Grammar 101:A Space Odyssey

Cassandra Castillo- TapiaFrancisco Bravo Medical magnet H.S

“In space no one can spellcheck.”

Covering the Space Race, to the wonders of today

“ Grammatical Space Survivor Guide 101.” Copyright 2015 by Cassandra Castillo Tapia. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For information address Francisco Bravo Medical Magnet English Department., 1200 N. Cornwell Street, LA 90033.

First Edition

Designed by Cassandra Castillo Tapia

Castillo Tapia, Cassandra. Grammatical Space Survivor Guide 101/Cassandra Castillo. P.cm.

This book is for

All of the Brave souls who have participated in the creation of their very own grammar book and to those who seek to improve their grammar skills. I would also

like to dedicate this book to Jay Barbee one of the many space writers who dedicated their life to corresponding the space news about the NASA program to

NBC, “Live from Cape Canaveral.”

Acknowledgements

Mr. Rodriguez

Mrs. Ericksen

Emmanuel Icaza

Kelly Arciniega

Vicky Garcia Rachell Apolinar

Maria Tapia

The friends of the City Terrace Library

Science Advisors at NASA

The Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Jay Barbee and his mentions in the book “live from Cape Canaveral”

Contents

About the Author xi

One Parts of Speech 1

Two Phrases 21

Three Clauses 24

Four Sentence Paterns 31

Five Paragraphs 38

Six Essays 43

Seven Capitalizations 48

Eight Punctuation 51

Nine Commonly Confused Words 54

Ten Quizzes 58

Index 68

The Adventure Begins

Cassandra Castillo enjoys the wonders of astronomy and the possibilities that lay beyond what we know. As a lover of science she decided to begin diving into the world of Science and what it has to offer. Studying the lives of various Astronauts and NASA contributors she has learned how to view the beauty of what lies beyond. By creating this book, she hopes to inspire those who like her have struggled with the rules that grammar possesses. Even though many have struggled she hopes to aid

those in need of assistance in English and see an increase in the understanding of English.

Xi

One

Parts of Speech

1

“To some this may look like a sunset. But it’s a new dawn. “ - Chris Hadfield

I. NounsA. Types of Nouns

1. Common Nounsa. Black holeb. Observatoryc. Labd. Stare. Moon

2. Proper Nounsa. Jet Propulsion Laboratoryb. NASAc. Shuttle Challenger

3. Compound Nounsa. Earthboundb. Supernovac. Moonbeam

4. Concrete Nounsa. Computerb. Flaskc. Constellation Chart

5. Abstract Nounsa. Intelligenceb.

B. Noun Identifiers 1. Noun Endings

a. –nessi. Emptiness

b. –tudei. Latitude

c. –steri. Sinister

d. –tioni. Constellation

e. –menti. Displacement

f. –oryi. Observatory

g. –ismi. Parallelism

h. –ancei. –eerj. –istk. –ence

i. Prominence

2

l. –Hoodm. –ture:

i. Quadraturen. –ity:

i. Gravity2. Following a noun maker (NM)

PN N v a. These planets are nice.

ADJ Nb. The helium filled planets; Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus,

are ADJ V PREP.

interesting to learn about.

3. Plural Forma. Systemsb. Planetsc. Experimentsd. Scientist

4. Possessive Form N ADJ V

a. The planets gravitational force

N ADJ Vb. The scientist research methods.

N c. The systems black matter.

N Vd. The experiments results.

5. Following a Preposition

N V PREP. N PN V

a. The space shuttle was alongside the airport rail, which caused

V Nits launching failure.

N V ADV

b. The satellite outside the Earth’s atmosphere was not

V N LV PREP.withstanding the space junk that had been left behind.

3

C. Functions 1. Subject (comes before the verb)

N Va. Neil Armstrong was an astronaut.

N V ADJ Nb. Neil Armstrong was one of the few astronauts to

V ADV N PREP. N.travel aboard a space shuttle 3 times to space.

2. Direct Object (comes after the verb and answers what or whom)

N V N PN V Na. Arnold built the space shuttle that was flown by Neil.

N ADV V N PN Vb. Arnold cautiously built the space shuttle that was

flown

ADV Nnervously by Neil.

3. Indirect Object (answers to who or whom)

N V N PREP.a. The scientist offered a position to the USC graduate.

N ADV V Nb. The scientist cautiously offered a position to the USC

graduate

V V Nthat had received high honors in his astronomy class.

4. Adverbial Object (comes after the verb and answers when)

N V N a. The scientists fly satellites nighty.

N V V Vb. The scientist fly satellites nightly to not inform the

N PN N ADJPress if any mistakes are made.

4

5. Object of the Preposition

N V PREP Na. The space shuttle went to the center.

N V PREP N PREPb. The space shuttle went to the command center to

V Nrefuel on gas.

6. Subject Compliment

N V N PREP Na. John Wilkins is the leader at the board of directors.

N V N PREP NPREP

b. John Wilkins is the leader of the board of directors at

ADV V Nthe highly acclaimed Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

7. Objet Compliment

ADJ PREP N N V N a. Due to her scores, the directors named Diana beta.

ADJ PREP N Nb. Due to her scores and GPA, the board of directors

ADJ N Vdecided to name Diana second in command.

8. Appositives

N V Na. Angela, the hurricane, was formed by moon tides.

N V PREP Nb. Angela, the hurricane, was formed by moon tides

PN PREP ADJ Nwhich at times could be disturbed by stars

ADJgravitational pull.

9. Adjectival

5

N V V Na. Diana had high hopes to enter the room.

N V N V PNb. Diana had high hopes to initiate her career by

V Nentering the meeting room.

10. Noun in Direct Address

N ADV V PN ADV Va. Jonathan, where did you leave the recently found

N NInformation on Dark Matter?

N ADV PN ADV Vb. Jonathan, where did you leave the recently found

N ADJ N Ninformation on the vital research of Dark Matter?

11.Object of gerund(noun that follows a gerund)

N N ADJ PNa. Planning the liftoff made everyone at the

N ADV ADJlaunchpad extremely nervous.

N ADV ADJ N ADJb. Planning the extremely difficult liftoff made

PN N ADV ADJeveryone at the Launchpad extremely nervous

PN ADJ ADJbecause if something failed we would loose all our

ADJ hard work.

12. Object of the Participle(noun that follows a participle)

PREP N N PN a. After the shuttle liftoff, the students that were

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ADJ N ADJprivileged enough to witness it, were relieved and

V Nfilled with pride.

13.Object of the Infinitive (noun that follows an infinitive)

N V Va. The United States citizens wanted to win the space

N PREPrace against Russia.

II. Pronouns

A. Personal1. Nominative(subjects)

PN V N N PREPa. She realized that the Earth’s distance from the

N ADV NSun was approximately 2 light years.

2. Objective(objects)

PN V Na. He did not know that the universe had

ADV Napproximately trillions of billions of stars.

B. Relative

1. Objective

PN V PREP Na. To who was the Morse code from space sent to.

