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7/29/2019 Grade 10 Science Exam Revew Notes
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Science Exam Break Down
Worth 30% of Final Grade
Unit One Chemistry
Unit Two- Biology
Unit Three- Physics
Unit Four- Climate Change
Exam Date: Monday June 25 2012
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hemistry Periodic Table
o 3 Types of Particles
Proton (P) nucleus
Positive charge
Neutron (n) nucleus
Neutral charge
Electron () shells
Negative charge
o Reading the periodic table
Atomic Number
Number of protons and electrons
Atomic mass
Protons + Neutrons
Number of Neutrons
Atomic Mass Atomic Number
Bohr- Rutherford Diagram
o 2 areas
Nucleus protons & neutrons
Shells electrons
o Drawing
1. Place number of protons/neutrons in the middle
2. Electrons circle in nucleus
2 in first shell
8 in rest
Lewis-Dot Diagram
o Drawing
1. Core of atom represented by element symbol
2. Determine number of valence electrons 4 sides
One dot clockwise
double
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Compounds
o 3 Ionic Compounds
Monovalent Compounds
Definition
o Compound containing metal and non-mental one charge
Naming
o Chemical Formula
Write down element symbols
Write down charges
Criss-cross reduce
o Chemical Name
Write down metal and non-metal
Change ending of non-metal -ide
Multivalent Compounds
Definition
o Compound containing a metal and a non metal
Two or more charges
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Naming
o Chemical Formula
Write down element symbols
Write down charges
Criss-cross reduce
o Chemical Name
Write metal roman numeral
Corresponding to charge
Write down non metal ends in ide
Polyatomic Compounds
Definition
o
Compounds containing metal and polyatomic ions
Naming
o Chemical Formula
Write down element symbols
Write down charges
Criss-cross reduce
o Chemical Name
Write metal and polyatomic ion
o 1 Covalent Bond
Molecular Compounds
Definition
o Compound containing
Non-metal and metalloid
Non-metal and non-metal
Naming
o Chemical Formula
Write down element symbol
Write down amount of atoms
Do not reduce
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o Chemical Name
Write Element
Use prefixes according to amount
Balancing Chemical Equations
o 7 Steps
1. All diatomic molecules subscript of 2
HOFBrINCl
2. Balance metal atoms coefficients
Add a coefficient
o Adjust number of atoms other elements
3. Balance non-metals not oxygen
Add a coefficient
o Adjust number of atoms other elements
4. Balance Oxygen
Check for subscripts share GCF
5. Balance Hydrogen
6. Coefficients reduced
7. Coefficient halves
Double
Chemical Reactions
o Follow law of conservation of mass
Mass of reactants = Mass of Products
o Evidence of a chemical change
Gas (bubbles)
Heat
Colour
Odour
o Types of Reaction
Synthesis Reactions
Two substances (elements) combine
o Form a compound
o A + B AB
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Decomposition Reaction
Compounds break apart
o Form smaller compounds/elements
o AB A+ B
Exceptions
o Carbonates
Decompose to Carbon Dioxide + metal oxide
o Chlorates
Decompose to oxygen gas + metal chloride
o Hydroxides
Decompose to metal oxide + water
Single Displacement
One element replaces another compound
o Metal replaces metal
o Non-metal replaces non-metal
o A + BC AC + B
A=Metal
o A + BC BA + C
A= Non Metal
Double Displacement
Metal replaces metal
Non-metal replaces non metal
o AB + CD AD + CB
Combustion
Fuel burns reacts with oxygen quickly
o Products oxide and energy
2 Types
o Hydrocarbons (CxHy)
Only contains carbon + hydrogen
Complete combustion (oxygen)
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o Carbon dioxide
o Water
o Energy
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Incomplete combustion (oxygen)
o Carbon monoxide
o Carbon
o Carbon dioxide
o Water
o Energy
o Neutralization Reaction
Acid-base neutralization
Double displacement
Acid + Base Water and Salt
Salt isnt always NaCl
o Combination of inside elements
Acid and Bases
o Acids
Characteristics
Molecular compounds
Dissolve in water
Reacts with metal/carbonates
Conduct electricity
Neutralize bases
Names and Formulas
Binary Acids (Hydrogen +Single Element)
o General formula HX
o General Name hydro___ic acid
Oxyacids (Hydrogen + Polyatomic)
o General formula HXY
o General name
Polyatomic ends in ate
___ic acid
Polyatomic ends in ite
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___ous acid
o Base
Characteristics
Ionic compounds made up of OH (hydroxide)
Dissolve in water easily
React with cations
Conduct electricity
Neutralize acids
Names and Formulas
Hydroxide
o General formula XOH
o General name metal hydroxide
o Acid Base Indications
Indicate
Chemical turns different colour
o Comes in contact with acid/base
