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GPS MOOC Lab C, Signal strength and sensitivity v1.3 ·...

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GPS Worldwide Laboratory: a community of knowledgeseekers spanning the globe 1 Laboratory C: Signal Strength and Receiver Sensitivity Lab Dates: Lab may be carried out any time from 27 Oct thru 16 Nov, 2014 Lab Goals: Observe and record C/No (carrier to noisedensity ratio) in the open, and in a residence. Compare to expected value from Module 44, and estimate signal losses in the phone/tablet. See if your GPS receiver will work in your residence, and estimate the signal attenuation caused by the building structure. Compare data collected from all students. Optional: Download a spreadsheet of all the data and do something with it (parse it, map it, analyze it, etc.) To Prepare: Install and run the free GPS Test App (“AndroiTS GPS Test”). See installation instructions in Labs A and B. To Submit Data: Please visit GPSLab.org to find links to submit. 1. Complete Lab Quiz C on the Coursera site (Due by Mon 17 Nov 2014 11:59 PM PST) 2. Record your results in the GPS Worldwide Lab C (Signal Strength) Form Background In Module 43 you learned about the expected signal strength outdoors. In summary: we expect a satellite signal to be 128.5 dBm at the output of the antenna, when outdoors with a clear view of a satellite. In Module 44 you learned about C/No (carrier to noise density ratio). And the expected C/No is 45 dBHz when the signal is 128.5 dBm. 14 Teff 296.4 K Friis's formula 15 No -203.9 dBW/Hz =10*LOG10(k*Teff) 16 Signal Strength at antenna -128.5 dBm Minimum signal strength in IS-GPS 200, see Module 4-3 -158.5 dBW =dBm - 30 17 C/No 45 dB-Hz SS (dBW)-No(dBW/Hz)
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GPS  Worldwide  Laboratory:  a  community  of  knowledge-­‐seekers  spanning  the  globe    

1    

Laboratory  C:  Signal  Strength  and  Receiver  Sensitivity      

Lab  Dates:            Lab  may  be  carried  out  any  time  from  27  Oct  thru  16  Nov,  2014    Lab  Goals:  

• Observe  and  record  C/No  (carrier  to  noise-­‐density  ratio)  in  the  open,  and  in  a  residence.  • Compare  to  expected  value  from  Module  4-­‐4,  and  estimate  signal  losses  in  the  phone/tablet.  • See  if  your  GPS  receiver  will  work  in  your  residence,  and  estimate  the  signal  attenuation  

caused  by  the  building  structure.  • Compare  data  collected  from  all  students.    

Optional:  Download  a  spreadsheet  of  all  the  data  and  do  something  with  it  (parse  it,  map  it,  analyze  it,  etc.)  

 To  Prepare:  

• Install  and  run  the  free  GPS  Test  App  (“AndroiTS  GPS  Test”).  See  installation  instructions  in  Labs  A  and  B.  

 To  Submit  Data:  Please  visit  GPS-­‐Lab.org  to  find  links  to  submit.  

1.  Complete  Lab  Quiz  C  on  the  Coursera  site  (Due  by  Mon  17  Nov  2014  11:59  PM  PST)  2.  Record  your  results  in  the  GPS  Worldwide  Lab  C  (Signal  Strength)  Form    

 

   Background  

In  Module  4-­‐3  you  learned  about  the  expected  signal  strength  outdoors.    In  summary:  we  expect  a  satellite  signal  to  be  -­‐128.5  dBm  at  the  output  of  the  antenna,  when  outdoors  with  a  clear  view  of  a  satellite.              

In  Module  4-­‐4  you  learned  about  C/No  (carrier  to  noise-­‐density  ratio).  And  the  expected  C/No  is  45  dB-­‐Hz  when  the  signal  is  -­‐128.5  dBm.    

14 Teff 296.4 K Friis's formula15 No -203.9 dBW/Hz =10*LOG10(k*Teff)

16 Signal Strength at antenna -128.5 dBm Minimum signal strength in IS-GPS 200, see Module 4-3

-158.5 dBW =dBm - 3017 C/No 45 dB-Hz SS (dBW)-No(dBW/Hz)

GPS  Worldwide  Laboratory:  a  community  of  knowledge-­‐seekers  spanning  the  globe    

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 The  actual  C/No  will  be  lower  if  there  are  losses  from  the  antenna  and  in  the  Front-­‐End  RF  section  of  the  receiver.  When  indoors,  the  C/No  will  be  lower  still  from  losses  as  the  signal  passes  through  the  structure  of  the  building.    In  this  lab,  you  will  estimate  the  values  x  and  y  shown  in  this  diagram  on  the  right.  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(x)  You  will  measure  C/No  values  outdoors,  and  estimate  the  RF  losses  in  the  receiver  beyond  what  we  expected  from  our  spreadsheet.  These  RF  losses  are  caused  by  the  combination  of:  

• The  imperfect  GPS  antenna  used  in  the  cellphone/tablet.  • Attenuation  caused  by  the  cellphone/tablet  housing.  • RF  interference  from  within  the  device  itself  

   

(y)  Then  you  will  go  into  the  building  where  you  live,  and  see  if  you  can  still  get  a  GPS  fix.  If  you  can,  you  will  use  the  C/No  to  estimate  the  signal  loss  caused  by  the  building  

 

   

Figure  1.  Block  diagram  of  what  we  can  measure.  

