Graduation Exam Review

Alabama Stuff

• Mobile was 1st settlement in Al. (French 1702)

• Becomes state in 1819

• Montgomery was 1st capital of the Confederacy (Civil War)

• Winston county remained neutral during Civil War

• Battle of Mobile Bay – North captures port of Mobile from South during Civil War

• B’ham known for steel• Bessemer Process-made steel

production less expensive & more efficient

• Booker T. Washington founded Tuskegee Institute

• George Washington Carver researched peanuts

• Al. Constitution of 1901 limited blacks right to vote

• Battle of Horseshoe Bend-War of 1812, Jackson defeats the Creeks with help from Cherokees

• Fort Mims – Red Stick Creek Indians massacre 100s of settlers at Fort Mims (1813)

• Boll Weevil – Bug that destroyed cotton crops, caused farmers to diversify (peanuts, soybeans, etc.)

• Black Belt – area in AL. of black, fertile soil

• Tenant farmer – poor, pays rent for land

• Sharecropper – poor, pays a share of the crop for land

• William Crawford Gorgas- Panama canal & Yellow fever

• W.C. Handy – famous jazz W.C. Handy – famous jazz musician from Al.musician from Al.

• Tuskegee Airmen -African American fighter pilots in WWII

The Crusades• 8 Holy Wars (1096-1270)

• Christians in Europe fought toregain HolyLand fromMuslims

3 Ways the Crusades Helped Europe

• Encountered advanced Muslim society (increased knowledge)

• Trade (increased demand for Asian goods in Europe)

• New Technology

Examples of NEW TECHNOLOGY:

COMPASS

GLOBE

RUDDER

IMPROVED SHIP BUILDING TECHNIQUES AND DESIGN

QUADRANT (IMPROVED ABILITY TO DETERMINE LATITUDE BASED ON

ALTITUDE OF STARS)

MAPS FROM FOREIGN COUNTRIES

1543 GLOBE

The Italian Renaissance“Rebirth”

• From 1350- 1600

• A cultural awakening

Reformation

• Change in the Church’s way of practicing Christianity

• New form of Christianity- Protestantism

Martin Luther• German monk• Justification by

faith• ML formed the

first Protestant church

Columbus’s Voyage• 1492 - Columbus

crossed the Atlantic Ocean

• Landed on San Salvador in the Caribbean

Causes• Quest for knowledge of the

world

• Wanted newtrade routeto Asia

Effects

• Conquest of Native Americans & est. of European empires

• Columbian Exchange

EUROPE RECEIVED

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE

AMERICAS RECEIVED

FOOD CORN, WHITE POTATOES, PUMPKINS, TOMATOES, CACAO, STRAWBERRIES,

QUININE, TOBACCO

FOODSUGAR, WHEAT, RICE, CITRUS FRUITS, TEA,

COFFEE, BANANAS, OKRA, BARLEY, OATS, WINE

GRAPES

ANIMALSTURKEYS, GUINEA PIGS,

RATTLESNAKES, BUFFALO, RACCOONS

ANIMALSHORSES, CHICKENS, PIGS, COWS, GOATS, SHEEP, RATS, OXEN

DISEASESSYPHILIS

DISEASESSMALLPOX, MEASLES,

INFLUENZA

RELIGIONCHRISTIANITY

WEAPONS AND TOOLSGUNS AND IRON TOOLS

• Death of many Native Am. from disease

• Slavery

Spanish in the Americas

• Conquistadors explore Conquistadors explore the Americasthe Americas

• Conquer Native Conquer Native AmericansAmericans

• Est. coloniesEst. colonies

• Force Native Force Native Americans to work Americans to work on plantations on plantations && in in minesmines

• Spain is getting Spain is getting richrich

Explorers

• Ponce de Leon- explored Florida- searched for “fountain of youth”

•Vasco Nunez de Balboa- discovered the Pacific Ocean

• Ferdinand Magellan- first to sail around the world (3 years)- dies in battle before returning home

• Cortes- conquered the Aztecs in Mexico

• Hernan de Soto- landed in Florida & explored much of southern U.S.