2. Possessive

N ADJ PREP PN Na. Sheryl informed about her grandfather whose

N V Vspacecraft had crash-landed on the small island

N

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of Hawaii.

C. Interrogative

PN V Na. Whoever initiated the Space Shuttle Program has

ADJ N N Vleft the mark in the intelligence now acquired by

Nhuman kind.

D. Reflexivea. When the action verb is directed toward the subject

of the construction:

PN V PN N PREP

i. She bought herself a video camera before

N V Nthe flight to capture footage of the

N Nmovement of the planets.

b. To intensify a point:

N PN ADJi. The flight attendant himself informed

PN N Neveryone that their flight to Mars would

V PN Ntake 4 more light-years.

E. Demonstrative N V ADJ N

a. Humans did not know that those extra terrestrials

Nwere calling Mars home.

N V N ADJb. I did not know that these Hydrogen bonds found

V Nin every star could cause a black hole to form if

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PN ADJenough energy is applied.

F. Indefinite

N V ADV Va. Nobody assumed that the only escape was by

V Nusing a wormhole.

PN V ADV Nb. Anything that moves beyond our atmosphere

V ADVwould eventually freeze.

III. VerbsA. How are verbs identified

1. Verb endinga. – s

i. Holes, shifts, poles, cometsb. – ed

i. Readc. – ing

i. Discovering, exploring, finding

2. Tensea. Simple Past

i. Researched b. Past

i. Researched c. Past Perfect

i. Had researched d. Past progressive

i. Was researchinge. Simple Present

i. Researchf. Present

i. Researchingg. Present Perfect

i. Will be researchingh. Present progressive

i. Researching i. Present Perfect progressive

i. Shall be researchingj. Future

i. Research

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k. Future Perfecti. Should be researching

3. Formsa. Forms of “to be”

i. Am faculaeii. Are faculaeiii. Is faculaeiv. Was faculaev. Were faculaevi. To be faculaevii. Been faculaeviii. Being faculae

b. Forms “to do”i. Do granulationii. Does granulationiii. Did granulationiv. Done granulationv. Doing granulation

c. Forms “to have”i. Have dark matterii. Had dark matteriii. Has dark matteriv. Having dark matter

4. Typesa. Auxiliary Verbs

i. Be, do, haveb. Linking Verbs

i. Is, are, was, were, been, andc. Lexical verbs

i. All verbs except lexical verbsd. Dynamic Verbs

i. Describe actions we take, or things that happen

e. Stative Verbsi. Express a state relating to emotions,

relationshipsf. Finititve verbs

i. Subject that can serve as a rootg. Nonfinitive verbs

i. Does not show distinction in tenseh. Regular Verbs

i. Refers to actions that occur in at a fixed timei. Irregular Verbs

i. Formation of the simple past and past participle

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5. Voicea. Active

i. The thing doing the action is subject of the sentence and the thing receiving the action is the object.

Subject V objectii. The professor teaches the astronauts.

b. Passivei. The thing receiving the action is the subject

of the sentence and the thing doing the action is near the end of the sentence.

Subject V Actionii. The students are taught by the professor.

6. Verbal’sa. Gerund: word ending in “ing” used as a noun

i. Exploring

b. Participle- word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective

i. Discoveringii. Finding

c. Infinitive- verb preceded by the word “to” used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs

i. To informii. To exploreiii. To find

IV. Adjectives

A. Adjectives modify, describe, limit, and identify nouns and pronouns

1. Kindsa. Demonstrative Adjectives

i. This, That, These, Thoseb. Interrogative

i. Where, What, Which, Whose c. Distributive Numeral Adjectives

i. Either, Neither, Each, Another, Otherd. Indefinite Adjectives

i. Some, Many, Few, Any, Several, Alle. Adjectives of Quantity

i. All, Half, Many, few, Little, No, Enough, Greatf. Adjectives of Quality

i. Honest, Kind, Large, Bulky, Beautiful, ugly

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2. Endings

a. –able/-ible i. Achievable, Capable, Illegible, Remarkable

b. –al i. Biographical, Functional, Integral, Logical

c. –fuli. Beautiful, Careful, Grateful, Harmful

d. –ici. Cubic, Manic, Rustic, Terrific

e. –ivei. Attractive, Dismissive, Inventive, Persuasive

f. –lessi. Breathless, Careless, Groundless, Restless

g. –ous i. Courageous, Dangerous, Disastrous,

Fabulous

3. Conversions

a. Most Words terminating in ics are singular nouns convertible to adjectives when an S is dropped

i. Basics-Basicii. Civics- civiciii. Electronics-electroniciv. Gymnastics- Gymnasticv. Specifics- Specific

4. Articles

a. These adjectives are used in front of most nouns. i. A, An, The

5. Comparatives/ Superlatives

a. Comparative and superlative adjectives are used to compare between people, places, or things

V. Adverbs

A. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs1. Endings

a. –lyi. Invisibly, infrequently, optimistically

b. –Wardsi. Afterwards

c. –Wisei. Clockwise

2. Conversions

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a. In order to form an adverb from a verb or adjective, you may add the ending -ly, or as with good, change it to the word well.

i. Astronomy---Astronomicallyii. Accretion---Accretionallyiii. Chasma ---Chasmily

3. Typesa. Manner

N Vi. The Space Agency answered the question

ADJAstronomically. (How did they answer?)

b. Time

N Vi. The Space Agency will respond to the New

York

ADJ VTimes reporter early in order to provide them with

Na preview. (When did they respond?)

c. Place

N ADJi. The Space Agency was sadly there in order

V PREP Nrespond to a question regarding the death of 2

Nastronauts. (Where were they?)

d. Degree

N ADV Vi. The Space Agency exceptionally responded

to

N ADJ Nthe complaint made by New York Times and the

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Nfamilies of the astronauts.

e. Frequency

N ADV Vi. The Space Agency frequently receives

N N complaints and lawsuits from the families who

ADJ Nsuppose there family members are dead. (how

often do they receive complaints?)

4. Intensifiersa. Examples: Strongly, intensely, finally

N ADV Vi. The Space Agency strongly suggested that

N N Vbefore filing any lawsuits, people should contact

Nthere agency representative to talk in further

depth.

N ADV V Nii. The Space Agency intensely modified their

rules

Vand regulations to make sure that all family

N ADJ Nmembers agreed and filed no further complaints.

5. Comparatives/ Superlativesa. What are these?

i. Comparative adverbs end in –er and are used to modify verbs.

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ii. Superlative adverbs end in –est and are used to modify verbs.

b. How are these used?i. Comparative verbs are used to show

comparison between two things.

N V ADJ N Sputnik was fast but Challenger was

faster.

N V ADJ N The rover left early but the satellite

left earlier.

ii. Superlative adverbs are used to show comparison between three of more things to show something to the highest degree.

N V ADJN V

Sputnik and challenger were fast but Endeavor was

the fastest.

