby afvjsf drhi tmf Lfy Ehvfrgbgkf Jssufs `jst

bga ajskussjhg. IMSA, G^JV, bga tmf Uhrà Cbgl mbvf sft hut tmfjr bktjhg jg tmf

pbrberbpms bchvf bga mbvf baoustfa tmf QFRJ^JJ jip`fifgtbtjhg p`bg th bssjst stbtfs

bga jgstjtutjhgs jg tmfjr bktjhg p`bgs.

Ejvfg tmf khiihgb`jty hd ibgy jssufs tmfrf wbs khgsjafrbc`f jgtfrfst jg Jgtfr

stbtf bktjhg jg `hhljge bt shùtjhgs th tmf jssufs bga cbrrjfrs jafgtjdjfa. Qmf rfeu`br

QFRJ^JJ rfvjfw ifftjges khuà cf hgf sukm hpphrtugjty dhr jgtfrstbtf fxkmbgef hd

fxpfrjfgkfs.

^brtjkjpbtjge stbtfs brf b`rfbay tbljge tmf jgjtjbtjvf th usf tmf @fbrgjge Dhrui

khgkfpt jg tmfjr hwg stbtfs th ajssfijgbtf fxpfrjfgkf bga lghw`faef bga b`sh th

fgkhurbef afcbtf cftwffg lfy stblfmhàfr erhups rfebrajge jssufs tmbt bddfkt tmfi,

bga bchut wmjkm tmfy iby b`sh rffxbijgf tmfjr tmjgljge bga prbktjkfs.

Qmfrf wbs b k`fbr, phsjtjvf rfsphgsf th tmf @fbrgjge Dhrui jgjtjbtjvf. Jg baajtjhg thtmf pfrshgb` `fbrgjge smbrfa jg tmf djgb` sfssjhg, sfgjhr `fbafrs fxprfssfa b

khiijtifgt th smbrjge ght hg`y tmf lghw`faef bga fxpfrjfgkf tmfy ebjgfa drhi tmfjr

pffrs bt tmf Dhrui, tmbt js, dhr tmf cfgfdjt hd tmfjr hwg stbtfs, cut b`sh b wj``jgegfss th

smbrf tmfjr `fbrgjge, jafbs, lghw`faef bga fxpfrjfgkf wjtm htmfr stbtfs jg Jgajb. G^JV

wj`` hrebgjzf duturf `fbrgjge dhrb ifftjges bs bga wmfg rfqujrfa cbsfa hg tmf gffas

fxprfssfa cy stbtfs/jgstjtutjhgs sucofkt th bpprhvb` hd IMSA bs pbrt hd QFRJ^JJ.


24/102

:

K M B ^ Q F S 3

B Khiihg @bgeubef bga

Lfy ^rjgkjp`fs hd Ehvfrgbgkf

Bgarfw KucjfBjis IkEujggfss

B Khiihg @bgeubef dhr Ehvfrgbgkf82

Umfg khgsjafrjge bspfkts hd ehvfrgbgkf chtm jg tmf puc`jk, prjvbtf bga ghtdhrprhdjt

sfkthrs jt js fbsy th bssuif tmbt jg tmf usf hd b whra hr pmrbsf tmfrf js bg fgtjrf

ugafrstbgajge. Qmjs js truf jg wrjtjge bga spffkm wjtmjg hgf khugtry bga yft, wf brf

hdtfg ajvjafa cy b khiihg `bgeubef. Qmjs js tmf ihrf sh drhi hgf khugtry th bghtmfr

bga jg jgtfrprftbtjhg wmfrf iukm kbg cf `hst hr khgdusfa jg trbgs`btjhg.

Qmf purphsf hd tmjs sfktjhg js ght th hddfr butmhrjtbtjvf afdjgjtjhgs hd jgajvjaub`

whras bga pmrbsfs dhr hur ajskussjhgs, cut th fxp`hrf sfgsf bga ifbgjge. Dhr fbkm hd

us wf smhuà djrst bssfss jd, jg tmf afskrjptjhgs hddfrfa, wf djga rfkhegjtjhg bga

tmfrfbdtfr khgsjafr twh durtmfr bspfkts.

Brf tmf whras, rfdfrrfa th, bga wmjkm `bref`y bppfbr jg tmf Lfy ^rjgkjp`fsbga Kmb``fgefs hd Ehvfrgbgkf sfktjhg tmbt dh``hws, rf`fvbgt th tmf jgtfrfsts

hd stbtf hr jgstjtutjhg8

[fkhga`y, jd tmfy brf, mhw du``y brf tmfy bpp`jfa jg tmhsf ajddfrjge khgtfxts8

Qmjs sfktjhg wbs prfpbrfa th fgefgafr erfbtfr afcbtf bga tmhuemt rfebrajge

ehvfrgbgkf jssufs.

Qmf Lfy ^rjgkjp`fs bga Kmb``fgefs hd Ehvfrgbgkf sfktjhg rfdfrs th tmf bspfkts

tmbt wj`` jgdùfgkf stbtfs jg tmfjr bpprhbkm th ehvfrgbgkf bga buthghiy. Qmbt sfktjhg,

b`sh jg tmf khgtfxt hd bg buthghihus ehvfrgjge chay, afskrjcfs tmbt chay bs cfjge tmf

kusthajbg hd tmf vbùfs, purphsf, bga ijssjhg hd tmf jgstjtutjhg bga hd jt cfjge chtm

buthghihus bga bkkhugtbc`f.

Jt js sueefstfa tmbt tmf fxpbgafa ifbgjge hd tmf prfkfajge sfgtfgkf js tmbt b

ehvfrgjge chay jg tmf khgtfxt hd khgsjafrbc`f buthghiy smhuà cf b khgstbgt`y

vjej`bgt eubra hd tmf vbùfs hd tmf jgstjtutjhg. Dhrfihst hd tmfsf smhuà cf bkbafijk

drffahi. Gh tmjra pbrty smhuà ajktbtf wmbt iby cf tbuemt hr mhw, b`tmhuem

hc`jebtjhgs jiphsfa cy gbtjhgb` bga/hr stbtf stbtutf wj`` rfqujrf th cf khgsjafrfa.

Durtmfr p`bkjge tmf jgajvjaub` `fbrgfr bt tmf mfbrt hd tmf jgstjtutjhgs purphsf smhuàcf hd krjtjkb` jiphrtbgkf. Baajtjhgb` vbùfs hd ajvfrsjty, fqub`jty, bga dbjrgfss brf

`jlf`y th cf fssfgtjb` khiphgfgts hd bg jgstjtutjhgs bpprhbkm.


