Government & InfrastructureNatalie Busta,

Tyler Pfohl,

Adam Reiss,

& Allie Schmalz

Overview

0Definitions of “urban” and “city”0Types of local government

Definitions

0Urban area – an area containing a central, large population and communities close by that are economically associated with that nucleus. 0 Population density

0City – “and incorporated municipality, usually governed by a mayor and a board of council men.” (Dictionary.com)0 Legal definition & geographic boundaries

Local Government02 tiers

0 Counties0 Municipalities (Cities, towns)

0Population center0Vary in size0Responsibility for parks, police and fire departments,

housing services, emergency medical services, municipal courts, transportation services, and public works

0The state must grant power to local governments.0City officials are directly elected (“State and Local

Government”)

Types of Municipal Governments

0Council – Manager0 City council oversees administration, makes policies and

sets budgets0 Council appoints a city manager

0Day-to-day administrative operations.0 Mayor is chosen from the council on a rotating basis

(“Forms of Municipal Government”, 2010).

Types of Municipal Governments

0Mayor – Council0 Mayor elected separately from the council and holds

executive powers0 Council is elected and holds legislative powers (“Forms

of Municipal Government”, 2010).

Types of Municipal Governments

0Commission (legislative and executive)0 Voters elect commissioners to a governing board0 Each commissioner oversees as specific aspect (fire,

police, health, etc.)0 One commissioner is designated as mayor (“Forms of

Municipal Government”, 2010).

Types of Municipal Governments

0Town Meeting (5% of U.S. municipalities)0 All voters meet to decide on policies and officials are elected

to carry out the policies0Representative Town Meeting (1% of U.S. municipalities)

0 Representatives selected via voters0 Representatives attend town meetings and discuss issues0 Select individuals are responsible for implementing policies

decided on (“Forms of Municipal Governemnt, 2010).

Local Government0Chicago’s City Government (Mayor-Council)

0 City wide officials (Executive branch):0Mayor, Clerk & Treasurer

0 Chicago City Council = Legislative branch050 members – one from each ward0Ward = municipal legislative district

0Essential for development of cultural identities of neighborhoods (Mayfield, 2004)

Local Governments

0Phoenix, AZ (Council-Manager)0 City council oversees administration, makes policies and

sets budgets0 Council appoints a city manager

0Day-to-day administrative operations (National League of Cities, 2010).

0Phoenix’s city manager oversees 40 departments and major city functions

0Works closely with the mayor and city council to provide services and pass ordinances (“How Your City Works”, 2012)

LATINOS AS A PERCENT OF ELIGIBLE VOTERS, BY CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT, 2008

• National Average = 8% (2010)

• 47% of eligible actually voted (national average= 63.8%)

CURRENT REGISTERED LATINO VOTERS

TOP ISSUES AMONG LATINO VOTERS

MARCO RUBIO

SONIA SOTOMAYOR

Los Angeles

0Los Angeles Population: 3,800,0000Latinos make up 48.5% of the population0Los Angeles housing make-up:

0 38.2% owner-occupied0 61.8% public

0Dubuque housing make-up:0 65.7% owner-occupied0 34.3% public

0Neighborhood Councils

Ethnic Enclaves

0Chinatown0Historic Filipinotown0Koreatown0Little Armenia0Little Ethiopia0Thai Town

Los Angeles Politics

01960: Fewer than 10% Latino0Present day: Roughly 50% Latino01980s: Lines were drawn to stop Latinos from

entering political positions01991: The lines were removed which led to the

election of Gloria Molina to the Board of Supervisors01991: 18% of seats held by Latinos02009: 33% of seats held by Latinos

Latino Politics

0Latino immigrants and their children0 Children old enough to vote now

0Latino officials in Los Angeles:0 Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa0 4 City Council Members

0California0 9 Latino State Senators0 17 Latino Assembly Members

East Los Angeles (Region)

0Region lays east of downtown Los Angeles and the Los Angeles River

0 “East L.A.” refers to the predominantly Hispanic descent communities in the region

0Population shifts & Gentrification0 White and Filipino residents to working-class and

middle-class pockets0Drawn by architecture and schools0Affordable alternative

East Los Angeles, CA

East Los Angeles, CA

0Unincorporated area in Los Angeles, CA0Population of 126,000 people

0 97.1% Latino0No local government0Campaign for cityhood

Public Services

Examples

Public Service Questions

0What service?0What level of service should be provided?0Who should provide it?0How should it be paid for?0Who should it be provided to?

Operational Level

0 Is it efficient?0 Is it effective?0 Is it equitable?

Examples of Efficiency Measures for

Waste Collection:0Cost per ton0Cost per household0Tons collected per man hour0Households serviced per man hour

Examples of efficiency measures for mass transit:

0Cost per passenger mile0Cost per vehicle mile0Number of passenger trips per employee

How do you measure

effectiveness?• Healthcare- Mortality

rates• Education-

Standardized test• Fire prevention-

Number of fires per capita

• Roads- Observation • Other- Surveys

Equity:Hawkins vs. Town of Shaw

098% of unpaved streets were occupied by blacks

019% of black homes were not served by sanitary sewers, compared to 1% of white households.

0Court ruled violated the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment

Equity Principals

0Equal Payment 0Equal Output0Equal Input 0Equal Satisfaction of demand

ReferencesDictionary.com. Urban. Retrieved from http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/urban.Dictionary.com. Urban. Retrieved from http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/urban.Forms of Municipal Government. National League of Cities. Retrieved from http://www.nlc.org/build-skills networks/resources/cities-101/forms-of- municipal- government.How Your City Works. (2012). City of Phoenix. Retrieved from http://phoenix.gov/citygovernment/cityworks/index.html. Mayfield, L. (2005). Government, City of Chicago. Encyclopedia of

Chicago. Retrieved from http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/532. html.State and Local Government. The White House. Retrieved from http://www.whitehouse.gov/our-government/state-and-local-government

References cont."As Deportations Rise to Record Levels, Most Latinos Oppose Obama's Policy." VII. Views of the Political Parties and Party Identification . Web. 10 May 2012. http://www.pewhispanic.org/2011/12/28/vii-views-of-the-political-parties-and-party-identification/

"Latinos and the 2010 Elections: Strong Support for Democrats; Weak Voter Motivation."Pew Hispanic Center. Web. 10 May 2012. http://

www.pewhispanic.org/2010/10/05/latinos-and-the-2010-elections-strong-support-for-democrats-weak-voter-motivation/

“Hispanics and the 2008 Election: AA Swing Vote?” Taylor, Paul and Fry, Richard. 2007. Pew Hispanic Center.

"U.S. Senator for Florida, Marco Rubio." U.S. Senator for Florida, Marco Rubio. Web. 10 May 2012. http://www.rubio.senate.gov/public/

"Background on Judge Sonia Sotomayor | The White House." Background on Judge Sonia Sotomayor | The White House. Web. 10 May 2012. <http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/Backgroun d-on-Judge-Sonia-Sotomayor>