St. Augustine• 1st permanent European

settlement in N. Am.• Built by Spanish as a fort

to protect gold shipments (1565)

English ExplorersEnglish Explorers• John Cabot - 1st known John Cabot - 1st known

Englishmen to cross the Englishmen to cross the AtlanticAtlantic

Reasons for English Reasons for English Colonization of Am.Colonization of Am.

• A base for attacking A base for attacking Spanish ships & citiesSpanish ships & cities

• To find the Northwest To find the Northwest PassagePassage

• New markets for goods

• Overcrowding in England

• Religious freedom

RoanokeRoanoke• 1st English settlement in 1st English settlement in

the New Worldthe New World

• Began by Sir Walter Began by Sir Walter RaleighRaleigh

• Colonist disappearedColonist disappeared

Jamestown• Jamestown was the 1st

permanent English settlement in the New World -1607

• Founded by the Virginia Company

• Led by John SmithLed by John Smith

• Settlers suffered from: Settlers suffered from: disease, starvation, harsh disease, starvation, harsh winters, & Indian attackswinters, & Indian attacks

• Began to grow tobaccoBegan to grow tobacco

• Est. 1st representative Est. 1st representative assembly (House of assembly (House of Burgesses)Burgesses)

Plymouth ColonyPlymouth Colony

• Founded to escape Founded to escape religious persecutionreligious persecution

• Protestant “Separatist” are Protestant “Separatist” are persecuted for wanting to persecuted for wanting to purify the churchpurify the church

• Mayflower brings the Pilgrims to Am.

• Land at Plymouth Mass. - 1620

• 1/2 die in 1st winter

• Feast of thanksgiving

• Mayflower Compact – agreement signed by Pilgrims before they land on how they would govern themselves

British Colonial PolicyColonies have great

freedom in early 1700sBritish gov. rarely

interfered

Colonial legislatures gain power over local affairs

Self-government develops

Middle Passage

• Transfer of slaves from Africa to America

• Ships were overcrowded

• Unsanitary & hot

• Many die from disease

Great Awakening

• Series of religious revivals

• Idea that anyone could have a personal relationship with God

• Church membership grew

• Led to growing belief in equality and democracy

Causes of Fr. & Indian War

• Traditional rivalry between England & France

• English Colonists Westward expansion

• French relationship with Native Americans

• Control of North America

Results of the War• British win

• France gives up all land east of Miss. River

• Increased tensions between England & the colonies

• Colonist feel they no longer need England’s help

• England wants to “regain control” of its colonies

Stamp Act

• Taxed almost all paper products

• Colonist protest & boycott British goods

• Stamp Act is repealed

The Boston Massacre

• Mar. 5, 1770 – 1st death of the Am. Rev.

•A large, angry crowd yelled insults & threw snowballs at a squadof British soldiers

• Soldiers open fire killing 5 people in the mob

• Crispus Attucks, a former slave, is 1st person to die

• “Massacre” further increases tensions in the colonies

http://www.historywiz.com/images/americanrevolution/massacre2.gif

Townshend Acts• Tax on certain imports

• Not a direct tax

• Colonist protest & boycott again

Tea Act

•Tax on imported tea

•Colonist protest by holding the Boston Tea Party

Intolerable Acts

• British attempt to punish colonist

• 1st Continental Congress is formed to deal with the British

Lexington & Concord

• 700 British troops leave Boston for Concord

• Paul Revere, William Dawes, & Dr. Samuel Prescott warn militias

• 70 armed militia meet British at Lexington

• Shot is fired & Revolutionary War has begun

Battle of Bunker Hill• 1st major battle of the war

• Patriots occupy Breed’s & Bunker Hills overlooking Boston

Ideas Behind the

Revolution

The Enlightenment• Philosophical movement

throughout Europe in the 17th & 18th Centuries

• Emphasis on reason as the most important human ability

John Locke• Believed that all

individuals possessed certain “natural rights”

• It was the responsibility of government to protect those rights.

Thomas Paine• Wrote “Common Sense” • Asserted that the Am.

colonies received no advantage from Great Britain

Jean Rousseau

• French philosopher – wrote “Social Contract”

• The ideal gov. was centered around the willof the people

Baron de Montesquieu

• French writer – “Spirit of Laws”

• Idea of separationof powers in gov.

