Grade 10 Unit 8: Communication Skills in Public Speaking Table of Contents Introduction 3 Unit Objectives 3 Lesson 1: Verbal and Nonverbal Communication 3 Warm-up! 4 Learn About It! 4 Check Your Understanding 5 Let’s Step Up! 6 Lesson 2: Elements of an Effective Speech Presentation 7 Warm-up! 7 Learn About It! 7 Check Your Understanding 9 Let’s Step Up! 9 Lesson 3: Techniques in Effective Speech Delivery 10 Warm-up! 10 Learn About It! 11 Check Your Understanding 13 Let’s Step Up! 13 Lesson 4: Ethics in Public Speaking 14 Warm-up! 14 Learn About It! 15 Check Your Understanding 16 Let’s Step Up! 17 Performance Task 18 Self-Check: How Well Did I Learn? 20
Transcript
Grade 10 Unit 8: Communication Skills in Public Speaking
Table of Contents
Introduction 3
Unit Objectives 3
Lesson 1: Verbal and Nonverbal Communication 3 Warm-up! 4 Learn About It! 4 Check Your Understanding 5 Let’s Step Up! 6
Lesson 2: Elements of an Effective Speech Presentation 7 Warm-up! 7 Learn About It! 7 Check Your Understanding 9 Let’s Step Up! 9
Lesson 3: Techniques in Effective Speech Delivery 10 Warm-up! 10 Learn About It! 11 Check Your Understanding 13 Let’s Step Up! 13
Lesson 4: Ethics in Public Speaking 14 Warm-up! 14 Learn About It! 15 Check Your Understanding 16 Let’s Step Up! 17
Communication Skills in Public Speaking Hillary Clinton said, “If you’re not comfortable with public speaking – and nobody starts out comfortable, you have to learn how to be comfortable – practice. I cannot overstate the importance of practicing. Get some close friends or family members to help evaluate you, or somebody at work that you trust.” Many people start out as intimidated by or even fearful of public speaking. By following certain guidelines and with practice and effort, however, you can certainly become a better public speaker.
Unit Objectives
In this unit, you should be able to:
● differentiate between verbal and nonverbal communication; ● identify the elements of an effective speech presentation; ● practice techniques in effective public speaking; and ● demonstrate understanding of ethics in public speaking.
Lesson 1: Verbal and Nonverbal Communication
Public speaking is defined by Merriam-Webster as “the art of effective oral communication with an audience.” It involves a single speaker who conveys information to a sizable number of individuals. This kind of communication requires the speaker to plan and prepare beforehand since the situation does not provide the intimacy that is found in one-to-one and
small group interactions. This lesson will teach you how to be mindful of the verbal and nonverbal types of communication that one can use in relating with an audience.
Warm-up!
When you talk in front of a group of people, what do you say or do when you want to
1. emphasize an important idea 2. express agreement 3. show confidence 4. call their attention 5. talk about a sensitive topic
Share your answer with your seatmate.
Learn About It!
The word verbal means “relating to or consisting of words.” As such, verbal communication refers to the use of words or speech in exchanging information with others, which involves sending messages and transmitting feelings or ideas. In verbal communication, the speaker makes use of language in order to convey what he or she would like others to know or understand. For example, the words that a speaker utters while making a speech is considered verbal communication.
Nonverbal communication, on the other hand, is a type of communication that involves expressing ideas in ways that do not involve or go beyond using words. Although not spoken, nonverbal cues such as body language, facial expressions, and movements greatly
affect the meaning and the understanding of a speaker’s message. Below are the various types of nonverbal communication.
a. Proxemics – This refers to the distance between the speaker and the listener or receiver of the message. Public distance, which is from 12 to 25 feet, is used in public speaking.
b. Kinesics – This refers to the use of body language when communicating. Gestures, eye contact, movements, and facial expressions are considered as kinesics.
c. Chronemics – This refers to the role of time in the communication process. In public speaking, there is often a prescribed period of time at which the speaker is allowed to talk. Being late, going way over the time limit, or giving a speech that is way too short for the time given also send a message to the audience.
d. Paralanguage – This refers to the speed, volume, and tone of the speaker’s voice. Sighing, gasping, and clearing one’s throat are also considered paralanguage.
e. Haptics – This refers to the use of touch in order to convey meaning while communicating with someone. In public speaking, there is often no opportunity for the speaker to use haptics because of the distance between him and the audience.
