Grains ain’t Grains

CRC for an Internationally Competitive Pork Industry


Value of knowing the quality of grains:

Targets for the Pork CRC

John BlackPork CRC subprogram 1b coordinator


Grainsain’t

Grains


Grains ain’t Grains

&It pays to knowthe difference


Premium Grains for Livestock Program

• Large project funded by GRDC & animal R&D Organisations (including APL) and Ridley Agriproducts

• Aim: to develop a rational basis for trading grains for livestock based on an understanding of why grains have different quality for different animal types and rapid measurement of that quality

• Over 3300 cereal grains collected with ~ 200 fed to animals (pigs, broilers, layers, sheep & cattle)


Energy value of grains for animalsEnergy value of grains for animals

Cereal grains are fed to livestock as a source of energy

– Available (digestible energy) content (MJ/kg)– Intake (kg/d) influenced by rate of passage

– Available energy intake (MJ/d) – total energy available for production

Available energy expressed as:DE for pigs, but proportion digested in small intestines is

important for determining total energy available


Grains ain’t Grains - 1Grains ain’t Grains - 1

Grains vary widely in DE

Range in DE (MJ/kg DM) for pigs

Wheat Barley Triticale Sorghum

12.4-15.0 10.6-14.7 12.3-16.5 15.5-16.6

Variation in DE 3-4 MJ/kg; less for sorghum

Sorghum has highest DE



Grains vary widely in DE

NIR predicted DE for pigs – Barley ABB

NIR predicted pig DE for Barley

10.5

11.0

11.5

12.0

12.5

13.0

13.5

14.0

1 71 141 211 281 351 421 491 561 631 701 771 841 911 981

Grain sample

Pig

DE

(M

J/kg

as

fed

)

2005-06 2004-05

Range11.8-13.5

1 MJ/kg worth $14-18/t


Grains ain’t Grains - 2Grains ain’t Grains - 2Grains vary widely in intake

Wheat cultivar DE (MJ/kg) Intake (g/d)

Currawong 14.96 a 389 a

Dollarbird 14.51 b 537 b

Rosella 14.49 b 551 b

Thriller 14.39 b 691 c

Lawson 14.87 ab 691 c

Cadogan et al 1999



No correlation between DE and intakeRelationship between DE and intake for pigs

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00

Digestible energy (MJ/kg DM)

Fee

d in

take

(kg

/d)

Wheat

Barley

Triticale

Sorghum

Different grain characteristics determine digestibility & intake



Pigs - Mean grain DE

12

13

14

15

16

17


Gra

in D

E (

MJ/

kg D

M)

Mean intake of 7 kg pigs

0.050

0.150

0.250

0.350


Inta

ke (

kg/d

)

Mean DE intake for 7 kg pigs

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.6

3.7

3.8

3.9


DE

inta

ke (M

J/d

)

No correlation between DE and intake



Individual grains best suited to different animal types

10.00

11.00

12.00

13.00

14.00

15.00

16.00

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Barley grain Number

Ava

ilab

le e

ner

gy

(MJ/

kg D

M)

Cattle

Pigs

Layers

broilers


Barley (20X) Wheat (20X)

Barley and Wheat micrographs



Individual grains best suited to different animal types

Wheat Sorghum

Pigs Broilers Pigs Broilers

Ileal DE 12.9 13.1 13.0 16.1

Faecal DE/AME 15.8 13.2 16.4 15.9

Ileal/faecal 0.84 0.99 0.85 1.01

• Pigs digest more energy from wheat in the hind-gut

• Broilers digest more energy from sorghum in small intestine (SI)

• Opportunity to increase digestion of sorghum in SI of pigs


Protein Matrix SorghumProtein Matrix Sorghum


Grains ain’t Grains - 5Grains ain’t Grains - 5Grains differ in effects of processing

Pigs - faecal digestible energy of the grain (MJ/kg)

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

1718

R

AW

1727

R

AW

1826

sc

reen

<2.

2mm

1826

sc

reen

>2.

2mm

3728

R

AW

3734

R

AW

7710

R

AW

7711

R

AW

9701

R

AW

9702

R

AW

Sample ID and info code

Fae

cal D

E o

f th

e g

rain

(M

J/kg

DM

)

Unprocessed

Extruded Ground

Extruded Whole

Wheat Barley Sorghum Rice

Need to understand reasons for differences


Can the energy value of Can the energy value of grains be measured grains be measured

rapidly?rapidly?

Yes!!

Using NIR calibrations


Predicting the energy value of grainsPredicting the energy value of grainsPGLP - NIR calibrations for DE

Grain Faecal DE (WHOLE - dm) in pigs

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

12 13 14 15 16 17 18

predicted Faecal DE (MJ/kg dm)

actu

al F

aec

al D

E (

MJ/

kg

dm

)

w heat

barley

triticale

sorghum

N 821-VR 0.775SECV 0.399SD 0.843


Research strategies for Pork Research strategies for Pork CRC sub program 1bCRC sub program 1b

1. Refine NIR calibrations for predicting the quality of grains for pigs (available energy content (MJ/kg) faecal & ileal, DE intake, growth and FCR)

• Cereal grains (wheat, barley, triticale & sorghum)

Use ileal, faecal digestion trials & separate intake and growth trials with young pigs

Grains selected from sub-program 1a & other sources; special attention to sorghum cultivars & performance compared with wheat


Research strategies for Pork Research strategies for Pork CRC sub program 1bCRC sub program 1b

2. Develop processing methods for improving the utilisation of feed ingredients by pigs

• Examine PGLP grains showing wide variation using a range of diagnostic tools (Microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, solid state NMR, X-ray diffraction, particle sizing, RVA, DCS, invitro amylase etc.)

• Use a laboratory model of pig digestion for screening grains and processing techniques

• Special attention to sorghum breaking γ-kafirin bonds (chemical, physical, enzymic, genetic enzyme production)

• Small scale processing & screening• Pig digestion trials• Commercial processing trials & commercialisation


Micrwaved sorghum


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Grains ain’t Grains

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