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Chemical Indications
Blue Litmus Paper
o Acid turns red o Base noth
Red Litmus Paper
o Acid nothing o Base turns
blue
Phenolphthalein
o Acid nothing o Base turns
pink
iology Types of Cells
o Two Major Types
Prokaryotic Cells
Simple Cells
o Dont contain nucleus & other membrane-bound organelles
o Bacteria
Eukaryotic Cells
Complex Cells
o Contains nucleus & other organelles
o Protists and Amoeba
o Plants and Animals
Importance of Cell Division
o Allows organisms to reproduce
Pass on genetic information to offspring Two types
Asexual Reproduction
o Parent cell divides makes a copy of itself
Genetically identical
Sexual Reproduction
o Males create sperm
o Females create eggs
Sperm and Eggs fuse genetic information from each parent
o Grow
Divide instead of growing too big Important chemicals/water can move
Divide build on one another
Form the tissues/organs make up an organism
o Repair damaged areas
Continuously replacing cells due to damage
Cause by cuts and breaks
Allows for damaged cells to be replaced organism can continue to function prop
The Cell Cycle
o Three stages
Interphase
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Longest stage not a resting stage
Carrying out all life activities growth, respiration, and specialized function
Cell prepares for division
o DNA replicated two identical strands
o Organelles replicated
o Cell increases in size
Mitosis
Definition
o Process of cell division result in parent cell divided
Two new daughter cells
Identical to each other original parent cell
4 Stages
o Prophase
Cell prepares for nuclear division
Packages DNA into chromosomes
Nuclear membrane is dissolved
o Metaphase
Cell prepares chromosomes for division
Chromosomes line up at the center of the cell Spindle fibres attach from daughter cells
o Chromosomes at the centromere
o Anaphase
Spindle fibers pull chromosomes apart (centromere splits)
of each chromosome (chromotid)
moves to each daughter cell
o Telophase
DNA spreads out
2 nuclei form
New cell wall forms between two daughter cells
Cytokinesis
Cytoplasm divides produces two genetically identical daughter cells
Cell Specialization
o Specialized Cells
Not all identical
Created to perform specific functions
o Different physical and chemical differences
Allow each type to perform specific job
Animal Cells Red Blood Cells
o Contain hemoglobin carries oxygen in the blood
Smooth easily pass through blood vessels
Skin Cells
o Fit together tightly cover the outside
Protect cells inside
Reduce water loss
Bone Cells
o Collect calcium from food allow growth and repair
Build up bone around themselves create bodys skeleton
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Muscle Cells
o Arranged in bundles muscle fibres
o Can contact makes fibres shorter
Causes bones to move
White Blood Cells
o Movie like an amoeba engulf/fight infections
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Sperm Cells
o Able to move independently
Carry DNA from male parent join with egg from female paren
Fat Cells
o Large vacuoles store fat molecules
Cell stores chemical energy
Nerve Cells
o Long, thin with numerous branches
Conduct electrical impulses coordinate body activity
Photocyte Cell
o Help animals emit light
Active at night/live in deep ocean
Plant Cells
Xylem Cells
o Transport water/ dissolved minerals throughout plant
Storage Cells
o Contain special structures store starch
Source of energy
Photosynthesis Cellso Contain chloroplasts collect energy from sunlight
Make sugar for plant
Phloem Cells
o Transport dissolved sugars around the plant
Epidermal
o On young roots absorb water from soil
Guard
o Surface of the leaves controls water loss
Levels of Organization
o Least Complex to Most Complex
Cell
Basic unit of life
Tissue
Collection of similar cells perform specific functions
o Animal Tissues
4 types
Connective Tissue
o Various types of cells/fibers
Held together by a matrix (liquid, solid or geo Joins/supports structures
Epithelial tissue
o Made of a thin sheet of cells
Tightly packed together form a protective
barrier
Muscle Tissue
o Contains proteins contract/enable body to move
skeletal muscles helps you move
smooth and cardiac muscles help organs
move
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Nervous Tissue
o Responds to stimuli
o Sends electrical signals throughout the body
o Plant Tissues
4 Types
Vascular Tissue
o Transports water and nutrients
Xylem moves water and minerals
Phloem moves dissolved sugar
(photosynthesized)
Epidermal Tissue
o Protective outer covering
Allows the exchange of materials CO2 an
Ground Tissue
o Provides support
Stores water/nutrients
o Photosynthesis occurs
Meristematic Tissue
o Growth occurs
Organ
Structure composed of different tissues perform a complex body function