25/102

2> Uhrà Cbgl Uhrljge ^bpfr

Bg buthghihus jgstjtutjhg wj`` mbvf tmf rjemt hd sf`daftfrijgbtjhg bga sf`d

ehvfrgifgt. Qmjs trbgs`btfs fbsj`y jgth fgsujge jts ehvfrgjge chay smhuà ght cf

ajktbtfa th cy tmjra pbrtjfs fjtmfr jg tmf khiphsjtjhg hd tmbt chay hr bs th mhw jt smhuà

bkt.Qmjs ahfs ght ifbg, hd khursf, tmbt tmf jgstjtutjhg tmrhuem jts ehvfrgjge chay gffa

ght cf ihst rfsphgsjvf bga bkkhugtbc`f th tmf `fejtjibtf afibgas hd stblfmhàfrs cf

tmfy ehvfrgifgt, stbdd, stuafgts, sphgshrs, bga sh dhrtm. Qmfsf afibgas wj`` rf`btf

chtm th `fbrgjge fxpfktbtjhgs bga hutkhifs bs wf`` bs hutkhifs drhi dugajge

jipfrbtjvfs.

Hgkf khgstjtutfa wjtm buthghiy tmf ehvfrgjge chay smhuà hpfrbtf bs b ugjtbry

chbra wjtm b kmbjr fiphwfrfa chtm th cf bg bavhkbtf cfyhga tmf jgstjtutjhg wjtm

tmjra pbrtjfs bga th `fba jg mhàjge tmf prjgkjpb` bga mjs/mfr tfbi th bkkhugt.

[jij`br`y, wjtm sukm b strukturf bga bpprhbkm jt js dhr tmf ehvfrgjge chay th

hvfrsff tmf krfbtjhg bga af`jvfry hd tmf strbtfejk ajrfktjhg hd tmf jgstjtutjhg tmbt wj``, hdkhursf, fgkhipbss jts purphsf bga ijssjhg. Mhw sukm strbtfey js khgvfrtfa jgth

aftbj`fa cusjgfss p`bggjge js vfry iukm tmf rfsphgsjcj`jty hd tmf prjgkjpb` bga tmf

fxfkutjvf, cut iust cf af`jvfrfa khgsjstfgt wjtm tmf vbùfs, purphsf bga ijssjhg hd tmf

jgstjtutjhg.

Jg b`` hd tmjs tmf khgsfqufgkf hd tmf buthghiy, cf jt du`` hr qubsj, hd bg jgstjtutjhg

js tmf bkkhugtbcj`jty hd tmf ehvfrgjge chay th stblfmhàfrs bga htmfrs jg mbvjge bga

k`bjijge sukm buthghiy. Jg tmjs, ificfrs hd b ehvfrgjge chay rfqujrf th ugafrstbga

wjtm k`brjty wmfrf tmf `feb`, ftmjkb` bga rfputbtjhgb` bkkhugtbcj`jtjfs `jf chtm dhr tmf

ehvfrgjge chay bga dhr tmf jgajvjaub` ificfr hd tmbt chay. @jlfwjsf, tmf ajvjajge

`jgf cftwffg tmf bkkhugtbcj`jty hd tmf ehvfrgjge chay bga tmf prjgkjpb` bga fxfkutjvfiust cf krystb` k`fbr, ajktbtjge b wf``krbdtfa skmfau`f hd af`febtjhg th tmf prjgkjpb`

bga cfyhga. Qmjs wj`` cf rfqujrfa, fvfg b`tmhuem jg ihst kjrkuistbgkfs tmf ehvfrgjge

chay wj`` rfibjg vjkbrjhus`y `jbc`f.

Djgb``y, chtm jg rfebra th tmf vbùfs hd tmf jgstjtutjhg bga jg tmf stbgabras hd tmf

ehvfrgjge chay kh``fktjvf`y bga dhr jgajvjaub` ificfrs tmfrf gffas th cf b k`fbr

khiijtifgt th tmf vbùfs hd mhgfsty, jgtferjty, `bkl hd sf`d jgtfrfst, bga rfofktjhg hd

khrrupt prbktjkfs. Qmfsf whras smhuà ght gffa durtmfr fùkjabtjhg, bga bebjg iust

bpp`y chtm jg tmf khgtfxt hd du`` bga/hr qubsj buthghiy.

Qmf @fbrgjge Dhrui prhvjafa b usfdu` brfgb jg wmjkm tmfsf fssfgtjb` bga

ugkhiprhijsjge stbgabras wfrf fxpbgafa uphg durtmfr.

Lfy ^rjgkjp`fs bga Kmb``fgefs hd Ehvfrgbgkf3

Qmjs sfktjhg sffls crjfd`y th rfd`fkt uphg bspfkts hd ehvfrgbgkf hd MFJs drhi chtm tmf

pfrspfktjvf hd tmf stbtf bga tmf jgajvjaub` jgstjtutjhg. Jt ahfs ght bttfipt th cf

afdjgjtjvf, cut hddfrs b rfd`fktjhg hd tmhsf jssufs tmbt jgdùfgkf tmf bttjtuafs hd stbtf

`fejs`bthrs bga bt tmf htmfr fxtrfif lfy prjgkjp`fs dhr ehvfrgbgkf hd bg buthghihus

jgstjtutjhg.

Qmf [tbtf ^hsjtjhg

Jgtrhauktjhg

Bkrhss tmf whrà ibgy stbtfs mbvf, hvfr rfkfgt yfbrs, shuemt th cb`bgkf afibgas dhr

erfbtfr jgstjtutjhgb` buthghiy wjtm b gffa th ajrfkt strbtfejk fkhghijk afvf`hpifgt,


26/102


stjiu`btf shkjb` fgejgffrjge bga fgmbgkf pbrtjkjpbtjhg. Dfw kmb``fgef tmf gbtjhgb`

bavbgtbef jg stbtfs rbtjge wf`` jg HFKA rbgljges rfebrajge mjemfr faukbtjhg bga

htmfr tbc`fs, `ft b`hgf jgajvjaub` jgstjtutjhgs skhrjge mjem`y jg jgtfrgbtjhgb` `fbeuf

tbc`fs. Qmf tfgsjhg wmjkm fxjsts js mhw cfst dhr stbtfs th dbkj`jtbtf prherfssjhg jg hgf hdtmf ihst jgtfrgbtjhgb``y khipftjtjvf brfbs hd tmf afkbaf.

Ihaf`s rbgef drhi strjkt stbtf khgtrh` hd jgstjtutjhgs wjtm gh fxtfrgb` dugajge th

ibrlft ahijgbtfa bpprhbkmfs. Bt fjtmfr fga hd sukm b skb`f ugjvfrsjtjfs, bs gfvfr

cfdhrf brf bt tmf kfgtfr hd gbtjhgb` fkhghijk bga shkjb` fgafbvhr. Fvfg wjtm bìhst

khip`ftf buthghiy wmfrf jgstjtutjhgs hpfrbtf jg tmf prjvbtf sfkthr, tmf stbtf rftbjgs b

ajrfkt jgtfrfst, dhr fxbip`f, jg rfsfbrkm, pbrtjkjpbtjhg guicfrs, tmf qub`jty hd tfbkmjge

bga `fbrgjge, bga tmf rf`fvbgkf hd erbaubtfs dhr tmf whrl p`bkf. Jd tmfsf jgtfrfsts brf

ift bkkhrajge th tmf gbtjhgb` ph`jky hd tmf aby tmf stbtf wj`` cf ihrf jgk`jgfa th

rf`jgqujsm ajrfkt hr jgajrfkt khgtrh`s.

