TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Nationalities
2. Stem changers3. Para4. Adjectives5. Object Pronoun Placement6. DOP7. IOP8. Ser vs. estar9. -isimo10. Verbs like gustar11. Affirmatives and negative words12. Pero vs. sino13. DOP/IOP/Se14. Reflexive verbs15. Tu commands, aff. and neg.16. Adverbios17. Modal verbs18. Past participles as adjectives
19. Preterite
NATIONALITIES
País Nacionalidad
México Mexicano
Guatemala Guatemalteco
Honduras Hondureño
El Salvador Salvadoreño
Nicaragua Nicaragüense
Costa Rica Costarricense
Panamá Panameño
Cuba Cubano
Republica dominicana Dominicano
Puerto Rico Puertorriqueño
Venezuela Venezolano
País Nacionalidad
Perú Peruano
Paraguay Paraguayo
Bolivia Boliviano
Chile Chileno
Argentina Argentino
Uruguay Uruguayo
España Español
Guinea
ecuatorial
Guineano
Ecuador Ecuatoriano
Colombia Colombiano
STEM CHANGING VERBS
O-ue verbs
Ex. poder
puedo podemos
puedes podeis
puede pueden
E-I verbs
Ex. peder
pido pidemos
pides pidéis
pide piden
PARA
Physical location
Most often used for
Recipients
Deadlines
Goals
Ex. Viajo por Santiago mañana.
Ex. La Flora es por Kara
Ex. Necesita la presentación por jueves.
Ex. Trabaja mucho por ganar mas dinero.
ADJECTIVES
Nouns ending in a vowel +s
El lago los lagos
Nouns ending in a consanant + es
El arbol los arboles
Nouns ending in z -ces
El lapiz los lapices
If adj. ends in a e +s
If adj ends in a consanant +es
If adj is referred to a nationality it must match
BUT
las muchachas inglesas
Los muchachos ingleses.
PRONOUN PLACEMENT
• Attatch the pronoun to the infinitive
• Voy a comerlo
• 2. Attatch the pn to a progressive
• Estoy comiendolo
• attatch the prn to an affirmative command
• !Comolo!
• Place the pn b4 a conjugated verb
• Lo voy a comer
DOP
• Put before the verb or attached to an affirmative
command or a present progressive verb.
• The object the verb is doing
• Ex. Miro la tele La miro
Me Nos
Te Os
Lo/la Los/las
IOP
• Put before the DOP and the verb
• Tells to whom or for whom the verb is
talking about
• Ex. Doy el lápiz a Spencer. Le doy
el lápiz.
Me Nos
Te Os
Le Les
SER VS ESTAR
Ser Estar
• Identify people To be • Physical States/Conditions
• Used with de to show possession
• Emotional states
• Occupation• Nationalities• What something is made
of• Date• Where/ when an event
takes place• General observations• Mala= bad
• Location/ spatial relationships
• Health• Weather expressions• Ongoing expressions• Variable or changing
characteristics.• Mala= sick
Soy Somos Estoy Estamos
Eres Soís Estas Estaís
Es Son Esta Estan
-ISIMO
-isimo is used to express extremes.
Ex.-
Rico Riquísimo
Feliz Felicísimo
Largo larguísimo
*** g gu
cqu
zc
VERBS LIKE GUSTAR
• Usually used with an infinitive
• Use pronoun before verb to show subject
• Ex. Me gustan los aviones
• “me” is not the subject, “los aviones” are.
Verb conjugates depending on the REAL
subject not the object in front.
• Ex. Me gustas tú.
AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE WORDS
• Used to talk about indefinite situations or things.
• Positive
• Algo- something
• Alguien- someone
• Alguno- any
• Negative
• Nada- nothing
• Nadie- no one
• Ninguno- none
PERO VS. SINO
• Pero- using but when not negating the first idea
• Ex. No soy español pero hablo bien la lengua.
• Sino- saying two negating things.
• Ex. No voy a estudiar español sino matemáticas.
• Sino que- used the same as sino but with two
conjugated verbs.
• Ex. No vas al cine sino que come con sus padres.
DOP/IOP/SE
• When using both an IOP and DOP in
third person form, use “se” instead of
“le” (the IOP)
• Doy la regalo a Spencer Se la doy.
REFLEXIVE VERBS
• Conjugate the verb
• Add the correct pronoun before the conjugated
verb
• Ex.- dormirse
Me duermo Nos dormimos
Te duermas Os dormís
Se duerme Se duermen
TÚ COMMANDS
Affirmative tú commands-
• Change the tú form to third person form
• Ex.– ¡comes! ¡come!
Negative tú commands-
• Put into yo form
• Change to opposite vowel
• Add s
• Ex. Comes !No Comas!
ADVERBIOS
• Pick an adjective
• Add mente
• *if it ends in a vowel change it to an a and then add mente• Lento lentamente
• Fácil fácilmente
• *When there are two adjectives are being used as adverbs only use mentefor the second adjective.• Corro fácil y rápidamente.
MODAL VERBS
• Always used with an infinitive
• Ex. No puedo nadar
• Desear- to need
• Poder- to be able to
• Querer- to want to
• Deber- should
• Soler- to be accustomed to
• Tener que- to have to do something
• Ir+a- to go to do something
PAST PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES
•Past participles can be used as
adjectives
• They are usually used with estar
•Ex- La puerta está cerrado.
• The door is closed.