N V N The rover and satellite left early but the

spaceship left

the earliest.

VI. Conjunctions

A. Coordinating: Coordinating conjunctions combine two sentences, which have similar meanings. Examples of these include: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

N ADJ V Va. We were supposed to launch but it rained.

N ADJ V N N

b. We were programed to launch the shuttle but while we

V N Vprepared it began to rain so we delayed the launch.

B. Correlative : either/or; neither/nor; not only/but also; both/and; whether/or; as/also

15

N V Va. Either we launched the shuttle tomorrow or we waited

6

more moths.

N V N Vb. Because the launch was delayed, either we launched

the

Vshuttle tomorrow or we waited another 6 more months.

C. Subordinate: after, though as, as if, as long as, as thought, because, in order that, whereas

N V Va. The engineers would not leave home as long as the

fight

did not take of.

N N Vb. The engineers, as long as the launch was delayed,

would

V N PREPnot leave the central offices until they figured out how to

fix this mistake.

D. Relative Pronouns: who, which, that

N PN V Na. The flight, which was delayed, took 7 hours.

N PN V

b. The launch of the shuttle, which had been delayed for 7

Nhours, finally took of.

VII. Prepositions

A. Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence

N V

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a. With in 20 years, when the space race began, mankind

PN ADJ Nbegan working along with various brilliant scientists

ADV Vbecause of the desire to successfully launch across space

PN Na spacecraft, which would set up communication with

Nany “outside” beings.

Nb. In behalf of the president of the NASA near Cape

ADV VCanaveral, there was a mission set off in order to capture

Nthe first images of the spacecraft Sputnik prior to their

Vlaunch in spite of the great troubles that the cameramen

ADJwould face upon crossing over to private property.

V N c. Despite troubles faced by the International Space

Station,

V NSatellites being set up underneath Neptune’s obituary

V ADVsystem have allowed with means of extreme pressure to

ADJcreate an exemplary creation.

VII. Interjections Aah, ack, agreed, ah, aha, ahem, alas, all right, amen, argh, as if,

aw ay, aye, bah, blast, boo hoo, bother, boy, brr, by golly, bye, cheerio, cheers, chin up, come on, crikey, curses, dear me, doggone, drat, duh, easy does it, eek, egads, er, exactly, fair enough, fiddle-dee-dee,

17

fiddlesticks, fie, foo, fooey, gadzooks, gah, gangway, g'day, gee, gee whiz, geez, gesundheit, get lost, get outta here, go on, good, good golly, good job, gosh, gracious, great, grr, gulp, ha, ha-ha, hah, hallelujah, harrumph, haw, hee, here, hey, hmm, ho hum, hoo, hooray, hot dog, how, huh, hum, humbug, hurray, huzza, I say, ick, is it, ixnay, jeez, just kidding, just a sec, just wondering, kapish, la, la-di-dah, lo, look, look here, long time, lordy, man, meh, mmm, most certainly, my, my my, my word, nah, naw, never, no, no can do, nooo, not, no thanks, no way, nuts, oh, oho, oh-oh, oh no, okay, okey-dokey, om, oof, ooh, oopsey, over, oy, oyez, peace, pff, pew, phew, pish posh, psst, ptui, quite, rah, rats, ready, right, right on, roger, roger that, rumble, say, see ya, shame, shh, shoo, shucks, sigh, sleep tight, snap, sorry, sssh, sup, ta, ta-da, ta ta, take that, tally ho, tch, thanks, there, there there, time out, toodles, touché, tsk, tsk-tsk, tut, tut-tut, ugh, uh, uh-oh, um, ur, urgh, very nice, very well, voila, vroom, wah, well, well done, well, well, what, whatever, whee, when, whoa, whoo, whoopee, whoops, whoopsey, whew, why, word, wow, wuzzup, ya, yea, yeah, yech, yikes, yippee, yo, yoo-hoo, you bet, you don't say, you know, yow, yum, yummy, zap, zounds, zowie, zzz.

N ADJ N V1. Everyone said wee when the shuttle passed the speed of

Vsound, which made them feel um a bit cheer.

N ADJ V2. The astronauts agreed that it was very nice to clean the

trash

that was well a bit you know whoo!VIII. Antecedents

B. A substantive word, phrase, or clause whose denotation is reffered to by a pronoun

N V1. Claudia saw Manny and called to him.

N V 2. Claudia saw Manny and called to him in despair because

only he

ADJknew the formula to complete the lab.

IX. ComplementsA. Something that completes or goes well with something as in a

noun and a verb (includes a matching adjective).N

1. The Earth is 150 million kilometers from the Sun.X. Objects

A. The object can be anything as in a word or phrase but it should

18

directly follow the verb.N V

1. You gave them no Warning.

N V PN N2. You gave them no warning that the surface temperature

would ADJ V

change gradually as they traveled to the center of the hurricane.

XI. ModifiersA. Can be removed without affecting the grammar of the sentence,

functions as an adjective or an adverb to describe a word.N V

N1. This a synthetic energy quantum ball which will power

the station in V

order to conserve more energy.XII. Transitions

A. Transitions can connect paragraphs and unify writing by linking ideas

B. The following is a list of commonly used transitions…

19

N v1. Overall, the Management System has increased the

amount of V N

copper and aluminum parts that will be used in future missions by

Vsectors, this will lead to significant research advancements.

XIII. ExpletivesA. A word or phrase that is considered to be offensive

1. Damn it!2. I’ll show you!

XIV. AgreementsA. Subject- Verb agreement: the subject and verb must agree in

number, both need to be singular or both need to be plural. V V

1. I don’t understand the purpose of testing the results on fake plastic humans, why not use them already?

20

Two

Phrases

21

I. Phrases- are groups of words that function as a part of speechA. Prepositional: A group of words that begins with a preposition and

ends with a noun, and is used as an adjective or adverb.

N N ADV V1. Dr. Richey of the space agency was kindly greeted aboard the

new mars Nrover.

N ADJ N ADV2. Dr. Richey the most brilliant doctor at Yale was kindly greeted

aboard the

new Mars Rover.

B. Appositive: A group of words that include all the words or phrases that modify an appositive.

N V N1. Simon Real, a new internee, played on a computer although he

was V Nindicated to work on the safety guidelines.

2. Simon Real, a new internee at the agency, doodled around on the

computer although he was indicated to work on the safety guidelines for

the rover.

C. Verbal: A group of words that begin with a verbal and ends with a noun.1. Gerund: word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as a noun.

N V N

The first day or so we all pointed out our countries. The third or fourth day we were pointing our continents. By the fifth day we were aware of only one Earth.”

-Sultan Bin Salman

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a) Fighting while in a mission causes a malfunction in the spaceships engine.

2. Participle: word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective.

ADJ V PN Na. The young internee was condensing the new lab material,

which

would be used during the flight. ADJ N V PN

b. The young internee was condensing the new concealer for the

spaceship, which would be used during the flight of the rover.