Qmfrf js b afcbtf jg ibgy khugtrjfs bchut tmf ehvfrgbgkf bga ibgbefifgt hdmjemfr faukbtjhg, bga tmf rf`btjhgsmjp hd jgstjtutjhgs th tmf stbtf. Ibgy khgsjafr tmbt

tmf erjp hd tmf stbtf mbs th cf rf`bxfa sh tmbt jgstjtutjhgs kbg aftfrijgf tmfjr hwg

strbtfejfs bga tblf ihrf rfsphgsjcj`jty dhr tmfjr hwg djgbgkjb` sustbjgbcj`jty.

Khrrfsphgajge kmbgefs jg ehvfrgbgkf bga bkkhugtbcj`jty hd MFJs brf gffafa th

supphrt tmjs kmbgefa rf`btjhgsmjp. Qmjs prhkfss mbs rfbkmfa ajddfrfgt phjgts jg ibgy

khugtrjfs, cut tmfrf js b khiihg ajrfktjhg hd trbvf`.

Qmf rfsu`t hd tmjs prhkfss js tmbt ehvfrgifgts brf `fss k`fbr`y sffg bs tmf sh`f

hwgfr bga khrf dugafr hd MFJs bga sh tmfjr bcj`jty th fgsurf ph`jky hcofktjvfs bga

djgbgkjb` sustbjgbcj`jty cfkhifs `fss ajrfkt.

Qmjs khicjgbtjhg hd dbkthrs `fbas th b guicfr hd kmb``fgefs dhr ph`jky iblfrs,jgkùajge?

Mhw kbg tmfy fgsurf tmbt jgkrfbsjge`y buthghihus jgstjtutjhgs wj`` af`jvfrtmf ehvfrgifgts faukbtjhg bga shkjb` ph`jky befgab8

Mhw kbg tmfy fgsurf tmbt djgbgkjb` jgkfgtjvfs jgtrhaukfa dhr ph`jky purphsfsah ght kbusf MFJs th bkt suchptjib``yrfaukjge ajvfrsjty bga rfsphgsjcj`jty

bga pfrmbps tmrfbtfgjge tmfjr hwg djgbgkjb` sustbjgbcj`jty8

Mhw kbg tmfy fgsurf tmbt tmf puc`jk jgtfrfst js bafqubtf`y rfprfsfgtfa8 Mhw kbg tmfy rfaukf tmf rjsl tmbt b ihrf buthghihus bga ibrlftarjvfg

ugjvfrsjty systfi wj`` cfkhif djgbgkjb``y ugstbc`f bga iblf durtmfr afibgashg tmf stbtf jd jgstjtutjhgs eft jgth ajddjku`tjfs8

Ehvfrgbgkf js bg jiphrtbgt jssuf tmbt spbgs chtm tmf ph`jky befgab bga tmf

jgstjtutjhgb` djgbgkjb` bga ibgbefifgt befgab. Ehvfrgbgkf brrbgefifgts kbg p`by bg

jiphrtbgt pbrt jg tmf wby tmbt jgstjtutjhgs brf mfà bkkhugtbc`f th tmf ehvfrgifgt bga

tmf puc`jk jgtfrfst. Qmfy kbg b`sh mf`p jgstjtutjhgs th fgsurf b khmfrfgt strbtfey bga b

sustbjgbc`f afvf`hpifgt pbtm.;

[ystfi [tffrjge

[tffrjge jgvh`vfs tmf ifbgs cy wmjkm ehvfrgifgts fgkhurbef tmf jgstjtutjhgb`

khiphgfgts hd b gbtjhgb` systfi th dugktjhg jg hrafr th `jgl mjemfr faukbtjhg th bkhugtrys strbtfejk ehb`s. [tffrjge jgkfgtjvfs kbg cf ajrfkt bga jgajrfkt, bga jgkùaf

rfeu`bthry, strukturb`, djgbgkjb`, khgtrbktub` bga khipftjtjvf ifkmbgjsis. Qmf cb`bgkf


27/102


cftwffg ajrfkt bga jgajrfkt ifbgs hdtfg rfd`fkts tmf ibturjty hd b gbtjhgs ph`jtjkb`

fkhghiy, tmf strfgetm hd jts MFJs, bga tmf khipbtjcj`jty hd jgstjtutjhgb` bga

ehvfrgifgtb` vbùfs.

[tffrjge mbs cffg afdjgfa bs tmf fxtfrgb``y afrjvfa jgstruifgts bga jgstjtutjhgb`brrbgefifgts tmbt sffl th ehvfrg hrebgjsbtjhgb` bga bkbafijk cfmbvjhurs wjtmjg

MFJs.1 Qmf tfri sueefsts b `fss jgtfrvfgtjhgjst bga ihrf dbkj`jtbtjvf rh`f dhr tmf stbtf,

wmfrfcy tmf stbtf afdjgfs gbtjhgb` ehb`s, sfts tmf strukturf hd jgkfgtjvfs, usfs b vbrjfty

hd jgstruifgts th jgdùfgkf jgstjtutjhgb` cfmbvjhr bga pfrdhribgkf, bga ihgjthrs

hutkhifs. Qmf usf hd ph`jky jgstruifgts bga tmf ihgjthrjge hd tmfjr fddfktjvfgfss kbg

cf bt bris`fgetm drhi ehvfrgifgt, sukm bs tmrhuem b cuddfr chay `jlf tmf Mjemfr

Faukbtjhg Dugajge Khugkj` dhr Fge`bga.

Qmf ihst ajddjku`t kmb``fgef js strjljge tmf rjemt cb`bgkf bt tmf rjemt tjifs jg b

khugtrys prherfss, pbrtjku`br`y tmf cb`bgkf cftwffg ehvfrgifgt rfeu`btjhg bga

ibrlft ifkmbgjsis, cftwffg kfgtrb`jzbtjhg bga afkfgtrb`jzbtjhg hd afkjsjhgibljge,bga cftwffg ajrfkt bga jgajrfkt ifbgs hd stffrjge. Qmjs kmb``fgef b`sh jgvh`vfs

afsjegjge rfeu`bthry, djgbgkjge bga bkkhugtbcj`jty jgstruifgts tmbt djt tmf

kjrkuistbgkfs bga mf`p bkmjfvf gbtjhgb` ehb`s wjtmhut stjd`jge jgstjtutjhgb` jgghvbtjhg

bga ajddfrfgtjbtjhg.

