Grammar book IIDylan Morgan

ía iamos

Ías íais

ía ían

• Infinitive + ending• Used for what might happen, what

could happen• Can also express past tense and

future tense of what could have happened or what should happen.

Conditional irregularsCaber Cabr-

Decir Dir-

Haber Habr-

Saklir Saldr-

Hacer Har-

Poder Podr-

Tener Tendr-

Querer Querr-

Valer Valdr-

Saber Sabr-

Venir Vendr-

Perfect tensesConjugating Haber before a participle.Used to express has or have.

Present tense Haber

He Hamos

Has Habéis

Ha han

Past tense Haber

había Habiamos

habías habíais

había habían

Perfect participles irregularsabrir (to open) - abierto (open)cubrir (to cover) - cubierto (covered)decir (to say) - dicho (said)escribir (to write) - escrito (written)freír (to fry) - frito (fried)hacer (to do) - hecho (done)morir (to die) - muerto (dead)poner (to put) - puesto (put)resolver (to resolve) - resuelto (resolved)romper (to break) - roto (broken)ver (to see) - visto (seen)volver (to return) - vuelto (returned)

Subjunctive perfectHaber + past participleExpresses opinion, like normal subjunctive

tense.Applies to present, present perfect, or future

tenses.

Haya Hayamos

Hayas Hayáis

Haya Hayan

Tan vs. TantoEnglish meaning: as…as.Tan is used when you are comparing

adjectives, as in as tall as.Tanto is used when your comparison involves

a noun, ie as many dollars as.The only exception is, “as much as,” which

can be stated as tanto como.

Impersonal seSe is used when you’re not referring to a

specific subject.Takes the form of almost any tense, save yo

and ustedes tenses.Se goes before the verb who has the

impersonal subject.Verb with impersonal se will always be in

Usted tense.

Saber vs. ConocerBoth are the spanish verbs, “to know.”Facts are always stated in saber, but not

opinions due to the subjunctive tense.Conocer involves talking about a person,

place, or thing that you are familiar with and know something about.

Los MandatosCommands in Spanish used for other peoples

or objects being told to do something.Can be informal or formal, depending on the

setting and the object.Only available in the usted/usedes and tu

tenses

Informal commands vs. FormalTwo types of mandatos: formal and informal.Formal is when you want to show respect to

somebody or something, and is used more commonly than informal and represented by the usted/ustedes comands

Informal is when you know someone or something personally, and is a more friendly term towards them.

Affirmitive mandatosUsed for commanding someone to do

something.If the command is informal, you go to the

usted form and then take the opposite ending.If the command is formal, you go to the yo

form and then use the usted form instead of the o, keeping any irregularities.

If it was normally in the ustedes tense, you do the same for formal except using the opposite ustedes tense.

Negative mandatosWhen you want to command someone NOT to

do something.For formal commands you proceed as before,

but simply add a no in front of the command, not attached to the command in any way

The informal commands you do the same as before except you take the opposite ending of the usted tense, (ie ar become ir and er/ir become ar), and you add an s to the end, along with adding a no.

Irregular commandsFormal commands:dar

dé Ud.den Uds.

estaresté Ud.estén Uds.

irvaya Ud.vayan Uds.

sersea Ud.sean Uds.

sabersepa Ud.sepan Uds.

Irregular informal commandsInformal commands: the affirmitive has the

following:\

Negative uses TV DISHES for irregulars.

decir - di salir - sal

hacer - haz ser - sé

ir - ve tener - ten

poner - pon venir - ven

Pronouns and commandsAffirmitive pronouns attach to the end of

commands, usually possibly with accents in their proper places.

Negative commands have an unattached no before the verb itself.

Nosotros commandsUsed to express commands for yourself or a

group of people including yourself, ie let’s.Affirmitive commands just have the yo form

of the verb with the opposite verb ending in the nosotros tense.

Negative commands do the same as affirmitive except with the addition of a no in front of the verb.

Only exception in Ir: Vamos in affirmitive, no vayamos in negative

Mono verbsReflexive verbs add their pronoun to the

ending, but with the dropping of the s to become “_monos”.

Ir also behaves this way; there are no irregulars.

Subjunctive tenseRepresents moody, subjective things.Has a special tense in the present tense.Yo form of the verbwith irregular endings

listed below: –ar verbs are on the left, all others on the right.

E Emos

Es Éis

E en

A Amos

As Áis

A an

Subjunctive trigger words: dudar que --  to doubt that

es dudoso que --  it is doubtful that es improbable que -- it's unlikely that es incierto que -- it's uncertain that es posible que -- it's possible that no creer que -- not to believe that es increíble que --  it's incredible thatno es cierto que -- it's not certain thatno es verdad que --  it's not true thates incierto que --  it's untrue thates mentira que --  it's a lie thatno estar convencido de que -- to not be convinced that no estar seguro de que -- to not be sure that no parecer que -- to not seem thatno pensar que -- to not think that no suponer que -- to not suppose that puede ser que -- it may be thatnegar que -- to deny that no imaginarse que -- to not imagine thattemer que -- to suspect that

Impersonal expressions.conviene que .

it is advisable that . es aconsejable que .

it is advisable that . es bueno que .

it's good that . es difícil que .

it's unlikely that . es dudoso que .

it's doubtful that . es fácil que .

it's likely that . es fantástico que .

it's fantastic that . es importante que .

it's important that . es imposible que .

it's impossible that . es improbable que .

it's unlikely that . es incierto que .

it's uncertain that . es increíble que .

it's incredible that . es (una) lástima que .

it's a shame that . es malo que .

it's bad that . es mejor que .

it's better that . es menester que .

it's necessary that . es necesario que .

it's necessary that . es posible que .

it's possible that .

Expressions of emotiones evidente que .

it is certain that . es obvio que .

it is obvious that . es verdad que .

it's true that . no es dudoso que .

it is not doubtful that . no hay duda que .

there is no doubt that .

Conjunctions of Timeasí que as soon as

cuando when

despues de que after

en cuanto as soon as

hasta que until

luego que as soon as

tan pronto como as soon as

DemonstrativesWhen you refer to this, use este or esta,

depending on the last letter of the noun,When you want to use that, use estas or

estes, again depending on the last letters of the noun

When you are using that thing over there, you uses aquel or aquella, with an s if there are multiple things.