Effective public speaking requires the proper use of both verbal and nonverbal communication. These two types of communication go hand in hand in conveying the speaker’s ideas and feelings about the subject matter he or she is talking about.
Check Your Understanding
Write V if the situation shows verbal communication and NV if it shows nonverbal communication.
1. The speaker steps out of the lectern and comes closer to audience before asking them questions.
2. The speaker walks a little when moving from one point to another. 3. The speaker uses a rhetorical question to start his or her speech to make the audience
reflect on an idea. 4. The speaker speaks louder at important points he or she would like to emphasize. 5. The speaker uses enumeration so that he or she could enumerate the steps of the
Lesson 2: Elements of an Effective Speech Presentation
After learning about the two types of communication used in public speaking, it is also equally important how we can use these two in order to make an effective presentation. This lesson will enumerate the essential elements of an effective speech presentation.
Warm-up!
1. List down three things you do when you prepare for a speech or presentation in class. a. ____________________________________________ b. ____________________________________________ c. ____________________________________________ 2. List down three things you say or do when you want to make sure your audience would
listen to your speech or presentation. a. ____________________________________________ b. ____________________________________________ c. ____________________________________________
Learn About It!
There are two main elements that affect a speech presentation: preparation and delivery. In order for your speech presentation to be effective, you should prepare adequately and deliver the speech well.
a. Preparation Dale Carnegie, an author and developer of courses in
public speaking, stated that preparation is not necessarily about putting together faultless or flawless phrases but about the assembly of thoughts, convictions, and urges. He also shared an outline that famous speeches are patterned on.
1. Statement of facts – Speeches usually start with a statement of facts. This provides background information regarding the subject of the speech.
2. Arguments – The speech then presents arguments regarding the various positions that one may take on the issue. The body of the speech also presents evidence or details that serve to support the stand of the speaker.
3. Appeal to action – Lastly, a speech usually concludes with a call to action that encourages or challenges the audience to do something. The conclusion of an essay may also be a memorable or thought-provoking statement that would get the audience to think more about the topic.
Aside from the structure of a speech, other factors that should be taken into account when preparing a speech are the following:
1. Purpose – Is it to inform, to persuade, or to entertain? 2. Audience – For whom is the speech? How can you make your speech interesting to your
target audience? What words should you use to make your speech easy for the audience to understand?
3. Venue – Is the venue a large auditorium or a small classroom? How could you best make use of the venue while delivering your speech?
4. Time – How long do you have to deliver the speech? 5. Content – What is the topic of your speech? What are the pieces of information that
should be included in the speech?
b. Delivery
This refers to the way that a speaker performs his or her speech. This involves various factors such as articulation and voice modulation, pitch and speaking rate variation, pauses, hand gestures, facial expressions, movements, and rapport with the audience. With careful preparation and proper delivery, you can make your speech effective. These two elements work together and make an impact on the effectiveness of your speech.
Put a check (✔) if the statement describes the effective use of an element for a speech presentation and (X) if not.
1. The speaker first gives a complete background of the topic before proceeding with his or her main points.
2. The speaker chooses the right words that are appropriate for his or her audience. 3. The speaker speaks fast to show that he or she is fluent in English. 4. The speaker gives as much information as possible to overwhelm the audience. 5. The speaker talks as long as he or she wants because he or she cares more about the
In the previous lesson, it was mentioned that one of the two essential elements of an effective speech presentation is delivery. Any well-prepared speech would fail if the speaker is not mindful of the way he or she wants to relay the message to the audience. This lesson will give you some helpful techniques that you can use in your own speech presentations.
Warm-up!