Qmf Jgstjtutjhgb` ^hsjtjhg

Jgstjtutjhgb` Ehvfrgbgkf

Ehvfrgbgkf rfdfrs ght sh iukm th wmbt jgstjtutjhgs ah cut mhw tmfy ah jt< tmf wbys

bga ifbgs cy wmjkm bg jgstjtutjhg sfts jts ajrfktjhgs bga hrebgjzfs jtsf`d th du`dj`` jts

purphsf. Ehvfrgbgkf kbg cf ugafrsthha efgfrb``y th jgvh`vf tmf ajstrjcutjhg hdbutmhrjty bga dugktjhgs bihge tmf ugjts wjtmjg b `brefr fgtjty, tmf ihafs hd

khiiugjkbtjhg bga khgtrh` bihge tmfi, bga tmf khgaukt hd rf`btjhgsmjps cftwffg tmf

fgtjty bga tmf surrhugajge fgvjrhgifgt.6

Jg mjemfr faukbtjhg, ehvfrgbgkf prhkfssfs afb` wjtm iu`tjp`f ajifgsjhgs hd bg

jgstjtutjhg? mhw jt khmfrfs< mhw jts fxfrkjsfs butmhrjty< mhw jt rf`btfs th jgtfrgb`

ificfrs (stuafgts bga stbdd)< mhw jt rf`btfs th fxtfrgb` stblfmhàfrs (ehvfrgifgt,

cusjgfss, `hkb` khiiugjty, jgtfrgbtjhgb` jgstjtutjhgs)< mhw jt iblfs afkjsjhgs< bga

mhw bga mhw dbr jt af`febtfs rfsphgsjcj`jty dhr afkjsjhgs bga bktjhgs jgtfrgb``y. Qmf

strukturf hd ehvfrgbgkf jgkùafs tmf rh`f hd jgstjtutjhgb` ehvfrgjge chbras bga

prfsjafgts, tmfjr pbrtjkjpbtjvf strukturfs, tmfjr prhkfaurb` ru`fs bga sbgktjhgs, tmfjrph`jkjfs dhr rfshurkf b``hkbtjhg, bga tmfjr brrbgefifgts dhr pfrdhribgkf ibgbefifgt,

ihgjthrjge bga rfphrtjge.

Ehha ehvfrgbgkf dbkj`jtbtfs afkjsjhgibljge wmjkm js rbtjhgb`, jgdhrifa, bga

trbgspbrfgt, bga wmjkm `fbas th hrebgjzbtjhgb` fddjkjfgky bga fddfktjvfgfss. Bg

jiphrtbgt kmbrbktfrjstjk hd ehha ehvfrgbgkf js tmbt hd prhcjty. Afkjsjhgibljge smhuà

fgsurf tmbt vbryjge jgtfrfsts brf bpprhprjbtf`y cb`bgkfa, tmbt tmf rfbshgs cfmjga

khipftjge jgtfrfsts brf rfkhegjzfa, bga tmbt hgf jgtfrfst js ght fgahrsfa hvfr htmfrs

hg brcjtrbry erhugas.4

B kfgtrb` khgsjafrbtjhg js tmf rf`btjhgsmjp hd jgstjtutjhgb` ehvfrgbgkf th tmf stbtf,

prjibrj`y tmf fxtfgt hd jgstjtutjhgb` buthghiy bga jts fddfkt hg jgstjtutjhgb`

pfrdhribgkf. Jgstjtutjhgs gfkfssbrj`y mbvf th afvf`hp gfw kbpbkjtjfs dhr jgtfrgb`

ehvfrgbgkf wmfg tmf `hkus hd rfsphgsjcj`jty dhr afkjsjhgs bchut stuafgt baijssjhg,


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Ehvfrgbgkf hd Qfkmgjkb` Faukbtjhg jg Jgajb? Lfy Jssufs, ^rjgkjp`fs, bga Kbsf [tuajfs 2;

stbddjge, kurrjkuùi, bga tmf usf hd djgbgkjb` rfshurkfs js smjdtfa th tmf jgstjtutjhgb`

`fvf`. Bg jgtfrfstjge ph`jky qufstjhg brjsfs jg rfspfkt hd ibgbejge sukm b trbgsjtjhg?

smhuà tmf afvhùtjhg hd rfsphgsjcj`jtjfs bwbjt afihgstrbtjhg hd bg jgstjtutjhgs

kbpbkjty th ibgbef tmfi, hr ahfs tmf kbpbkjty th ibgbef jgkrfbsfa rfsphgsjcj`jtjfshg`y afvf`hp hgkf tmfy brf afvh`vfa8

Gfbvf bga vbg Tuemt phrtrby b khgtjguui jg tmf rf`btjhgsmjp hd ehvfrgifgt th

MFJs drhi b stbtf khgtrh` ihaf` th b stbtf supfrvjsjge ihaf`

Bkkhugtbcj`jty js tmf d`jp sjaf hd tmf buthghiy khjg. Jt js tmf rfsphgsjcj`jty tmbt

bg jgstjtutjhg bssuifs jg rfturg dhr tmf drffahi bkkhrafa jt. Ajddfrfgt ajifgsjhgs hd

bkkhugtbcj`jty kbg cf j`ùstrbtfa cy tmf cbsjk qufstjhgs? Umh js bkkhugtbc`f th wmhi,

dhr wmbt purphsfs, dhr wmhsf cfgfdjt, cy wmbt ifbgs, bga wjtm wmbt khgsfqufgkfs822

Qmfrf brf brhuga tmf whrà b vbrjfty hd buthghihus hr qubsjbuthghihus ihaf`s

hd ehvfrgbgkf. Qmf dh``hwjge afskrjcfs lfy prjgkjp`fs tmbt ugafrpjg rh`fs bga

rfsphgsjcj`jtjfs, bga khgaukt bga stbgabras hd ehvfrgjge chajfs dhr bg buthghihus

jgstjtutjhg tmbt mbs ugbicjeuhus rfsphgsjcj`jty dhr jts strbtfejk ajrfktjhg bga fxfkutjhg

jg tmf mbgas hd jts ehvfrgjge chay.

Sh`f bga Sfsphgsjcj`jtjfs

Qmf ehvfrgjge chay hd b mjemfr faukbtjhg jgstjtutjhg bkts bs kusthajbg hd tmf vbùfs,

purphsf bga ijssjhg hd tmf jgstjtutjhg. Qmf vbùfs, purphsf bga ijssjhg hd tmbt

jgstjtutjhg brf dhriu`btfa cy tmf ehvfrgjge chay bdtfr wjaf khgsu`tbtjhg bga uphg tmf

rfkhiifgabtjhg hd tmf ^rjgkjpb` hg cfmb`d hd tmf fxfkutjvf.[ukm vbùfs, purphsf bga ijssjhg smhuà cf hwgfa cy tmf ehvfrgjge chay bga

tmf fxfkutjvf, cf k`fbr`y afskrjcfa bga wjaf`y puc`jkjzfa.


29/102


Bs sukm kusthajbg, tmf ehvfrgjge chay smhuà bssfrt tmf buthghiy hd bga

khgsfqufgtjb` bkkhugtbcj`jty hd tmf jgstjtutjhg th b`` stblfmhàfrs.

Qmf ehvfrgjge chay smhuà cf ugbicjeuhus`y bga kh``fktjvf`y rfsphgsjc`f dhr

hvfrsffjge tmf jgstjtutjhgs bktjvjtjfs, aftfrijgjge jts duturf ajrfktjhg bga smhuà dhstfrbg fgvjrhgifgt jg wmjkm tmf jgstjtutjhgb` ijssjhg kbg cf bkmjfvfa b``hwjge tmf

phtfgtjb` hd b`` `fbrgfrs khggfktfa th tmf jgstjtutjhg th cf ibxjijzfa.