• Executive, Legislative, & Judicial branches

2nd Continental Congress

• Met in Philadelphia - May 1775

• Delegates divided over independence

• Learn Olive Branch Petition has been rejected by King George III

• Issue Declaration of Independence

Declaration of Independence

• Written by Thomas Jefferson

• Issued July 4th 1776

• Defined the basic principles on which Am. gov. & society would rest

Battle of Saratoga• Surrounded the British

surrender their entire army

• Huge Am. victory

• Turning point of the war

• Convinces France to join the Americans

Valley ForgeValley Forge• Winter camp of Am. army

1777-1778• Winter camp of Am. army

1777-1778

• Army lacks adequate food, shelter, & clothing

• Many die from disease & exposure

• Army lacks adequate food, shelter, & clothing

• Many die from disease & exposure

Yorktown

• Washington & Lafayette - combined Am. & French

• French fleet traps British by sea

• Surrounded, British surrender on Oct. 18, 1781

• Battle of Yorktown ends the fighting

• Treaty of Paris (1783) gives the U.S. its independence

• Miss. River is W. boundary

The New Government• Wanted a republic• Est. the Articles of

Confederation• Articles were too weak

& did not work

National Gov. is Weak• Cannot collect taxes

• No executive branch

• No national courts

• States print own money

• Fight over trade & other issues

• 9/13 maj. needed to pass laws under the Articles of Confederation

James Madison• Known as Father of the

Constitution for his work framing the Constitution

• Madison, Hamilton, & Jay wrote the Federalist Papers supporting the Con.

The Great Compromise• Created two houses

• Senate - states would have equal representation( 2 per state)

• House of Representatives - states would have representation based on pop. ( 435 members today)

Executive Branch• Carries out the laws• Can propose laws• Can veto acts of Congress• Appoints Supreme Court

justices

Legislative Branch • Makes the laws

• Can impeach the President & federal judges

• Can override a veto by 2/3s

• Creates lower fed. courts

Judicial Branch• Interprets the laws• Can declare acts of

Congress unconstitutional• Can declare executive

acts unconstitutional• Appointed for life

Opposing Views• Federalist - Support the

Constitution, want a strong national gov.

• Anti-Federalist - Against the Constitution, weak national gov.

Federalist View• Constitution will give the

gov. enough power to solve the country’s problems

• Bill of Rights will protect citizen’s freedom

• System of checks & balances will limit President’s power

• Country is too large to be dominated by one faction

FederalistsFederalists

• Led by Washington & Hamilton

• Favor a strong central gov.

• Favor the British

Jeffersonian RepublicansJeffersonian Republicans

• Led by Jefferson

• Favor a weak central gov.

• Favor the French

Election of 1800Election of 1800

• Adams vs Jefferson

• Jefferson wins & Jeffersonian Republicans win maj. in Congress

• Election proved to Americans & the world that power could be transferred peacefully

John MarshallJohn Marshall

• Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

• Strengthened the power of the federal judiciary

• Marbury v. Madison - establishes the principle of judicial review

• Judicial review - allows fed. courts to decide if state & federal laws are constitutional

Louisiana PurchaseLouisiana Purchase

• Jefferson is President

• Purchased from France for $15 million

• Doubled the size of U.S.

Lewis & ClarkLewis & Clark• Commissioned to explore

the new land gained in the La. Purchase

• Made maps & gathered info

The War of 1812The War of 1812

Causes• Americans feel British are

encouraging Indian attacks

• British interference with Am. trade, especially with France

• The Chesapeake -Leopard affair

• British impressment of Am. sailors

• Jackson defeats Creek Indians at Horseshoe Bend

• Fort McHenry & the “star spangled banner” by Francis Scott Key

• Treaty of Ghent Ends the war of 1812

• Restores all pre-war boundaries

Inventers• Eli Whitney-Cotton Gin &

interchangeable parts (South becomes dependent on cotton) Cotton is “King”

• James Watt invents 1st steam engine

• Robert Fulton invents the Clermont (steamship)

• John Deere invents Steel Plow

• Barbed Wire - patented by Joseph Glidden- changed fencing practices - open rangesdisappear

• Mechanical Reaper – invented by Cyrus McCormick, makes harvestingfaster &easier

Monroe Doctrine• Implies the U.S. has

exclusive rights to the Western Hemisphere

• Prevents colonization by any European power

Andrew Jackson• 7th President

• Champion of the common man

• Replaces over 2,000 gov. workers with his supporters (spoils system)

• Closes Bank of the U.S.