o Work in one system play a role in many
Organ System
System of one or more organs working to together
o Perform a vital body function
Allow organism to accomplish basic functions
o Obtain oxygen
o Obtain nutrients
o Eliminate waste
o Sense/respo
environment
o Reproduce Organism
Stem Cells
o Process
Unspecialised cells become other specialized types of cells
Exposed to special environmental conditions
o Cellular Differentiation
Process that produces specialized cells directed by genetic
information
o Types
Embryonic
Become any type of cell
Multipotent
Differentiate into certain types of cells exist within specialized tissues
o Regeneration
Body part is re-grown mitosis
Limited ability
o Able to regenerate adult fingertips
o Re-grow parts of organs
Take cells grow in labs transplant back into patients
o Future Treatment
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Help body fight cancers
Recover from degenerative diseases
Parkinsons
Alzheimers
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Circulatory System
o Function
Transport of nutrients
Digestive system body cells
Transports oxygen
From lungs body cells
Transport of wastes
Away from body cells lungs and kidneys
Regulates body temperature
Transports white blood cells immune system
o 3 Parts
Blood
Connective tissue
Made up of
o Red Blood Cells
Carry oxygen, waste and nutrients
o White Blood Cells
Fight infections
o
Plasma Water portion of blood
o Platelets
Used to form scabs heal wounds
Heart
Made up of
o Cardiac Muscle
o Nerve Tissues
o Connective Tissue
Pumps blood around body
Regular beat change in response to events Process
o De-oxygenated blood
Superior/Inferior Vena Cava Right Atrium Right Ventricle
Pulmonary Artery
o Oxygenated Blood
Pulmonary Vein Left Atrium Left Ventricle Aorta
Vessels
Arteries
o Carry blood away from heart
Veins
o Carry blood towards heart
Capillaries
o Tiny blood vessels one cell thick
o Allow substance to diffuse blood and body tissue
Respiratory System
o Functions
Provide oxygen to the body
Remove carbon dioxide from the body
o Map
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Nasal Cavity Pharynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs Alveoli Blood Stream
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Digestive System
o Digestive Tract
Series of hollow organs
Connect mouth to anus
Other organs
Produce/store organs break down/absorb food
Map
Mouth
o Digestion begins
o Saliva produced by salivary glands
Breaks down carbohydrates known as starches
Peristalsis
o Involuntary muscle contractions
Triggered by the nervous system
Stomach
o Passes through the esophagus sphincter lets food into the stomach
o Glands produce stomach acid break down proteins
Thick layer of mucus protects stomach from its own acid
o Muscle action mixes food with digestive juices Emptied into small intestines pyloric sphincter
Intestines
o Small Intestines
First Part
Duodenum
o Chemicals produced by other organs enter dige
process
o Bile produced by liver dissolves fat
Folded into finger-like projections villi
Increases surface area
Food molecules absorbed into the bloodstream
o Obtains energy and nutrients
o Large Intestines (Colon)
Doesnt break down food Absorbs Water
Other Organs
o Liver
Produces bile Stored in the Gall Bladder
o Pancreas
Produces insulino Body Defences
Vomiting
Forcibly remove contents middle of small intestines and up
Liver
Filter the body
Musculoskeletal System
o Three Parts
Bones
Hard and dense
Made up of bone cells
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o Matrix of minerals (calcium and phosphorus)
Nerve tissues/blood vessels pass through canals in bones
Ligaments
Lough and elastic
Hold bones together at the joints
Made up of long collagen fibres
Cartilage
Cells matrix of collagen
Strong and flexible support
Found in nose, ears and esophagus disks between vertebrae and joints
o Muscles
Made up of long cells muscle fibres
Contain protein allow contractions and releases
Three types
Skeletal voluntary
Smooth involuntary
Cardiac heart
o Functions
Structure/Support Locomotion
Protection
Mineral Storage
Blood Cells bone marrow
o Osteoporosis
Definition
Bones become brittle/fragile loss of bone tissue
At risk
Older adult, postmenopausal women, steroid users
Preventive Measures
High calcium, vitamin D, exercise, limit smoking/alcohol
Nervous System
o Made up of
Brain
Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nerves
o Function
Senses the environment co-ordinated appropriate responses
o Organization
Two major divisions
Central Nervous System (CNS)
o Brain and spinal cord
o Coordinates all bodys activities
o Relays messages process information analyzes responses
o Shielded by bones
Skull Brain
Spine Spinal Cord
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
o Nerve bundle of axons