3. Infinitive: verb preceding by the word “to”(to go, to jump) used as a noun, adjective, or adverbs.

4.ADJ N ADV V

a. The young annoying internee was thoroughly contemplating to ask the

professor for advice.

ADJ N ADV Vb. The young bothersome internee was thoroughly

contemplating to ask

Dr. Richey, the professor for advice.

Three

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Clauses

“For those who have seen the Earth from space, and for the hundreds and perhaps thousands more who will, the experience most certainly changes your perspective. The

24

things that we share in our world are far more valuable than those which divide us”

- Donald E. Williams

I. Clauses- are groups of words with a subject and a verb.A. Independent –CAN stand alone as a complete sentence, known as a

simple sentence pattern.

N V N ADJa. The NASA requires internees to pursue a bright future.

b. The NASA demands that internees pursue a bright future, so they work really hard.

B. Subordinate (Dependent)- CANNOT stand alone as a complete sentence and MUST begin with a SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION.1. Noun Clause: used as the noun in a sentence and may function as

a subject, a predicate noun, a direct object, an object of a preposition, an indirect object, or an appositive.

ADV V Na. Where it landed gravely impacted the way in which the

spacecraft was

damaged. [Subject]

ADV V ADJb. Generously inform whoever passes that I will be out due to an

Nemergency. [Indirect Object]

ADJ ADV Vc. That the internee was frustrated was extremely noticeable.

[Subject]

ADV Vd. The mechanical engineer carefully grabbed what was left of the

V Ndamaged left wing of the spacecraft. [Direct Object]

ADV V N N

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e. Patiently restoring the spacecraft is what the mechanical engineer

Vdespites the most. [Predicate noun]

V ADV CONJf. Replace the left wing quickly whenever you find a matching

piece.

N V Ng. Your willingness that you will pass the space mission test has

not been V

increasing.

2. Adjective Clause: used to modify a noun n an independent clause.a. Some adjective clauses begin with an introductory word.

N N ADV V

i. That is the space shuttle where the astronauts will calmly travel for

four months.

ADV V Vii. That is the newly improved space shuttle where the

graduating N V N

astronauts will calmly travel for four months.b. Some adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns:

3. Adverb Clause: Used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in an independent clause, introduced by a subordinating conjunction and used to indicate time, place, cause purpose, result, condition, and/or concession.a. Modifying Verbs:

i. Place:

ADV V ADVADJ

They sadly removed the plaster where everyone was able

to get some.

ADJ V ADV V

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They unfortunately removed the already made plaster

ADV PNwhere everyone was able to get some.

ii. Time:

N ADJ PN V When the shuttle departed, everyone began taking

Npictures.

ADJ V N PN When the freshly painted shuttle departed,

everyone

N began talking selfies with the shuttle.

iii. Purpose:

ADV N We sadly left the departure sight because we were

being loud.

ADV V N We unfortunately had to leave the landing location

ADJbecause we were being extremely noisy.

iv. Condition:N V

The United States secretary announced as if she were the PNmost important person in the room.

ADJ N V The busy United States secretary announced

about the

N ADJshuttle as if she were even more important than a “junk of

metal”.

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b. Modifying Adjectives:a) How Much:

N PN The space mission took four times more as long it

had to

be.

ADJ N ADJ The complicated space mission took four times

longer than

Vit was programed to be

b) To what extent:

N ADJN

The space mission was as boring as the lab we had two weeks

ago.

V ADJ The un-programmed space mission was as boring as

the lab we

Vhad two weeks ago.

c. Modifying adverbs:

i. Condition:

N ADJ The internee began working lazier than the other

internees

typically did.

N ADJ The arrogant internee began working lazier than

the other

internees typically did.

4. Relative Clauses: Dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun.

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N V N

a. The internee who started last will be kicked out of the space program.

N V Nb. The new internee who started last will be kicked out of the

space

Vprogram, which would have allowed for him to prosper.

5. Elliptical Clauses: Adverb clauses in which part of the clause is omitted.

N Va. When walking, the internee was confronted.

N V Nb. When walking, his chemistry class colleagues confronted the

internee.

6. Essential Clauses: Clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence.

N Va. The student that most caused problems to the professor is

obviously the

new internee.ADJ N V

b. The mechanics student that was mostly causing problems to the

N ADV ADJ Nprofessor was obviously the new internee.

7. Nonessential Clauses: clauses that are NOT necessary to the meaning of the sentence.

N VADJ

a. The space residency program, which is ending in 2 months, is finally

Nbeginning to work.

ADJ V N Vb. The newly created residency program, which is ending in 2

months, is

29

Nfinally beginning to work.

Four

30

Sentence Patterns

“ There are billions of places there that we know nothing bout. The fact that we know nothing about them excites me, and I want to go out and find about them. And that’s what science is”

-Brian Cox

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I. Sentence Patterns

A. Simple Sentences1. A sentence that is just one independent clause

a. The rockets red glare.

b. The voyager’s rockets luminous red glare.B. Compound Sentences

1. A sentence with multiple independent clauses, but no dependent clauses.

N V ADJa. Eratosthenes, was thought to be the second-best however, he

was not.

N V ADJ ADJb. Eratosthenes was said to have been second best in everything,

although

ADV Nhe did accurately predict the circumference of the planet and that the

earth was truly not flat.

C. Complex Sentences1. A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent

clause

N V Na. The left wing burned but not the right wing.

N ADJ ADV Nb. Even though the left wing burned completely, the right

wing did

not.

D. Complex-compound Sentence1. A sentence with multiple independent clauses and at least one

dependent clause.

N V N ADVa. The astronauts nervousness and the commanders

excitement

Vtriggered a strong feeling.

N V N

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b. The astronauts tremendous nervousness and the commanders

VN

excitement triggered a strong feeling of hope and also despair

amongst the crowd.E. Loose sentence

1. A sentence that contains an independent clause plus a subordinate construction (either a clause or phrase).

N Va. After the launch, his palms were sweating, his heart was

racing, his

eyes full of fear.

N N V b. After the launch of the rocket, his palms were sweating,

his heart

was racing, and his eyes were full of fear that displaced the

confidence that he thought was within.F. Periodic Sentence

1. A sentence in which the independent clause is given at the end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense.

N Va. His palms were sweating, his heart was racing, his eyes

full of fear,

all after the launch.N V

b. His palms were sweating, his heart was racing, his eyes full of fear,

but also desperation, all after the launch of the rocket.

G. Balanced Sentence: 1. A sentence where phrases or clauses parallel; each other by virtue of

heir likeness of structure, meaning, or length.

N Va. While large black holes have a strong pull, and small

black holes

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Nhave small pull, therefore a medium black hole must have a

medium pull.

ADJ N Bb. While large black holes have a strong gravitational pull,

and a

small black hole have a weak gravitational pull, therefore a

Nmedium black hole must have a medium gravitational pull.

H. Parallel Structure: 1. A sentence using the same pattern or words to show that two or more

words or ideas are of equal importance and to help the reader comprehend what is being written.