Qmf kmbjr hd tmf ehvfrgjge chay js rfsphgsjc`f dhr tmf `fbafrsmjp hd tmbt chay bga

mbs u`tjibtf rfsphgsjcj`jty dhr jts fddfktjvfgfss. Qmf kmbjr mbs b pbrtjku`br rfsphgsjcj`jty

dhr fddfktjvf khiiugjkbtjhg wjtm stblfmhàfrs. Qmf prjgkjpb`, bs kmjfd fxfkutjvf hd tmf

jgstjtutjhg, js rfsphgsjc`f dhr bavjkf th tmf ehvfrgjge chay jg rf`btjhg th strbtfejk

ajrfktjhg bga js bkkhugtbc`f th tmf ehvfrgjge chay dhr tmf fddfktjvf ibgbefifgt hd tmf

jgstjtutjhg. Qmfrf gffas th cf bcshùtf k`brjty jg tmf ajstjgktjhg cftwffg tmf ehvfrgbgkf

dugktjhg hd tmf ehvfrgjge chay bga tmf fxfkutjvf rfsphgsjcj`jtjfs hd tmf prjgkjpb` bga

tmf fxfkutjvf tfbi `fa cy mji hr mfr.

Khgaukt bga [tbgabras

Qmfrf smhuà cf b cb`bgkf hd slj`` bga fxpfrjfgkf bihgest ificfrs hd tmf ehvfrgjge

chay suddjkjfgt th fgbc`f jt th ifft jts prjibry rfsphgsjcj`jtjfs bga th fgsurf

stblfmhàfr khgdjafgkf, pbrtjku`br`y tmbt hd ehvfrgifgt bga jts befgkjfs.

Jgajvjaub` ificfrs bga ehvfrgjge chajfs kh``fktjvf`y smhuà bt b`` tjifs khgaukt

tmfisf`vfs mhgfst`y, wjtm jgtferjty, `bkl hd sf`djgtfrfst bga wjtmhut fgebejge jg

khrrupt prbktjkfs. B`` ificfrs smhuà fxfrkjsf tmfjr rfsphgsjcj`jtjfs jg tmf cfst

jgtfrfsts hd tmf jgstjtutjhg bs b wmh`f rbtmfr tmbg dhr pfrshgb` ebjg hr bs b

rfprfsfgtbtjvf hd bgy gbrrhw jgtfrfst erhup.Qmf ehvfrgjge chay smhuà lffp jts hwg fddfktjvfgfss ugafr rfeu`br rfvjfw bga

smhuà usf hcofktjvf ifbsurfifgt th aftfrijgf tmbt fddfktjvfgfss usjge dhr jgstbgkf

lfy pfrdhribgkf jgajkbthrs bga wmfrfvfr phssjc`f cfgkmibrljge jgstjtutjhgb`

pfrdhribgkf bebjgst khipbrbc`f jgstjtutjhgs.

Gfw ificfrs hd b ehvfrgjge chay smhuà rfkfjvf b du`` jgauktjhg uphg ohjgjge

tmf ehvfrgjge chay bga aurjge ificfrsmjp hd tmbt chay smhuà cf wj``jge th rfkfjvf

trbjgjge bga afvf`hpifgt th fgsurf tmbt tmf ificfr mbs tmf gfkfssbry slj``s bga

lghw`faef th ajskmbref fddfktjvf`y mjs hr mfr rfsphgsjcj`jtjfs bs b ificfr hd tmf

ehvfrgjge chay.

Khgkùsjhg

Bs stbtfa jg b 3>>1 HFKA rfphrt?

Bs mjemfr faukbtjhg mbs erhwg, bga htmfr prfssurfs mbvf khgstrbjgfa

stbtf dugajge, tmf djgbgkjb` sustbjgbcj`jty hd ugjvfrsjtjfs bga htmfr

jgstjtutjhgs hd mjemfr faukbtjhg mbs cfkhif bg jssuf dhr ph`jky

iblfrs, bga dhr tmhsf wmh ehvfrg bga ibgbef tmfsf jgstjtutjhgs.

Qmf kmb``fgef dhr ehvfrgifgts js th fgsurf tmbt jgkrfbsjge`y

buthghihus bga ibrlftarjvfg jgstjtutjhgs rfsphga th puc`jk jgtfrfst

befgabs, bt gbtjhgb` bga rfejhgb` `fvf`s, wmj`f b`sh tbljge b erfbtfr

rfsphgsjcj`jty dhr tmfjr hwg djgbgkjb`, bkbafijk bga ibgbefifgtsustbjgbcj`jty. Qmf kmb``fgef dhr jgstjtutjhgs js th ibgbef b ihrf

khip`fx phrtdh`jh hd bjis bga dugajge< th ajddfrfgtjbtf tmfisf`vfs jg


30/102


bg jgkrfbsjge`y khipftjtjvf fgvjrhgifgt< bga th prhtfkt bga ibjgtbjg

bkbafijk qub`jty bga tmfjr bcj`jty th af`jvfr hvfr tmf `hge tfri.23

Bkkhugtbcj`jty (jg tmf ph`jky sfgsf) js b gfkfssbry khrh``bry th buthghiy. Qmf

dbkthrs tmbt arjvf jg tmf ajrfktjhg hd buthghiy b`sh iblf jt gfkfssbry th fstbc`jsm gfw

ifkmbgjsis th fgsurf tmbt jgstjtutjhgs brf rfsphgsjvf th tmf gbtjhgb` bga rfejhgb`

puc`jk jgtfrfst< bga th tmf gffas hd ajddfrfgt stblfmhàfr erhups.

Ehha ehvfrgbgkf dbkj`jtbtfs afkjsjhgibljge tmbt js rbtjhgb`, jgdhrifa, bga

trbgspbrfgt, wmjkm `fbas th hrebgjzbtjhgb` fddjkjfgky bga fddfktjvfgfss tmbt supphrts

bga dhstfrs tmf afvf`hpifgt hd mjemqub`jty faukbtjhg bga rfsfbrkm.

Qmf purphsf hd tmjs sfktjhg js th stjiu`btf rfd`fktjhg. Jt js mhpfa tmbt rfbafrs wj``

khgsjafr drhi tmfjr stbgaphjgt, cf tmbt drhi b stbtf hr jgstjtutjhgb` pfrspfktjvf, jd tmfy,

bt tmjs stbef, dbvhr tmf stbtus quh erbgtjge hr sffljge erfbtfr buthghiy th hr drhi

jgstjtutjhgs hr rfstrjktjge jt bga dhr wmbt rfbshg.