Recall a celebrity or public figure that you admire when they speak in front of an audience. What techniques do they use to capture audience’s attention? Enumerate them in the spaces below.
Speech delivery refers to the presentation of the speech. To achieve effective speech delivery, the speaker should be able to convey his ideas clearly and interestingly while keeping the audience’s attention. This involves the following factors:
a. Articulation – This involves both the utterance of words or pronunciation, and the clarity of speech sounds or enunciation. To ensure effective speech delivery, you should be able to correctly pronounce and enunciate each word, as failing to do so can lead the audience to misunderstand your message.
b. Modulation – This refers to varying the voice in terms of pitch, power, and pace.
● Pitch – highness or lowness of a voice ● Power – vocal intensity or energy
exerted by the speaker ● Pace – the speed or rate of the speaker
Using proper voice modulation can help you in emphasizing important points in your speech and can make the speech more interesting for the audience as well.
c. Stage presence – This refers to the ability to command the attention of the audience. Your appearance, projection, and manner on the stage contribute to your stage presence. Other factors affecting stage presence are the following:
● Facial expressions – These reveal the speaker’s emotions and signal to the audience the interpretation of the given message. By looking at your facial expressions, the audience can determine whether you are serious, sarcastic, or joking. It is thus important that your facial expressions aid in conveying your message.
● Gestures – These are the purposeful movements of the head, arms, hands, and other parts of the body. When doing public speaking, you should use a wide variety of appropriate hand gestures to enhance your message.
● Movements – These refer to the act of moving from one spot to another while speaking. Time your movements properly so that they do not become distracting to the audience. Moving closer toward the audience, for example, is appropriate when asking questions, stating a revelation, or creating a connection. When you do not have any reason to move around the stage, stay still from the waist downward to help the audience focus on your message.
d. Rapport with the audience – Building rapport means establishing a friendly, harmonious
relationship with the audience by engaging and connecting with them. Ways to establish rapport with the audience include the following:
● Maintaining eye contact – Keep eye contact with the audience by looking in the eye one individual at a time. In case the audience is large, vary your eye contact throughout the room.
● Speaking naturally – Speak in a natural way, not in a manner that is robotic or overly rehearsed.
● Relating with the audience – Make yourself relatable by sharing something that the audience will be able to relate with.
By delivering the speech well, you can ensure that the audience will find it easier to understand the message you are trying to convey. This also helps in achieving the objectives of the speech.
Identify the technique being described in each number.
1. It is the manner of producing the right vowel and consonant sounds accurately and clearly.
2. It refers to how slow or fast a speaker delivers the speech. 3. These are a physical display of a speaker’s emotions. 4. These are hand movements that reinforce the message of the speech. 5. It involves speaking with the audience or engaging in a conversation with them.
It is not enough that we know how to prepare for your speech presentation and to deliver your message effectively. You should also keep in mind the right words to say and the right actions to show when speaking in public. This lesson will acquaint you with the ethics in public speaking.
Warm-up!
List down in the chart below the kinds of speech and behavior that you expect and do not expect from a public speaker.
Ethics is the discipline that deals with issues of good and bad, right and wrong, just and unjust. In public speaking, it is not enough for a speaker to have a compelling speech and to deliver it in an articulate and convincing way. It is of utmost importance that the speaker be ethical as well. Here are some guidelines for ethical public speaking:
a. Be fully prepared for delivering a speech. In public speaking, preparation is not only necessary but also ethical. After all, it is the speaker’s obligation to give the audience a good speech. If you are given time to prepare and you do not use that time to create a good speech and polish it, you will not only be wasting your time while delivering your speech; you will also be wasting the time of your audience.
b. Be honest. Perhaps the cornerstone of ethics in public speaking is this: honesty. It is the
speaker’s duty to be honest in his or her speech. This means that facts or statistics should not be manipulated, and sources should not be misrepresented.
c. Avoid plagiarism. Plagiarism is the act of passing off someone else’s work as one’s own.
