By: Courtney Fallin

GRAMMAR BOOK

GRAMMAR BOOK

TABLE OF CONTENTS1. Nacionalidades

2. Stem Changing Verbs

3. para4. Indirect Object Pronouns

5. Pronoun Placement

6. Gustar

7. Affirmative and Negative Words

8. Superlatives

9. reflexives

10. affirmative tu commands + irregulars + pronoun placement

11. negative tu command + irregulars + pronoun placement

12. sequencing events

13. Preterite

14. Trigger words

15. –car –gar –zar

16. Deber + Infinitive

17. Modal Verbs

18. Present progressives

19. adverbs

STEM CHANGERS

PARA• Rules:

- to indicate destination

- to show the use or purpose of a thing

- to mean "in order to" or "for the purpose of“

- to indicate a recipient

- to express a deadline or specific time

- to express a contrast from what is expected

IOP• Me, nos

• Te, os

• Te, les

They tell for whom and to whom.

A + name, noun, or pronoun.

GUSTAR• MEANS TO LIKE!

A mi becomes me gusta

A ti becomes te gusta

A ud. Becomes le gusta

A nosotros becomes nos gusta

A ellas becomes les gusta

AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE WORDS

Negative:• Nada• Nadie• Ninguin• Nunca• Tampoco

Affirmative:-Algo-Alguien-Algun-Siempre-tambien

SUPERLATIVES• muy + adjective

sumamente + adjectiveadjective + ísimo (-a, -os, -as)

• definite article + noun + más (menos) + adjective + de

• Ex:

Malo- malisimo

- c,g, or z changes to qu, gu, or c.

Ex: rico- riquisimo

REFLEXIVES• Me lavo

• Te lavas

• Se lave

• nos lavamos

• os lavais

• se lava

-es is attatched to the verb

Ex: Lavarse

Position:In front of conjugated verbAttached to gerundAttached to infinitiveAttached to affirmative command

AFFIRMITIVE TU COMMANDS + IRREGULAR + PRONOUN PLACEMENTS

DiHazVePonSalSeTenVen

Examples:-Habla-Come

NEGATVIE TU COMMANDS + IRREGULAR + PRONOUN PLACEMENTS• Vayas

• Hagas

• Seas

• Tengas

• Vengas

SEQUENCING EVENTS• Primero- First

• Entonces- Then

• Luego/ Desues- Later/After

• Por fin- Finally

• Antes de- Before

• Desues de- After

• Los lunes- days

PRETERITE: PAST TENSE

AR:- é- aste- ó- amos- aron

ER/IR:- í - iste- ió- imos- ieron

TRIGGER WORDS

• Un dia• Una vez• Ayer• A noche• Hace un olfo• Ya• El mes pasando• Anteayer• Por una hora• Por fin

• A las ocho• El cinco de febrero• A veces• Mientras• Cabo dia• A menudo• Muchar veces• Todos los dias• Siempre• De vez un cuando• frequelmente

-CAR -GAR -ZAR

Comenzar-comence-comenzaste-comenzo-comenzamos-comenzaron

Jugar-jugue-jugaste-jugo-jugamos-jugaron

Tocar-Toque-Tocaste-Toco-Tocamos-tocaron

DEBER + INFINITIVE

Deber: Should/ ought to• Yo

• Tu

• Ella/ ello/ usted

• Nosotros

• Ellos/ ellas/ ustedes

• debo• Debes• Debe• Debemos• deben

MODAL VERBS• When verbs are used in this type of combination, the second verb is not conjugated and

is left in the infinitive form.

• Deber- should

• Desear- to desire

• Necisitar- to need

• Poder- to be able to

• Querer- to want

• Saber- to know

• Soler- used to

PRESENT PROGRESSIVES

• ER/ IR changes to -iendo or -yendo.• AR changes to –ando• If there are three vowels the ending is

yendo.

LOS ADVERBIOS

• -o or –a: you add mente.

• When two adverbs are present, you drop the mente on the first one and keep it on the second one.

• -e, -l, or –z: you add mente