Na. Jay Barbee likes to hike, attend soccer games, and take

his dog for a walk.

N v N V b. Jay Barbee likes to hike mount Sierra, attend galaxy

soccer V ADJ

games, and take his dog fluffy for a nice evening walk.

I. Chiasmus: 1. A sentence that includes a repetition of ideas (words, phrases, or

clauses) in inverted (reversed) order.N ADJ N

a. The rockets red glare was illuminating like the red glare N

of a rocket.

N PN V Nb. The rockets red glare was illuminating the morning of

N PN Ncape Canaveral like the red glare of a rocket in Fourth Nof July.

J. Asyndeton1. A sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words, phrases, or

clauses for a rhetorical purpose. N V N

a. Without looking, without making a sound, or without

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Ntalking, you could feel the atmosphere.

N V Nb. Without looking, without making a sound, or without

V ADJtalking, you could feel the tense atmosphere as the

shuttle passes the atmospheric pressure.K. Polysyndeton:

1. A sentence that uses multiple conjunctions in close proximity to each other between words, phrases, or clauses for s rhetorical purpose.

a. Everyone liked the rocket and the rover and the

astronaut

b. Everyone found inside the NASA department liked the

rocket and the rover and the astronaut.L. Anaphora:

1. A sentence that features the purposeful repetition of a word, words, or a phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in order to place emphasis or draw attention.

a. The Astronaut was tired of space, tired of not being

home, tired of not seeing his kids, and tired of eating

potatoes.

b. The newly inscribed astronaut was tired of space, tired

of not being home, tired or not seeing his kids, and tired

of eating.M. Epistrophe:

1. A sentence featuring several phrases or causes ending with the same word or words.

a. If the universe was made for us, then what isn’t made for us?

b. If the entire universe was made for us, then what would

be considered not made for us?II. Sentence Errors

1. Run-On/Ramblinga. Sentences that are incorrectly joined.

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i. The astronaut took his exams today he’s leaving to

NASA tomorrow.

ii. The new astronaut took his final exams toady; he’s

leaving to NASA tomorrow.2. Fused

A. When the shuttle exploded he swore to fix the wing before

exploding to change the world.

B. He swore to change the world when he said he was going to fix

the wing just before it exploded. 3. Fragment

A. Because he left his phone.

B. No communication was available for 5 hours because he left his

phone in the command center.4. Misplaced Modifier

A. On her way home, the astronaut fount cold cereal watch.

B. On her way home from eating cold cereal, the astronaut found her lost i-watch.

5. Double Negative

A. The tour of the NASA command center was not uninteresting.

B. The tour of the NASA command center was extremely interesting even after seeing radioactive material.

6. Comma Splice

A. I, almost am, done with, engineering project past five, at the center.

B. I almost am done with my engineering project even though it is past five and I am in the center.

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Five

Paragraphs

37

“ All civilizations become either spacefaring or extinct”

-Carl Sagan

I. Introductory Paragraphs (introductions)A. Hook (lead)

a. Anecdotal-brief story to set the mood and introduce the Topici. When Carl Sagan was a young boy. He always wondered what the glittering lights of the night sky were. One day he decided to ask as was responded to by his father who said that they were stars. From that day on, he had been fascinated with the wonders of the universe and came to the conclusion that we are made up of star stuff. A simple question began his quest on the mysteries of the universe.

b. Query Based- Question that brings the reader to the topic

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i. Does the universe truly decide what will become of our lives in the future or does it give us a guide on how to improve our daily lives?B. Thesis Statement- the purpose of a piece of writing-usually

one sentence in length-and something that is arguablea. Assertion : claim

i. The cosmos is a vast location in which carbon

plays a central role.

b. Fact : empirically verifiable

i. All living things on our planet and the universe are made up

of organic molecules- complex architecture to which

carbon makes up the central role.c. Opinion : personal position on a topic

i. Extra-terrestrial life does exist because we are all made up of carbon based molecules.

d. Belief : social, religious, or political in nature-an opinion held by many to be a fact, though it is not necessarily

i. The Government knows that there is a possibility of extra-terrestrial life.

e. Generalization : uses absolute or statistical pronouns: all, always, every, never, none, most, half

i. Everybody knows that the carbon molecule is central to our life and everything around us.

f. Document Based: cites a specific source and its position on a topic

i. In Cosmos, Carl Sagan states that life on earth has a

common organic chemistry and that we have a common

evolutionary heritage tying back to the claim that we are

composed of organic carbon molecules.

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g. Theory : a statement that can be tested and potentially proven

i. Organism’s biological structure can change as the

reproductive system evolves and mutations occur.II. Body Paragraphs

A. Topic Sentences: indicate the topic of the paragraph and focuses on a certain subject and area of evidence or support.

a. In addition to Carbon being central to our life, the Cambrian explosion also led to the biodiversity, which we have to this day.

B. Evidence From Quotations : should never be used as individual sentences-quotes should be embedded within sentences

a) Scientist at NASA agrees that “Before the Cambrian explosion species seem to have succeeded one another rather slowly” (Sagan 23).

b) “Before the Cambrian explosion species seem to have succeeded one another rather slowly” as agreed by many NASA Scientist (Sagan 23).

c) Thankfully, “Before the Cambrian explosion species seem to have succeeded one another rather slowly,” as agreed by many NASA Scientist (Sagan 23).

d) Thankfully, “Before the Cambrian [massive] explosion species seem to have succeeded one another rather slowly,” as agreed by many NASA Scientist (Sagan 23).

e) Thankfully, “Before [,] species seemed to have succeed [ed] on another slow [ly], as agreed by many NASA Scientist (Sagan 23).

C. Paraphrase : rewording a quote into other words of the same length without quotation marks, but still citing the source.

i. The Cambrian explosion changed the way species evolved and adapted (Sagan 23).

D. Summary: condensing larger quotes or sections

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i. The Cambrian explosion changed species (Sagan 23).

E. Abstract Examples: hypothetical, “What if” examples

i. We would have never existed if the Cambrian explosion had happened (Sagan 23)

F. Concrete Example: actual reference-able examples

i. As the university of Florida discovered, after the Cambrian e-explosion mammals began to appear and so did the richness of biodiversity on planet Earth.

G. Closing Sentences : must end the discussion of the topic within the Paragraph

i. Clearly the Cambrian explosion was a decisive moment in the development of the species that we can find today throughout the world.

III. Closing Paragraphs- should not be the mere summaries of the previous paragraphs of your essay.

A. Statements of Extension: extending the thesis statement using the consequences of disregarding the implications of the thesis- could be one or more sentences.

a) Inevitably, without the Cambrian explosion, the human race would have not evolved with its curiosity and richness it has today.

B. Final sentence: connects to the hook.

a) Due to the biodiversity and topography changes made to the earth after the Cambrian period, we can conclude that this event aided the development of resources and environments that we have today, some which make this planet quite unique.