Contain sensory and motor neurons
o Contains all nerves not part of CNS
o 3 groups
1. Control voluntary muscles
2. Carry sensory information to the brain
3. Regulate involuntary functions
o Structure
Neurons
Specialized nerve cells combined to form tissue
o Help you gather information about your environment
Interpret the information react
Found in the brain, spinal cord and nerves
Consist of three main regions
o Dendrites
Pass signals they receive onto the cell body
o Cell body
o Axon
Passes those impulses onto other neurons/muscles
Sensory Receptors
Receive input from the external environment
Sensory Neurons
o Send impulses from receptors in skin and sense organs
To the brain and spinal cord
Motor Neurons
o Carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord
To a gland or muscles resulting in secretion/movement
Nerve impulseo Completes a reflex arc/nerve pathway
Dont involve conscious thought
Immune System
o Layered Defence System protects organs from infection
3 Stages
Surface Barriers prevent pathogen from entering
o Skin
Dead skin cells prevent invasion by micro-organisms
Bacteria lives on skin
Produces acids kill many pathogens
o Body Fluids
Saliva, tears and nasal mucous contain enzyme lysozyme
Break down bacterial cell walls kills pathogens
Mucus protective barrier
Blocks bacteria sticking to inner epithelial cells
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Non-Specific Immunity
o Cellular Defence
Phagocytosis
Phagocytic cells surround and internalize the foreign
microorganism
o Release digestive enzymes/other harmful chemica
Destroys microorganism
o Inflammatory Response
Increased blood flow to infected area blood vessels become
penetrable
Allows white blood cells to escape into infected areas
o Kill infections causing microorganisms
Specific Immunity
o Active Immunity
Immunity got/ developed in your life
Developed by taking a vaccine expose to the
bacteria/virus
o Immunization
Deliberate exposure of your body to a germ
Primary response/immune memory cells will develop
o Natural Immunity
Immunity you are born with
Natural defence against disease
o Immune System Failure
Diseases can affect immune systems effectiveness
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AIDS
HIV infect immune cells
Become HIV factories produces new viruses
o Number of healthy immune cells in a infected person decreases Organ Transplantation
o General information
Organs
Heart
Liver
Pancreas
Intestines
Livers
Kidneys
Tissues
Cornea
Skin
Bone
Tendons
Blood Vessels
Bone Marrow
o Benefits
Normal life
Donor satisfaction
Developing research in the area
o Risks
Organ and tissue rejected by immune system
Take drugs to prevent suppress immune system
o Ability to fight infections reduced
Associated with surgery
Donors back up organs could fail
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o Living Donor Organs
Lung requires two living donors
Each provide one lobe
Kidney one donor
Liver regenerate
One lobe of liver
Family members increased chance of genetic match
o Deceased Donor Organs
Family members give consent on behalf
Sign a donor card
Organs are checked damaged/unhealthy
Recipient searched for
o Factors taken into account
Blood/tissue types
Age/location of donor and recipient
Length of time
o Xeno transplantation
Xeno=foreign
Transplanting body parts from one to another Pigs provide heart valves
Cells have been killed no longer considered living tissue
Tumour
o Definition
Caused by uncontrolled cell division of mutated cells
o Types
Benign Tumour (Cancer)
Cell division is unchecked proceeds as a moderate rate
Doesnt invade surrounding cells pushes
Doesnt spread
o Harmless unless found in the brain
Malignant Tumour (Cancer)
Cell division is unchecked occurs rapidly
o Spend little time in Interphase
Damage and destroy surrounding cells invades them
Can spread
o Interfere with the function of other cells results in death
Tumour is not destroyed/removed
hysics Light
o Properties
Form of energy
Travels in straight lines
Can be reflected bounced in a new path
Can be refracted bend in a new path
Causes shadows
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Travels at high speed
Nothing Travels faster
300 000 000 m/s 3.00 x 108
Electromagnetic
Wave
o Made from electricity and magnetism travelling together
Travel at the speed of light
o Travel through a vacuum empty space of matter
Ex. Space
o Doesnt require a medium physical substance
Spectrum
o The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Radio
o AM Radio
Microwave
o Microwave Oven
Infrared
o Night Vision Goggles
Visible
o
Ultravioleto Suntans
X-Ray
o Medical X-Rays
Gamma Ray
o Pet Imaging
o The Visible Spectrum
Red Orang
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Yellow
Green
Blue
Indigo
Violet
o How is it produced?