• Supports states taking over Indian land

• Indians are forced to move West - Trail of Tears

Plains IndiansSpanish introduce the

horse - has a huge impactAllows them to hunt

buffalo

Many tribes become nomadicDependent on

horses-hunting, fighting, & transportation

Territorial

Native Am. Reservations

Causes of Imperialism• Social Darwinism - survival

of the fittest• Religion-have the right

to go in(convert to Christianity)

• Need new markets for goods

Spanish-American War• Cubans revolt against the

Spanish• Yellow Journalism in U.S.

angers public (Pulitzer & Hearst)

• U.S. wants a war:- economic factors, a pro U.S. Cuba would be a new market

- military wants to show its power- humanitarian factors, help

the people of Cuba

• T. Roosevelt sends battleship

• USS Maine blows up• 260 Sailors killed

China• Europe & U.S.

interested in trade

• U.S. proposes Open Door Policy

Muckrakers

• Investigative journalists who exposed government and business corruption

• Ida Tarbell- exposed ruthless methods of Rockefeller

• Upton Sinclair- The Jungle exposed evils of the meat-packing industry

Election of 1912• Taft (Republican)• Wilson (Democrat)• Roosevelt• TR forms his own political

party (Progressive or Bull Moose party)

• Taft & TR split Republican votes

• Woodrow Wilson as a Democrat wins the election

Women’s Rights• Seneca Falls Convention -

1st in U.S.• Susan B. Anthony,

Elizabeth Cady Stanton, & Lucretia Mott – leaders

• 19th Amendment - vote

Causes of WWI

• Nationalism –devotion to one’s nation,desire to unifyinto one nation

• Imperialism - est. political or economic control overother countries

• Militarism – building up of the military for war, use force to settle problems

•Alliance system

•Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand

Wilson’s Peace Plan• The Fourteen Points -

attempt to eliminate future wars

• League of nations - world organization to preserve peace

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles• Germany disarmed &

stripped of its colonies

• Also paid reparations, admitted guilt, & agreed to allow France to occupy Rhineland.

• Germany disarmed & stripped of its colonies

• Also paid reparations, admitted guilt, & agreed to allow France to occupy Rhineland.

The Red Scare• Wave of anti-communist

panic swept US in 1919-20• Palmer Raids- bombings in

8 cities prompted a series of raids targeting Communist, Socialists, & Anarchists

Harlem Renaissance• Large African American

community developed in Harlem New York

• Harlem became famous in the 20s for actors, artists, musicians & writers (Langston Hughes)

• Marcus Garvey’s “Back to Africa” movement

Garvey MovementGarvey Movement

The Dust Bowl

•Years of drought in the Great Plains

•Strong winds created dust storms that filled the air

•Everything is covered with dust•Crops are ruined•Many farmers leave to search for a better life

The Bonus Army• WWI veterans march on

Washington to get bonus paid early

• Hoover orders Army to clear camps

• Tanks & tear gas were used to drive the veterans away

• The incident caused many Americans to regard Hoover as heartless & uncaring about the American people

Franklin Roosevelt• Elected President-1932

• Nation hopes he will end the depression

• Program called “New Deal”

• Fireside chats-used radio to explain the New Deal

• More than any other president, FDR expanded the size of the federal government & enlarged the powersof thepresidency

D-DAYD-DAY

• Operation Overlord

• Allied invasion of the Normandy Coast of France

• Victory for Allies• Began pushing

Germany back

Rosie the Riveter

• Representsthe Americanwomen whoworked in warfactoriesduringWWII

The Atomic Bomb• Am. scientists led by J.

Robert Oppenheimer developed the atomic bomb(ManhattanProject)

• On Aug. 6, 1945, the Enola Gay dropped Little Boy on Hiroshima

• Then Nagasaki

The End