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Six

Essays

42

“ The Columbia is lost; there are no survivors”-George W. Bush

I. Types A. Persuasive

a. The Persuasive essay or argumentative essay, utilizes logic and reason to show that an idea is valid more than another. This essay tries to persuade a reader to accept an ideal and to take a certain point of view.

i. In order for this argument to me made clear and convincing, facts, reasons, and examples should be given in order to male an argument clear.

ii. To make an effective argument some tips would be knowing your information well, understand the opposite viewpoint, and supporting your evidence.

B. Expositorya. The purpose of the expository essay is to inform and

explain a topic in a logic and straightforward manner. i. Definition or Description

The definition essay explains what a certain topic or ideal means. This is often used in the English language to interpret the meaning of a symbol such as an ibis in the book titled The Scarlet Ibis. This also allows for the writer to further describe a viewpoint or characteristic that were vaguely addressed thought a topic.

ii. Process/How-to

The process essay explains further in depth the steps needed in order to accomplish a certain state. These essays help the reader view the beginning and finished product.

iii. Compare and Contrast

The comparison essay allows for the exposure of different opinions and ideas. This essay allows for the showing of the most important similarities and differences that could evolve form the question being asked. This essay can be more freely answered because you can

43

easier choose the similarities or differences between a certain topics.

iv. Cause and effect

The purpose of the Cause and Effect essay is to show the consequences of something and the reasoning behind why this happened. This essay is concerned on why things happen and what happened as a result, this is the most common method of discussing ideas.

C. Analytical/Criticala. The purpose of a Analytical/Critical essay is to evaluate an idea based on a particular text given. This essay allows the author to give their own understanding and knowledge of a particular subject in order to display their own ideas.i. Evaluative- The evaluative essay helps present an

opinion using evidence in order to demonstrate the quality of an item. These essays are often used for products, business, place, service, or programs. Although the evaluative essay does come across some opinions, the essay should not have a bias therefore it should include more criteria and evidence rather than judgment.

ii. Interpretive-The interpretive essay asks you to read and write your certain understanding of a text. This essay uses evidence of a passage or text in order to answer the question provided.

D. Narrative

a. The Narrative essay tells a story and is often told from a defined point of view, which is often the authors view. Narrative essays rely upon personal experiences, often in the form of story using a technique to include all the elements of storytelling. This means that the essay will include details in order to support the story and further explain. This is often seen in personal or anecdotal essays, which are explained in a story telling basis in order to illustrate the facts and occasions going on in that occasion.

E. Research

a. The research essay is a product of research, critical thinking, source evaluation, organization, and composition. This essay requires dedication and investigation of a source to draw on what others have to say about a topic

i. MLA Format- The MLA format is used to build credibility and to prevent plagiarism of papers. The MLA format should be double spaced, 12pt legible font, and spacing after periods or punctuation marks and should have 1-inch margins. The MLA format should

44

also include a header that numbers all pages on the upper righty

ii. APA Format- The APA research paper should include a running head, a short tittle, which should be no longer than 50 characters, double spaced, 12pt Times New Roman font, and an abstract paper which would be a summary of the most important points of the paper.

F. Timeda. Document Based Question (DBQ)

h. The document-based question was formatted to evaluate your ability to practice what you have learned and how to use documents in order to answer a question. The DBQ has no wrong or right answer it is only the interpretation you hold about the documents.

b. Prompt Based

i. Prompt based essays are formatted in order to test your writing, reasoning, and analytical skills. These essays can be commonly seen in English and literature classes and entrance exams such as the SAT and ACT.

II. Strategies/ Planning Tips/Steps A. Pre-written/Prompt Analysis/Outlining

a. Persuasivei. In order to write a persuasive essay you should

try to convince a reader about ideas that may be stated by an opposing view. You should try to be aware of biases that should be held by the reader. To write your essay, five main things would be choosing a position, understand the audience, research, and identify the evidence that would help convince.

b. Expositoryi. With this type of essay you should address the

main purpose and be as descriptive as possible. With the how-to essay the steps should include very descriptive steps and types of materials in order for the correct product to be achieved.

c. Analytical/Criticali. This type of essay may at times be centered

around opinions however the essay should not have a bias therefore it should include more criteria and evidence rather than judgment.

d. Narrative i. When writing a narrative essay try including as

much as many as possible examples and details

45

which can allure your audience with the descriptions made about the story being told. You should also be aware of the audience to which this is being written.

e. Researchi. In order to write a research paper you should

first of all choose a topic and make a list in order to see the points that should be made.

f. Timedi. In order to complete a timed writing in the most

efficient manner, it is recommended to organize thoughts using the basic organization of an essay. You should also try to understand what the prompt is asking in order to make it easier to answer a question

B. Research/Evaluation of sources III. Works Cited Page

A. MLA Format

i. The MLA format is the most commonly used in order to help readers to find easily find the sources used to create the information in an essay. The works cited page would be the location in which this information is placed. In order to create a citation you must first write the author’s name, secondly the page number if a book or where this is referenced from lastly the location of where this is found.

B. APA Formati. In order to reference a document in an APA

essay, you should first of all include the authors name in the order they appear in the page which you found it in, next you should include the tittle and finally the day accessed.

Seven

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Capitalizations

“ The deeper the journey into space. The further the possibilities in outer space.”

-Curtis Tyronne Jones

47

I. Capitalization is used to indicate that a Word is being used for a specific purpose.

A. Capitalizing the first Word of a sentence and the pronoun I in any location.

1. The dark matter found surrounding a black hole might have caused the planet Jupiter to have a big red spot, which now causes huge dust storms.

B. Capitalizing the first Word in a quotation

1. As Carl Sagan once said, “We are all made of star stuff,” this really impacted the way we viewed our lives in the years in which he lived.

C. Capitalizing the first Word all titles and nouns in the salutation of a letter and first Word in the complementary close.

1. Dear John,I am writing to you to inform that in the past year the crew and I have not been able to find any new information about the atmosphere of Neptune. This may also have to wait because we are running low on food supplies that could cause us to return to Earth. The crew and I are sorry to inform this.

SincerelyElizabeth

D. Capitalize the names of the week and nouns in the salutation of a letter and the first Word in the complimentary close.

1. On Monday the new shuttle will be launched in order to promote more funding for the company.

E. Capitalize the first, last, and all other important words in the tittles of written works and their contents, Works of art and music, and movies.

1. The TV series Cosmos caused great revolution among conservatist who did not believe in external beings.

F. Capitalizing nouns and abbreviations referring to parts of a written work only when the reference is followed by a number

G. Capitalizing words referring to the deity of a specific religion

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1. The Buddha was worshiped by one of the recent internees that joined the program designing a rover.

H. Capitalizing the names of people and words associated with the name

1. Carl Sagan impressed the world with his books that questioned what was known about the world.

I. Capitalize tittles

1. The new show Cosmos: A Space Time Odyssey impressed many who did not believe it was possible to remake this.

J. Capitalizing the specific names of regions, organizations, buildings, Works of engineering, and state abbreviations

1. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory at times conducts various researches in order to promote health in science to schools because this career does not have many interested in this career.