7 Types
Incandescence
o
What Producing light due to high temperature
Object gets hotter causes colour to change
o Example
Incandescent light bulbs
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Electric Discharge
o What
Electric current passes through a gas
Reacts to produce a spark light
o Example
Neon light, lightning
Phosphorescenceo What
Glow in the Dark
Special material absorbs UV light releases visible light
o Period of time
o Example
Glow in the dark stickers
Fluorescenceo What
Emission of light from a substance that has absorbed light (U
Absorbs UV light immediately release visible light
o Example
Fluorescent Light
Chemiluminescence
o What
Substance produces heat
Chemical Reactions
o Example
Light Stick
Bioluminescence
o What
Organism realises light Chemical reactions in body takes place
o Emits light
o Example
Firefly
Triboluminescence
o What
Substance gives off light
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Being scratched, crushed or rubbed
o Example
Duct tape
Lasers
o Definition
Stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
o Compared to Light Bulbs
Laser
Consists of electromagnetic waves same energy levels
Pure in colour intense/concentrated
o Travel great distances without spreading out
Light Bulb
Emits different electromagnetic waves different energy levels
Not concentrated/intenseo Uses
Medical
Industrial
Astronomy
Aesthetics
o Laser Eye Surgery (LASIK)
Definition
Vision correction
o
People who are near/far sighted or stigmatism Reshaped cornea sharpen vision
With ultraviolet laser
Mirrors
o Light behaves when striking a mirror incident ray
Reflected, transmitted or absorbed
Transparent transmit all incident light
Translucent transmit some incident light
Opaque transmit no incident light
Light Rays
Illustrate path of light hitting an object
o Laws of Reflection
Angle of incidence = Angle of Reflection
Incident ray, Reflection ray and normal all on same plane/side
o Surfaces
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Specular Reflection reflection off smooth/shiny surface
Diffuse Reflection reflection off irregular/dull surface
o Plane Mirrors
Two Ways
Light Rays how we see images
o
Equal Perpendicular Lines how images appear
o Measure distance from object to mirror do same on other side
Redraw
o Curved Mirrors
Types
Concave converging
o
Convex diverging
o
Applications
Satellite dishes
o Parabolic reflectors (concave mirrors)
Search light
Solar ovens
o Box cookers
o Curved concentrators
o Panel cookers
Periscope
Makeup Mirror concave
Security Mirror convex
Index of Refraction
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o Snells Law
n1sin1 = n2sin2
Value of n
o Air 1.00
o Pure Water 1.33
o Definition
Ratio of speed of light in a vacuum/speed of light in a medium
Equation
o n=c/v
n = index of refraction
c= speed of light in a vacuum 3.00 x 108 m/s
v= speed of light in a given medium
o n=sin I /sin R
I = Angle of incidence
R = angle of refraction
n = index of refraction
Refraction
o Definition
Change in direction light
Passes at an angle one medium to another
o Some light will reflect rest will refract
o Terms
Angle of incidence
Angle between incident ray normal
Angle of refraction
Angle between refracted ray normal
o Facts
Ray of light passes into slower/more optically dense medium
Bends towards normal
Ray of light passes into faster/less optically dense medium
Bends away from normal
Angle of incidence = 0
No refraction
o No change in direction yes change in speed
c
n v
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o Rules for Refraction
Three
Incident ray, refracted ray and normal all lie on same plane
Light bends towards normal travels more slowly in second medium than f
Light bends away from normal travels faster in second medium than first
Total Internal Reflection
o
Recall Light slows down enters a new medium (less dense to dense)
Bends towards normal
o Angle of refraction < angle of incidence
Light speeds up enters a new medium (dense to less dense)
Bends away from normal
o Angle of refraction > angle of incidence
o Critical Angle
Angle of incidence results in an angle of refraction of 90o
o Definition
