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GRADE 12 M.CARDINAL CHIMPANZEES: OUR CLOSEST RELATIVES.

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Page 1: GRADE 12 M.CARDINAL CHIMPANZEES: OUR CLOSEST RELATIVES.
Page 2: GRADE 12 M.CARDINAL CHIMPANZEES: OUR CLOSEST RELATIVES.

G R A D E 1 2M . C A R D I N A L

CHIMPANZEES: OUR CLOSEST RELATIVES

Page 3: GRADE 12 M.CARDINAL CHIMPANZEES: OUR CLOSEST RELATIVES.

TWO SPECIES OF CHIMPANZEE

• Pan troglodytes – common chimpanzee• 35 – 50 kg

• Pan paniscus – bonobo• 32 – 40 kg

• Found across central Africa

• Both species eat mainly fruit

Page 4: GRADE 12 M.CARDINAL CHIMPANZEES: OUR CLOSEST RELATIVES.
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SOCIAL ORGANIZATION

• Live in communities from 20 to 150 individuals

• Fission-fusion social pattern• Individuals spend time in various subgroups

• Both species have mostly male phiopatry

• Subgroup size is connected with fruit availability

Page 8: GRADE 12 M.CARDINAL CHIMPANZEES: OUR CLOSEST RELATIVES.

DOMINANCE: PAN TROGLODYTES

• Male are more dominant than females

• Both males and females compete with other of their sex for hierarchical ranks

• Male competition for rank can result in injuries and sometimes death

• High ranking females have more offspring in their group

• Females rarely fight for dominance

Page 9: GRADE 12 M.CARDINAL CHIMPANZEES: OUR CLOSEST RELATIVES.

DOMINANCE: PAN PANISCUS

• Females more dominant than males

• Rarely any fights for dominance

• Engage in sociosexual behavior• Nonreproductive sexual behavior that serves to resolve

conflicts and/or reinforce alliances and coalitions

• Males rank is tied to his mother

Page 10: GRADE 12 M.CARDINAL CHIMPANZEES: OUR CLOSEST RELATIVES.

SEXUAL BEHAVIOR

• Females have distinct signs of fertility

• Swellings attract interest from other members in the community

• Females mate with multiple males

• Males attempt to mate-guard females in Pan troglodytes

• Pan paniscus engage in sexual activity outside the estrus

Page 11: GRADE 12 M.CARDINAL CHIMPANZEES: OUR CLOSEST RELATIVES.

HUNTING AND MEAT EATING

• Both species eat other mammals

• Pan troglodytes do more than Pan paniscus

• Make up about 5% of diet

• Females hunt in both species

• Mostly males hunt in Pan troglodytes

• The larger the group hunting = more success

• Very few get to eat the killed

• Higher ranking chimpanzees may steal the kill from a lower ranking chimpanzee

Page 12: GRADE 12 M.CARDINAL CHIMPANZEES: OUR CLOSEST RELATIVES.

GROUP AGGRESSION

• Some conflicts result in death in Pan troglodytes

• Groups of males move along community borders searching for subgroups or individuals from other communities

• Attack together when they find others

• May be to increase their range and resources

Page 13: GRADE 12 M.CARDINAL CHIMPANZEES: OUR CLOSEST RELATIVES.

TOOL USE

• Chimpanzees have the widest variety of tool use and modifications

• Other than humans

• Tools used to extract food

• All populations use tools, just differently

• Some groups don’t use tools that other groups may use

• Both males and females use tools

Page 14: GRADE 12 M.CARDINAL CHIMPANZEES: OUR CLOSEST RELATIVES.

SOCIAL TRADITIONS

• Behaviors that have a learned component and are frequently nonfunctional

• At least 39 different social traditions have been documented• Example: holding hand together above their head during

grooming

• Varies by region and community

Page 15: GRADE 12 M.CARDINAL CHIMPANZEES: OUR CLOSEST RELATIVES.

CLASS ACTIVITY

Page 16: GRADE 12 M.CARDINAL CHIMPANZEES: OUR CLOSEST RELATIVES.

SIMILAR TO HUMANS

• Subgroups and communities

• Sex in social context and male-bonding related to aggression, similar to our close relatives

• Acquiring meat and other foods and sharing with other members

• Sexual aggression, mate guarding, and aggression towards others may be similar to rape, marriage laws, and wars

• Wide variety of tools

Page 17: GRADE 12 M.CARDINAL CHIMPANZEES: OUR CLOSEST RELATIVES.

SUMMARY

• Chimpanzees exhibit numerous traits that are similar to humans from: behavior, social interactions, and tool use

• Although chimpanzees are our closest relatives, we have been evolving differently for the past 6 million years

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