Ghtfs

2 Cy Bgarfw Kucjf, Kmbjr hd tmf Khurt hd Gbpjfr Vgjvfrsjty, Qmf [khttjsm bga Krfajt bga

Rub`jdjkbtjhg Drbifwhrl, bga dhrifr Kmbjr hd tmf Vgjvfrsjty Kmbjrs hd tmf VL.3 Cy Bgarfw Kucjf, Kmbjr hd tmf Khurt hd Gbpjfr Vgjvfrsjty, Qmf [khttjsm bga Krfajt bga

Rub`jdjkbtjhg Drbifwhrl, bga dhrifr Kmbjr hd tmf Vgjvfrsjty Kmbjrs hd tmf VL< bga Bjis

IkEujggfss, [fgjhr Bsshkjbtf hd tmf Gbtjhgb` Kfgtfr dhr Mjemfr Faukbtjhg Ibgbefifgt [ystfis

(GKMFI[) jg tmf Vgjtfa [tbtfs bga dhrifr kmbjr hd tmf Chbra hd Qrustffs hd tmf [tbtf Kh``fefs jg

Kh`hrbah.;HFKA Hg tmf Faef? [fkurjge b [ustbjgbc`f Duturf dhr Mjemfr Faukbtjhg Sfphrt 3>>1.1Dfr`jf, F., Iussf`jg, K. bga Bgarfsbgj, E. (3>>5), Qmf [tffrjge hd Mjemfr Faukbtjhg [ystfis? Bûc`jk Ibgbefifgt ^frspfktjvf, ^bpfr prfpbrfa dhr tmf F[D prhofkt Mjemfr Faukbtjhg @hhljge

Dhrwbra(MF@D), Crussf`s.6 Sjkkj., B. (2:::) Kh``fef bga Vgjvfrsjty Ehvfrgbgkf jg tmf Vgjtfa [tbtfs? Bg Mjsthrjkb`

[urvfy. \mttp?//www.gfwdhugabtjhgs.khi/Mjsthry/MFEhvfrgbgkf.mti`Y.4 Qrblibg, @. (3>>=) Ihaf``jge Vgjvfrsjty Ehvfrgbgkf. Mjemfr Faukbtjhg Rubrtfr`y43, 2/3, 4;

=;.5 Gfbvf, E., bga vbg Tuemt. D. B. (2::1) Ehvfrgifgt bga Mjemfr Faukbtjhg Sf`btjhgsmjps Bkrhss

Qmrff Khgtjgfgts. Hxdhra? ^frebihg ^rfss.=Djfàfg. O. (3>>=), E`hcb` Qrfgas jg Vgjvfrsjty Ehvfrgbgkf. Faukbtjhg Uhrljge pbpfr [frjfs,

Guicfr :. Qmf Uhrà Cbgl, Ibrkm.:Cfrabm`, S. (2::>) Bkbafijk Drffahi, Buthghiy bga Bkkhugtbcj`jty jg Crjtjsm Vgjvfrsjtjfs.[tuajfs jg Mjemfr Faukbtjhg. Th`. 26.2>Ehvfrgifgt hd Jgajb, Ijgjstry hd Muibg Sfshurkf Afvf`hpifgt (3>>6). Sfphrt hd tmf Kfgtrb`

Bavjshry Chbra hd Faukbtjhg (KBCF) Khiijttff hg Buthghiy hd Mjemfr Faukbtjhg Jgstjtutjhgs. (Lbgtj

Cjswbs Sfphrt). Af`mj, Ougf 3>>6, p. 32.22 Curlf, O. (3>>1). Qmf Ibgy Dbkfs hd Bkkhugtbcj`jty. Bkmjfvjge Bkkhugtbcj`jty jg Mjemfr

Faukbtjhg? Cb`bgkjge ûc`jk, Bkbafijk, bga Ibrlft Afibgas. Curlf, O bga Bsshkjbtfs, fas., [bg

Drbgkjskh? OhssfyCbss, p. 3.23HFKA (3>>1) Hg tmf Faef? [fkurjge b [ustbjgbc`f Duturf dhr Mjemfr Faukbtjhg Efgfvb? HFKA.


31/102

24

K M B ^ Q F S ;

[tbtf Kbsf [tuajfs

[tbtf Ehvfrgifgts hd Bgamrb ^rbafsm,Mbrybgb, Lbrgbtblb, bga Ufst Cfgeb`

Bgamrb ^rbafsm2

[fktjhg Hgf? Khgtfxt, [jzf bga [mbpf hd tmf Mjemfr Faukbtjhg [fkthr

Mjemfr Faukbtjhg jg tmf [tbtf hd Bgamrb ^rbafsm js `hhlfa bdtfr cy tmf ehvfrgifgt

ugafr tmf Afpbrtifgt hd Mjemfr Faukbtjhg. Umj`f tmf Khiijssjhgfrbtf hd Qfkmgjkb`

Faukbtjhg afb`s wjtm tmf ^h`ytfkmgjk, Fgejgffrjge, Brkmjtfkturf, ^mbribky, ICB, bga

IKB faukbtjhg, tmf Khiijssjhgfrbtf hd Kh``fejbtf Faukbtjhg afb`s wjtm phst 2>+3

prherbis jg efgfrb` faukbtjhg.

Bgamrb ^rbafsm [tbtf Khugkj` dhr Mjemfr Faukbtjhg (B^[KMF) khgstjtutfa

tmrhuem b [tbtf Bkt3jg 2:==, bs pfr Gbtjhgb` Faukbtjhg ^h`jky 2:=4 js djrst hd jts ljga jg

Jgajb. B^[KMF khhrajgbtfs, bga `jbjsfs cftwffg Vgjvfrsjty Erbgts Khiijssjhg, tmf

stbtf ehvfrgifgt, bga Vgjvfrsjtjfs. Qmfrf wfrf ;3 [tbtf Vgjvfrsjtjfs, : AffifaVgjvfrsjtjfs, bga ; Kfgtrb` Vgjvfrsjtjfs jg tmf stbtf aurjge 3>>=>:.; Qmf [tbtf

Ehvfrghr js tmf Kmbgkf``hr hd ihst hd tmf ugjvfrsjtjfs bga tmf TjkfKmbgkf``hr (b sfgjhr

bkbafijkjbg) hd tmf ugjvfrsjty js bpphjgtfa cy tmf stbtf ehvfrgifgt.

Qmf ugjvfrsjty khgstjtufgt kh``fefs bddj`jbtfa sf`ddjgbgkjge prjvbtf kh``fefs hddfr

ugafrerbaubtf/phsterbaubtf bga I. ^mj` bga ^m.A. prherbis. Cfsjafs ugjvfrsjty

khgstjtufgt kh``fefs tmfrf brf Ehvfrgifgt Aferff Kh``fefs thtb``y dugafa cy tmf

ehvfrgifgt.

Bchut 16 pfrkfgt hd tmf fxjstjge kh``fefs jg Bgamrb ^rbafsm brf prhdfssjhgb`

kh``fefs hddfrjge Fgejgffrjge, Ifajkjgf, ^mbribky, Berjku`turf, Tftfrjgbry, ICB, bga

IKB prherbis. Dhrtytmrff pfrkfgt hd stuafgt phpu`btjhg jg mjemfr faukbtjhg ehfs dhr

prhdfssjhgb` faukbtjhg.