GPS  Worldwide  Laboratory:  a  community  of  knowledge-­‐seekers  spanning  the  globe    

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 Data  collection:  Open  sky    Find  a  location  with  a  clear  view  of  the  sky,  start  the  GPS  Test  app,  and  observe  the  C/No  values.  You  will  notice  that  they  jump  around,  this  is  because  of  the  random  nature  of  the  noise,  and  the  fading  of  the  signal  caused  by  multipath  signals  interfering  with  the  direct  signal.      Record  the  strongest  3  signals,  and  calculate  the  average.    Note  that  it’s  okay  to  use  the  GLONASS  satellites  as  well,  their  link  budget  works  out  close  enough  to  GPS  to  work  for  this  experiment.    Why  the  strongest  three?  Because  there  will  be  many  satellites  partially  blocked  by  trees,  buildings,  etc.,  and  we  don’t  want  them  to  corrupt  the  result.  Also,  we  don’t  want  just  the  one  strongest  signal,  because  phone  antennas  often  have  non-­‐uniform  gain  patterns  (partly  because  of  the  effect  of  the  phone  housing  itself),  and  so  you  may  get  one  unusually  strong  signal.  The  strongest  three  signals  give  a  good  average  number.    Note  that  we  have  now  estimated  RF  losses  beyond  the  receiver  nominal  design  from  our  spreadsheet.  In  this  example  we  measured  38.3  dB-­‐Hz,  we  expect  45  dB-­‐Hz,  based  on  our  spreadsheet.  So,  for  this  phone  the  RF  losses  are  about  7  dB.  This  is  the  value  x  in  Figure  1.    

45 38.3 7 dBx = − ≈        

GPS  Worldwide  Laboratory:  a  community  of  knowledge-­‐seekers  spanning  the  globe    

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 Inside  your  residence    With  the  receiver  running,  go  inside  your  residence,  and  see  if  you  can  still  track  at  least  three  satellites.  If  you  can’t,  that’s  okay,  that  is  the  result  of  the  experiment.  If  you  can,  repeat  the  above  procedure  of  recording  the  strongest  three  C/No  values.    NOTE:  Your  receiver  will  continue  to  track  a  signal  to  weaker  levels  than  it  can  acquire  in  the  first  place.  That’s  why,  for  this  exercise,  it’s  good  to  be  tracking  signals  before  you  go  inside.    

   We  know  from  the  first  part  of  the  lab  that  this  phone  has  an  ‘x’  value  of  7  dB  attenuation  beyond  the  nominal  from  our  spreadsheet.  So  now  we  can  compute  the  ‘y’  value  depicted  in  Figure  1:  

  45 7 24 14 dBy = − − ≈  

You  have  also  made  a  measure  of  your  receiver  sensitivity.  If  it  tracked  these  signals,  it’s  at  least  this  sensitive.  By  repeating  this  kind  of  experiment  you  can  find  out  for  yourself  the  limits  of  your  device.  

   

GPS  Worldwide  Laboratory:  a  community  of  knowledge-­‐seekers  spanning  the  globe    

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Results    First,  record  your  results  in  the  Lab  C  Quiz  on  the  Coursera  site.  This  is  necessary  for  you  to  get  credit  towards  your  Statement  of  Accomplishment  with  Distinction.    Then  go  to  this  web  page,  and  record  your  results  in  the  Google  Form  http://goo.gl/forms/Npas10bKUm  using  this  example  as  a  guide:    The  most  up-­‐to-­‐date  links  are  available  at  GPS-­‐lab.org.          

   

GPS  Worldwide  Laboratory:  a  community  of  knowledge-­‐seekers  spanning  the  globe    

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Analysis  of  completed  lab  results  

As  with  the  other  labs,  the  data  you  submit  on  the  Google  Forms  will  be  collected  and  make  available  to  all  of  you  as  Excel  and  CSV  (comma-­‐separated  values)  files.  You  are  then  free  to  do  with  it  whatever  you  like—analyze  the  statistics,  plot  histograms,  plot  a  heat  map,  write  a  conference  paper,  etc.  

Please  Note:  The  data  collected  in  the  Google  Form  and  in  Excel  and  csv  files  is  anonymous.  Your  identity  is  neither  collected  nor  available  to  anyone.  

 


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