K. Capitalizing words based on nationalities or historical background

1. The Ancient Egyptians passion for exploring influenced the early explorations that led to science we have today.

Eight

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Punctuation

“ One of NASA’s oldest dreams was to build a permanent space station. It would, in some minds, be the beginning of an orbiting space city, a gravitational free outpost where earthlings could

50

multiply, raise families, live longer, and produce the stud and foods needed for self sufficiency in orbit.”

- Jay Barbree

I. PeriodsA. Place a period at the end of a statement and also use a period at

the end of an imperative sentence that does not express strong emotion.

i. We went to the launching at Cape Canaveral to witness history of NASA in the making.

ii. Please be quiet the presentation is about to begin.

II. CommasA. A comma should be used to separate words and phrases in a

series

i. The Mars rover has solar energy panels, dirt analyzers, and wind panels to control what energy can be used.

III. SemicolonA. A semicolon is used when a conjunction is omitted. This

punctuation indicates a greater degree of separation than a comma would.

ii. The trail followed by the rover was steep and rocky; the wind was a savage.

IV. ColonA. A colon is used to start a list or to formally introduce a

statement.

i. There are three types of matter: dark matter, solar matter, and

particle matter.V. Quotation marks

A. Quotation marks are used around a direct quotation.

i. In the book Cosmos, Carl Sagan said, “Carbon is the basic yet most

complex particle”.VI. Apostrophe

A. An apostrophe is used to form contractions or to show possessions.

i. It’s too late for Alexander’s Project to be displayed in the top lists of

51

the TIME magazine therefore we have lost hope and we cannot

win the JPL prize. VII. EM Dash

A. An em dash is used to set off intensifying or explanatory parts of a sentence.

i. The most famous space shuttles-Voyager, Challenger, and

Endeavor- history may be seen in the California Science Center’s

exhibit before entering to view the actual shuttle Endeavor.

VIII. Question Mark A. A question mark is used after all interrogative sentence

i. Wait, since when have the researchers been working on the satellite programed to be launched on December 2020?

ii. Have any of you seen the nuclear reactor, I think it may be heating up and this could cause ?

IX. Exclamation Point A. An exclamation point is used after an exclamatory sentence or

one, which expresses deep surprise and feelings.

i. The Shuttle looks great!

ii. Wow, this new shuttle looks amazing, how did you guys do it!

Nine

52

Commonly Confused Words

“Since, in the long run, every planetary society will be endangered by impacts from space. Every surviving civilization is obliged to become spacefaring – not

53

because of exploratory or romantic zeal, but for the most practical reason imaginable: staying alive.”

- Carl Sagan

I. Who/WhomA. Who- (subject pronoun) what or which persona or persons

1. Who did you invite to the launching on May 18, 19998?B. Whom- (object pronoun) what or which

1. To whom did you address the letter concerning the launching at Cape Canaveral?

II. Their/There/They’re

A. Their- of, belonging to, made by, or done by them

1. They were proud of their work

B. There- that place or point

1. Just place that piece of copper over there

C. They’re-contraction of they +are1. They’re going out to dinner tonight

III. Lie/LayA. Lie- to recline

1. I had to lie down in order to think about the problems being faced at the research center.

B. Lay- to put down

1. They lay down the worker who had suffered a heart attack while in such stressful conditions.

IV. Laid/LainA. Laid-past tense of lie

1. I had laid down in order to think about the problems being faced at the research center.

B. Lain- past tense of lay

1. They had lain down the worker who had suffered a heart attack while in such stressful conditions.

V. Affect/EffectA. Affect- to have an effect on; influence; produce a change in

54

1. The death of the 7 astronauts affected the NASA crew.

B. Effect- anything brought about by a cause or agent; result

1. The new speed limit law had little effect o how fast the new internee arrived

VI. C/W/Should have vs. C/W/Should ofA. Should have- past perfect tense of the verb should

1. I should have gone to the laboratory instead of headquarters.

B. Should of-incorrect use of the phrase should have1. I should of gone to the laboratory instead of headquarters.

VII. Loath/LoatheA. Loath- unwillingly

1. I am loath to spend time with my boss who demands everything be his way.

B. Loathe- to dislike greatly

1. I loathed him and the way he reacted when i said that the research would take 2 days more.

VIII. Infer/ implyA. Infer- to deduce

1. In the middle of the day I inferred that we would not have a lunch break.

B. Imply- to hint, express something indirectly

1. He implied that tomorrow would be the day in which we had to include the copper heads to the rover.

IX. Weary/WaryA. Weary- physically or mentally fatigued

1. The citizens of Pasadena were weary of any harm that could be done to the JPL.

B. Wary- to be on guard against something, or to be watchful

1. The nighttime guards were wary of any movement because the shuttle could be messed with which would cause a malfunction.

X. Proceed/PrecedeA. Proceed-to go on forward

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1. In order to not remain trapped in the dense atmosphere of Mars we had to proceed to find the flag marking where the gasoline was.

B. Precede- to go before

1. The carbon atmosphere of Mars preceded the atmosphere that is found today.

XI. Discrete/DiscreetA. Discrete-distinct from one another

1. The 45-INR and the 46-DNR were so discrete that no one could imagine that they were made at the same time.

B. Discreet- cautious, reserved

1. We had to combine discrete characteristics in order to assure that no harm would be caused when the rover landed on Mars.

XII. Conscience/ConsciousA. Conscience-awareness of morality in regard to ones behavior

1. My conscience told me not to ask for more money that the actual used to create the copper heads.

B. Conscious- to be aware

1. I made a conscious decision not to attend the event that introduced the rover to the outside world.

XIII. Can/MayA. Can- physical or mental ability

1. Can I attend the ceremony even though I caused harm to the company?

B. May- permission or authorization

1. May I attend the ceremony even though I caused harm to the company?

Ten

56

Quizzes

Just a few, Not all sections

Quiz Section 1

1. What are the types of nounsa. ______b. ______c. ______d. ______e. ______

2. True/False: The Subject comes before the Subject

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________3. What is the function of an Appositive?

A. Describe the noun following itB. Answer to who or to whomC. Comes after the verb and answers whenD. Renames nouns, separated by commas

4. Is the following sentence an interrogative sentence?Whoever initiated the Space Shuttle Program has left the mark in the intelligence now acquired by human kind.

A. YesB. No

5. What is an infinitive verb?A. Word ending in “ing’ or ”ed” used as an adjectiveB. Word ending in “ing” used as anounC. Verb preceded by the word “to” used as noun, adjective, or

adverb

6. Types of verbs?A. 9B. 12C. 99999D. 1E. I DON’T KNOWF. DON’T ASK ME

Quiz Section 2

1. What would be considered the prepositional phrase in the following sentence?Dr. Chang of the mechanics department was horrible greeted along the new class of 2020.