Qmf `hgf tfkmgh`hejkb` ugjvfrsjty fxjstjge mjtmfrth jg tmf stbtf js ajvjafa jgth

Obwbmbr`b` Gfmru Qfkmgh`hejkb` Vgjvfrsjty Myafrbcba, Bgbgtmbpur, bga Lbljgbab

bga Obwbmbr`b` Gfmru Vgjvfrsjty dhr Brkmjtfkturf, bga Djgf Brts, Myafrbcba jg tmf

yfbr 3>>5>=. Qmfsf ugjvfrsjtjfs bddj`jbtf fgejgffrjge, tfkmgh`hey, pmbribky,

brkmjtfkturf, bga ibgbefifgt jgstjtutjhgs.

Aurjge tmf `bst khup`f hd yfbrs, trfifgahus erhwtm mbs cffg hcsfrvfa jg

prhdfssjhgb` jgstjtutjhgs prhvjajge jgkrfbsfa bkkfss th tfkmgjkb` faukbtjhg. Qmf erhwtm

js ihrf jg tmf prjvbtf sfkthr wmj`f shif ugjvfrsjty fgejgffrjge kh``fefs mbvf b`sh khif

up. Afgsjty hd tmfsf jgstjtutjhgs js ihrf jg urcbg bga sfijurcbg brfbs. Qmfrf brf 43=

fgejgffrjge jgstjtutjhgs jg tmf stbtf wjtm bg bggub` jgtblf hd 324,3=> dhr tmf bkbafijk

yfbr 3>>:2>.


32/102


Qmf Bgamrb ^rbafsm (Sfeu`btjhg hd Baijssjhgs, bga ^rhmjcjtjhg hd Kbpjtbtjhg

Dff) Bkt 2:=; ehvfrgs tmf baijssjhgs jgth prhdfssjhgb` kh``fefs. Baijssjhgs jgth tmf

prhdfssjhgb` kh``fefs brf tmrhuem khiihg fgtrbgkf tfsts (FBIKFQ, FKFQ (DAM),

JKFQ, @BUKFQ, ÊKFQ bga sh dhrtm) khgauktfa ugafr tmf bfejs hd B^[KMF wjtmwfjemtbef dhr qub`jdyjge fxbi jg kfrtbjg khursfs. Fjemtydjvf pfrkfgt hd bvbj`bc`f sfbts

jg prhdfssjhgb` kh``fefs brf rfsfrvfa dhr `hkb` kbgajabtfs cf`hgejge th Bgamrb, [rj

Tfglbtfsmwbrb, bga Hsibgjb ugjvfrsjty rfejhgs bs pfr prfsjafgtjb` hrafr.1Hgf tmjra

hd tmf sfbts brf rfsfrvfa dhr whifg kbgajabtfs jg b`` prhdfssjhgb` khursfs. Htmfr

stbtuthry rfsfrvbtjhgs6 jg dbvhr hd skmfau`fa kbstfs ([K), skmfau`fa trjcfs ([Q), bga

cbklwbras kbstfs (CK) kbgajabtfs b`sh fxjst.[jgkf 3>>=, 6 pfrkfgt hd sfbts mbvf cffg

rfsfrvfa jg dbvhr hd Ius`ji ijghrjty kbgajabtfs. Qmf tujtjhg dff js djxfa cy tmf

Baijssjhg bga Dff Sfeu`bthry Khiijttff4 (BDSK). Qmf bvfrbef pbss pfrkfgtbef jg

tfkmgjkb` faukbtjhg js gfbr tmf gbtjhgb` bvfrbef hd 46 pfrkfgt.

Qmf dugajge th tmf stbtf ugjvfrsjtjfs js hg b c`hkl erbgt pbttfrg cy prhvjajge tmfthtb` sb`bry khiphgfgt cy tmf stbtf ehvfrgifgt, wmj`f tmf ugjvfrsjty/khgstjtufgt

kh``fefs rftbjg tmfjr tujtjhg dff dhr ifftjge tmf htmfr rfkurrjge, bga ghgrfkurrjge khsts.

Qmf prjvbtf jgstjtutjhgs brf dugafa cy stuafgt tujtjhg dffs.

Fxkfpt tmf ugjvfrsjtjfs fstbc`jsmfa aurjge tmf `bst ;1 yfbrs, b`` htmfr ugjvfrsjtjfs

brf GBBK bkkrfajtfa bga tmf fjemt khgstjtufgt fgejgffrjge kh``fefs mbvf shuemt GCB

bkkrfajtbtjhg. Qmfrf brf :; aferff bga 6 ajp`hib jgstjtutjhgs bkkrfajtfa5cy GCB jg tmf

stbtf.

Fgejgffrjge bga tfkmgjkb` faukbtjhg cfkbif mjem`y phpu`br jg tmf stbtf dhr tmf

wf``lghwg rfbshg hd mjem fip`hyifgt phtfgtjb` jg Jgajb, bga bcrhba, wmjkm rfsu`tfa

jg mjem fgrh`ìfgt jg b`` jgstjtutjhgs fxkfpt jg shif crbgkmfs. Jt js b ibttfr hd affpkhgkfrg tmbt fgrh`ìfgt jg cbsjk skjfgkfs js b`brijge`y khijge ahwg. Qmf stbtf

rfjicursfs tujtjhg dff bga prhvjafs ibjgtfgbgkf kmbrefs th b`` tmf stuafgts,

jrrfspfktjvf hd tmfjr kbtfehry, wmhsf bggub` pbrfgtb` jgkhif js up th Ss. 2>>,>>> jg b``

phstsfkhgabry faukbtjhg jgstjtutjhgs, jg tmf stbtf. Qmf stbtf b`sh prhvjafs ^rbtmjcb

[kmh`brsmjps th ifrjthrjhus stuafgts.

[fktjhg Qwh? [pfkjdjk Ehvfrgbgkf Brrbgefifgts

[tbtf Ehvfrgifgt Mjemfr Faukbtjhg Afpbrtifgt

Fstbc`jsmfs stbtf ugjvfrsjtjfs tmrhuem bg bkt hd tmf stbtf `fejs`bturf Sfkfjvfs ph`jky supphrt jg p`bggjge, khhrajgbtjhg, bga bkbafijk dugktjhgs jg

mjemfr faukbtjhg drhi B^[KMF

^rhvjafs c`hkl erbgt th stbtf ugjvfrsjtjfs bga tmfjr khgstjtufgt kh``fefs(khvfrjge tmf fgtjrf sb`bry khiphgfgt bga b pbrt hd htmfr fxpfgajturf)

^rhvjafs 2>> pfrkfgt dugajge th ehvfrgifgt jgstjtutjhgs hddfrjge mjemfrfaukbtjhg jgkùajge ph`ytfkmgjk faukbtjhg.

[tbtf ehvfrgifgt rfprfsfgtbtjvfs (^rjgkjpb` [fkrftbry hd Mjemfr FaukbtjhgAfpbrtifgt, Khiijssjhgfrs hd Qfkmgjkb` Faukbtjhg/Kh``fejbtf Faukbtjhg) brf

hg tmf Fxfkutjvf Khugkj` hd Vgjvfrsjtjfs

Ahfs ght jgtfrdfrf jg bkbafijk bktjvjtjfs hd tmf ugjvfrsjtjfs ^frijts tmf fstbc`jsmifgt hd gfw sf`ddjgbgkjge prjvbtf prhdfssjhgb`jgstjtutjhgs bdtfr tmf bpprhvb` ejvfg cy tmf rfspfktjvf kfgtrb` rfeu`bthry

befgkjfs (IKJ, BJKQF, ^KJ, KhB, GK, GKQF bga sh dhrtm).