This is an act of blatant dishonesty and theft. Your speech should be a representation of your own beliefs, thoughts, and ideas. To avoid committing plagiarism, you should give credit by citing sources. It would also be helpful to have a better understanding of the types of plagiarism, which are the following:
● Global plagiarism – This entails presenting a whole speech that is not the speaker’s own work.
● Patchwork plagiarism – This happens when an individual obtains pieces of information from different sources and patches them together to form a new speech.
● Incremental plagiarism – This is committed when the speech is mostly the
speaker’s own work but the speaker fails to give due credit to the sources of some parts of the work that is not his or her own.
d. Be respectful. As a speaker, you should be careful not to engage in name-calling or
abusive language when delivering your speech. Use inclusive language and do not make offensive comments about people of a different race, sexual orientation, or religion. Failing to be respectful will not only be impolite and offensive but can also discredit your credibility as a speaker.
Check Your Understanding
Write E if the action is ethical and UE if it is unethical.
1. The speaker has rehearsed for his or her pronunciation before delivering the speech. 2. The speaker fabricates details in order to show how grave the issue is when it is not as
serious in reality. 3. The speaker gets pieces of scholarly information from different sources and does not
acknowledge the sources. 4. The speaker attacks an allegedly corrupt politician in public by calling him or her bad
names. 5. The speaker makes sure he or she gets examples from various religious or political
Goal: Your task is to deliver an informative speech to educate a group of people about an important issue in your town. Role: You are a concerned citizen who would like to share your knowledge with the townspeople. Audience: You will be talking to a group of townspeople, including some local government officials. Situation: There is a pressing issue in your community that you think your townspeople are not very familiar with. You would like to share what you learned from school or from research about it. Product/Performance and Purpose:
1. You will raise awareness about an important issue in the community. 2. Recall what you learned from your classes about it, or you may research. 3. Take notes properly and paraphrase when you research to avoid plagiarism. 4. Keep in mind that you will be speaking in public, so adjust your verbal and nonverbal
communication. Standards & Criteria for Success: • Your work will be judged by looking at the following:
Criteria Beginning (0-12 points)
Developing (13-16 points)
Accomplished (17-20 points)
Score
Content (Focus on details/events is clearly evident; all details clearly related to the topic.)
● Verbal communication refers to the use of words or speech in exchanging information with others, which involves sending messages and transmitting feelings or ideas.
● Nonverbal communication is a type of communication that involves expressing ideas in ways that do not involve or go beyond using words.
● Types of nonverbal communication are proxemics, kinesics, chronemics, paralanguage, and haptics.
● The two main elements of an effective speech presentation are preparation and delivery.
● Effective speech delivery involves various factors such as articulation, modulation, stage presence, and rapport with the audience.
● Ethics is the discipline that deals with issues of good and bad, right and wrong, just and unjust. In public speaking, it is important for the speaker to be fully prepared for delivering a speech, be honest, avoid plagiarism, and be respectful.
Bibliography
Butterfield, Jeff. 2017. Illustrated Course Guide: Verbal Communication–Soft Skills for a Digital
Workplace. 3rd ed. Boston: Cengage Learning. Carlin, Diana Prentice, and James Payne. 2012. Getting Started in Public Speaking. Lincolnwood,
IL: National Textbook Company. ———. 1995. Public Speaking Today. 2nd ed. Lincolnwood, IL: National Textbook Company. Carnegie, Dale. 2012. How to Develop Self-Confidence and Influence People by Public Speaking.
Lucas, Stephen. 2009. The Art of Public Speaking. 10th ed. New York: McGraw Hill, Inc.
Recommended Links for This Unit: Delivering an effective presentation. N.d. University of Leicester. Accessed April 16, 2018 from
https://www2.le.ac.uk/offices/ld/resources/presentations/delivering-presentation Guarino, Joseph. N.d. Public Speaking: Verbal and Nonverbal. Institute of Public Speaking.
Accessed April 16, 2018 from https://www.instituteofpublicspeaking.com/body-language/public-speaking-verbal-non-verbal/
Millner, Alyssa and Price, Rachel. N.d. Ethics in Public Speaking. Accessed April 16, 2018 from