A. Dr. Chang of the mechanics department was horribly greeted along the new class of 2020.

B. Dr. Chang of the mechanics department was horribly greeted along the new class of 2020.

58

C. Dr. Chang of the mechanics department was horribly greeted along the new class of 2020.

D. Dr. Chang of the mechanics department was horribly greeted along the new class of 2020.

E. None of the Above.2. What would be a prepositional phrase?

A. Words gathered as a whole.B. Words ending in “ing” or “ed”. C. A group of words beginning with a verbal and

ends with a noun.D. A group of words that begins with a preposition

and ends with a noun.E. An Adverb.

3. What does an Appositive begin with?A. A verb B. Words in a phrase.C. The letter “a”D. A statementE. None of the above

4. How are Gerunds used?A. An AdjectiveB. A nounC. A phraseD. A verbE. A prepositional phrase.

5. Which of the following words can be used to begin a gerund?

A. FightingB. PlayingC. YawningD. Mapping E. All of the above.

6. True or False: A participle is a word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective.

A. TrueB. False

7. Which sentence has a participle?A. The young internee was condensing the new

concealer for the spaceship, which would be used during the flight of the rover.

B. The young internee was kindly condensing the new concealer for the spaceship that would be used during the flight of the rover.

8. Which of the following would be considered an infinitive verbal?

A. To fly

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B. Can fly C. Will flyD. To goE. Both A. and D.

9. Define the infinitive verbal.A. Word ending in “ing” used as a noun.B. Word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an

adjective.C. Verbal preceded by the word” to” used as a

noun, adjective, or adverb.10. You can use a Gerund and a participle verbal in the

same sentence. A. TrueB. FalseC. Depends on the type of sentence.

Section 3

1. Which is an example of how NOT to use an independent clause in a sentence?

A. The Universe is big.B. I am like the speed of light.C. The NASA is a program.D. None of the above.

2. What is a subordinate clause?3. In which ways can a noun clause be used?4. What are Adverb clauses used for?

A. Modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbsB. Indicate the gerundC. Sentence-part within the clause

Answer Key:1. B 4. B 7. A 10. B2. D 5. E 8. A3. C 6. A 9. C

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D. Complete a fill in the blank quiz.5. What can adverb clauses indicate?

A. Time, placeB. Cause, purposeC. Result, conditionD. ConcessionE. All of the above

6. True or false: part of the clause is omitted with an elliptical clause.A. TrueB. False

7. Clauses that are NOT essential to the meaning of the sentence are?A. Relative ClausesB. Elliptical ClausesC. Essential ClausesD. Non-Essential ClausesE. All of the above

8. Fill in the blank: Relative clauses are dependent clauses that begin with a _____________

9. Modify adverbs can begin with…A. WhoB. Where, when, how, as, an, becauseC. WhatD. None of the above

10. Can a nonessential clause also be an elliptical clause?A. TrueB. False

Section 4

Section 4

1. Which of the following is an example of a simple sentence?

A. Eratosthenes was said to have been second best in everything, although he did accurately predict the

circumference of the planet and that the earth was truly not flat.

B. A wooden stick would tell us the closest accurate time when placed at the rocky surface of

1. D2. A clause, which cannot stand alone as a complete sentence and must begin with a subordinate

clause.3. Subject, predicate noun, direct object, indirect object, appositive4. A 5. E. 6. A. 7. D. 8. Relative pronoun 9. B 10. B

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Mars because just as the Earth it is round like in its shape.

C. Neil Armstrong and his campaign set up an organization to help young students who have a passion for the fields of science, technology, and mathematics.

D. None of the Above2. What is found in a

compound subject sentence?A. A predicateB. Only one nounC. More than one noun and

a pronoun D. Words

3. Which of the following is the predicate in the sentence?People around the world watched the thrilling two-hour landing of Endeavor, a spacecraft that provided the human kind with valuable information.A. Underlined lineB. Double underlined lineC. Dashed line

4. What must a predicate sentence include?A. Action taken by subjectB. Many pronounsC. The predicateD. None of the Above

5. In order to form a complete sentence, what is needed?A. a subject and a predicateB. a subjectC. a predicateD. a noun, subject, and a

predicate6. How many types of

sentences are there?A. 2

B. 3C. 4D. 5

7. What is the purpose of a declarative sentence?A. QuestionB. Explain C. CommandD. Shout/yell

8. What is the purpose of the exclamatory sentence?A. QuestionB. ExplainC. CommandD. Shout/Yell

9. The following sentence is an example of what type of sentence

In order to successfully launch the Mars I-20 Rover, you must first place the rover inside the spacecraft in order for no damage to be found.

A. DeclarativeB. InterrogativeC. ImperativeD. Exclamatory

10. What punctuation mark is needed in order to make an imperative sentence?

A. periodB. Question markc. exclamation ma

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Sentence Patterns

1. What is a Compound sentence?A. A sentence containing many phrases ending with the same word or words.B. A sentence with multiple independent clauses but no dependent clause.C. Many sentencesD. A Non- simple sentence

2. What must a simple sentence include?A. A subject and a predicateB. A nounC. Two clauseD. Something simple

3. Can the following sentence be turned into a compound sentence?Eratosthenes was thought to be the second-best, however he was not. A. YesB. No

4. True or False: A complex sentence is a sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause?A. TrueB. False

5. What must a loose sentence include?A. An independent clause and a subordinate conjunctionB. One ore more nounsC. A predicateD. An independent clause

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Section 51. Which of the following sentences would serve as a hook?

A. Science is amazing.B. Carl Sagan is a scientist.C. The planets cannot determine our lives.D. Since when have the planets determined our lives

2. How many types of thesis statement were mentioned?A. 5B. 10C. 7D. 3

3. True of False: the Brief thesis statement is an opinion held by many to be a fact, though it is not necessary

A. TrueB. False

4. Which of the following is the correct definition for a topic sentence?A. An ending sentenceB. A sentence that explains C. The thesis statementD. The main idea, or topic of the paragraph

5. What is the purpose of a summary?A. To explainB. Condense a larger section of textC. To show the main ideaD. None of the Above

6. What must a closing sentence include?A. An adverb that should echo the thesisB. A noun to identify the subjectC. An adjective to describe your ideasD. Something, its not mentioned above

7. Which of the following is a closing statement?A. It was a dark and stormy nightB. It all began with calamityC. Today is TuesdayD. They all lived happily ever after

8. What does a final sentence do?A. Connects to the hookB. Introduces a subjectC. Parties D. Validates the essay

9. True or false: the statements of extension extend the thesis statement using the consequences of disregarding the implications of the thesis.

A. TrueB. False

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Index

Works Cited

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“carl Sagan Would Love SpaceX’s Grasshopper.” TreeHugger.N.p.,n.d.Web.02 Dec.2015.

Barbree, Jay. “Live from Cape Canaveral” Covering the Space Race, From Sputnick to Today. New York: Smithsonian, 2007. Print.

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