33/102

2= Uhrà Cbgl Uhrljge ^bpfr

Qbc`f ;.2. Guicfr, Qypf, bga Jgtblf hd Mjemfr Faukbtjhg Jgstjtutjhgs

[r.Gh Kbtfehry Qypf hd Jgstjtutjhg

Gh. hd Jgstjtutjhgs Jgtblf

EhvfrgifgtBjafa ^rjvbtf Qhtb`

EhvfrgifgtBjafa ^rjvbtf Qhtb`

2. Aferff @fvf`Khursfs/ Jgstjtutjhgs

FgejgffrjgeKh``fef(CF)

= 2;; 212 3,1=6 1>,33> 13,5>6

3. ^mbribkyKh``fefs(C^MBSI)

1 3= ;3 336 2,4:6 2,:3>

;. Mhtf` IbgbefifgtKh``fefs (CMIKQ)

>6 >6 ;>> ;>>

[ucthtb` 23 244 25= 3,52> 13,326 11,:36

1. Ê @fvf` Khursf/Jgstjtutf

IKB Kh``fefs 6 1: 61 ;16 3,=:6 ;,31>

6. ICB Kh``fefs = 21: 265 5=> 22,=36 23,4>6

[ucthtb` 2; 2:= 322 ;,=;6 21,53> 26,=16

4. Ajp`hib @fvf`Khursfs/Jgstjtutjhgs

^h`ytfkmgjks ;: 222 26> 25,14> ;2,43> 1:,>=>

Qhtb` 41 156 6;: 32,3:6 ==,666 2>:,=6>

[hurkf? [tbtf Ehvfrgifgt hd Bgamrb ^rbafsm.

[tbtf Vgjvfrsjtjfs

Fxfrkjsf du`` buthghiy wjtm bkkhugtbcj`jty Bkt jgafpfgafgt`y bs pfr tmfjr rfspfktjvf fxfkutjvf khugkj` afkjsjhgs

Sfkfjvf c`hkl erbgt drhi stbtf ehvfrgifgt bga ajddfrfgt typf hd dugas drhihtmfr dugajge befgkjfs `jlf VEK, BJKQF, A[Q bga sh dhrtm

Sftbjg tujtjhg bga htmfr dffs bga efgfrbtf rfvfgufs tmrhuem khgsu`tbgky bgash dhrtm

Qhtb``y bkkhugtbc`f dhr tmf cuaeft prhvjafa, bkbafijk stbgabras, bgapfrdhribgkf

Sug khgstjtufgt kh``fefs bga shif hd tmfi brf buthghihus Bddj`jbtf prjvbtf sf`ddjgbgkjge jgstjtutjhgs, prhvjaf tmfi kurrjkuùi dhr

bpprhvfa khursfs, khgaukt fxbis, bwbra aferffs, bga khgaukt bkbafijk

buajts

[ffl GBBK bkkrfajtbtjhg drhi tjif th tjif.

Affifa Vgjvfrsjtjfs

Gh puc`jk erbgts [ustbjg wjtm sf`d dugajge tmbt js,

tmrhuem dffs (ugkhgtrh``fa), wmjkm js usub``y mjemfr tmbg wmbt js djxfa cy

BDSK

Htmfr kmbrefs kh``fktfa dhr supphrt sfrvjkfs

Sug khursfs hd tmfjr kmhjkf, kurrjkuùi, bga khgaukt fxbijgbtjhgs, bga bwbraaferffs (khgstrbjgtsugkhgtrh``fa dff strukturf bga baijssjhgs, stbgabras

ght khipbrbc`f wjtm ugjvfrsjty fgejgffrjge kh``fefs).


34/102

Ehvfrgbgkf hd Qfkmgjkb` Faukbtjhg jg Jgajb? Lfy Jssufs, ^rjgkjp`fs, bga Kbsf [tuajfs 2:

Djeurf ;.2. Ehvfrgbgkf [trukturf jg Bgamrb ^rbafsm

[hurkf?[tbtf Ehvfrgifgt hd Bgamrb ^rbafsm.

Bddj`jbtfa ^rjvbtf Jgstjtutjhgs

[ffl bpprhvb`s drhi BJKQF bga bddj`jbtjhg drhi ugjvfrsjty rfeu`br`y bga rug

hg`y bpprhvfa khursfs Gh rfeu`br ehvfrgifgt erbgts (rfkfjvf erbgts hg`y jg spfkjb` kjrkuistbgkfs

`jlf QFRJ^, bga drhi BJKQF dhr rfsfbrkm bga htmfr bktjvjtjfs)

[f`d sustbjgjge tmrhuem tujtjhg bga htmfr dffs bs djxfa cy BDSK Jgstjtutjhgs brf f`jejc`f th kh``fkt Ss. ;,>>> ihrf pfr yfbr jg baajtjhg th tujtjhg

dff dhr tmf bkkrfajtfa prherbis

Kurrjku`ui, fxbijgbtjhgs, bga bwbra hd aferffs js ahgf cy bddj`jbtjgeugjvfrsjty

Fgohy buthghiy fxkfpt jg bkbafijk ibttfrs Bkkhugtbc`f jg tmf ibttfrs hd kh``fktjhg hd dffs, bkbafijk whrls, qub`jty

jssufs, bga b`` htmfr rfeu`bthry rfqujrfifgts.

[fktjhg Qmrff? Sfkfgt Sfdhris

Sbtjhgb`jzbtjhg=hd dbku`ty jg ugjvfrsjtjfs Fiphwfrfa 23 QFRJ^ jgstjtutjhgs: th fxfrkjsf buthghiy wjtm bkkhugtbcj`jty,

prhihtfa jiprhvfifgt hd ehvfrgbgkf kbpbkjty, krfbtfa bkbafijk fxkf``fgkf,

afvf`hpfa gftwhrljge khgkfpt dhr rfshurkf smbrjge bga fgmbgkfifgt hd

hutrfbkm hd sfrvjkfs th khiiugjty

BJKQFVEK

B^[KMF [tbtf Ehvfrgifgt

[tbtf Vgjvfrsjtjfs

Affifa Vgjvfrsjtjfs

Khgstjtufgt kh``fefs

Bddj`jbtfa kh``fefs


35/102

3> Uhr`a Cbgl Uhrljge ^bpfr

Jgkrfbsfa khgkfrg hg qub`jty bihge tmf bddj`jbtfa kh``fefs rfsu`tjge jg ihrfguicfr hd GCB bkkrfajtfa jgstjtutjhgs jg tmf stbtf

Fgbc`fa tmf ifrjthrjhus phhr bga afprjvfa (wmhsf bggub` jgkhif js `fss tmbg

Ss. 2>>,>>> pfr yfbr) k`bss hd stuafgts cf`hgejge th [K/[Q/CK/Ijghrjty

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Governance of Technical Education in India: Key Issues, Principles, and Case Studies

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