Increase angle of incidence past critical angle refracted ray will no longer exit
medium
Reflect into the median
o Refracted ray disappears only reflected ray is visible
o Conditions
Light is traveling more slowly in the first medium than the second
Angle of incidence large enough that no refraction occurs in second medium
o Examples
Diamonds
Sparkle cut of the diamond face combined with high index of refraction
o Results in total internal refraction
o Small critical angle
Great deal of incident light undergoes total internal reflectio
Light rays bounce around before exiting diamond
Fiber Optics
Use light to transmit information glass cables
o Communications industry & medicine
Phones, computer and TVs
Endoscope
o Light cannot escape must have a small critical angle
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Angle of incidence> critical angle
Optical Fiber
Used to transmit light to instrument panel in cars
o Rapidly replacing copper wire three reasons
Signals arent affected electrical storms
Carry many more signals over long distances
Smaller/lighter
Triangular Prism
More useful than mirrors reflect almost 100% of light internals
o Used in periscope/binoculars
Retro-Reflectors
Optical device that returns an incident light same direction
Built into road sign and bikes
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Optical Phenomenon
o Mirage
Virtual image forms as a result of refraction/total internal reflection
Light travels from cool to warmer air
o Bends away from normal air temperature increases
Total internal Reflection
Occurs in lowest (hottest) airo Light ray travels up from the hottest layer cooler later
Gradually refracted towards the normal temperature decreas
o Looming
Wind brings warm air over a very cold ocean
Light from an object travels upwards
o Curves and starts back down reaches warmer air
Light that reaches observes come from beyond the horizon
o Shimmering
Image of moon on waters surface
Light is refracted passes through air/different temperatures
o Air above lake much warmer than air father away from waters sur
Coldest layer light travels more slowly (bends towards norma
Warmest layer light travels faster (bends away from normal)
o Total internal reflection occurs
Multiple virtual images of moon on surface
o Rainbow
Dispersion
Separation of white light into spectrum by a prism
o Each color of visible light travels at slight different speeds
Goes through glass prism
Violet slows down red speeds up
o ROYGBIV
Refraction light enters drop
Partial internal reflection light hits back of rain drop
o Refraction light exits raindrop
o Sundogs
o Apparent Depth
o Flattened Sun
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Lenses
o Converging Lenses convex
Thicker in center
Parallel light rays converge in point after lenses
o Diverging Lenses concave
Thicker on edges
Parallel light rays disperse after lenses
Human Eye
o Parts of the Eye
Cornea
Clear white covering outside of the eye
o Help eye focus like lens on camera
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Iris
Part of eye that has colour
o Get bigger and smaller let more/less light in
Pupil
Black opening in middle of eye
o Light comes through this opening
Lens
Bends light
o See close up and far away
Vitreous Humor
Clear water like substance back of your eye
Retina
Has nerve cells rods and cones
o
Process light Rods
Black, white and shades of grey
Cones
Colours
o Three types
Red
Green
Blue
Optic Nerve
Carries electrical signals
o Retina brain
o How the Eye Works
Process
Light bounces off objects into your eyes
o Enter eye cornea (thick/transparent protective layer on surface of e
Pass through pupil into lens
Shines through vitreous humour back of the eye
o Hits retina takes light & changes into nerve
impulses
Sent to brain optic nerve
Flipped Image
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Seeing images inverted/flipped upside down on retina
o Imperfect Eyesight
Nearsightedness
Can see objects up close not far away
o Myopia
Light is focused on point in front of retina
Uses diverging/negative meniscus lens Farsightedness
Can see objects far away not close
o Hyperopia
Light is focused on point behind retina
Uses converging/positive meniscus lens