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Grammar book dos

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Grammar Book Dos Kipa Keith
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Grammar Book DosKipa Keith

Table of Contents• Imperfect

• Preterite

• Car/gar/ zar

• Spock

• Cucaracha

• Snake/snakey

• Model Verbs

• Adverbs

• Progressive- present/past

• Future (+Irregular and conditional)

• Superlatives

• Formal commands

• Prepositions

• Demonstratives

Imperfect Verb Forms

aba ábamos

abas abais

aba aban

ía íamos

ías íais

ía ían

Uses:Ongoing action (was/were)Repeated action (used to)No definite beginning or endTime/date/age/feeling/descriptionsInterrupted activity (cuando)

Imperfect Irregulares

Ir Ser Ver

Yo iba era veía

Tú ibas eras veías

El, Ella, Ud. iba era veía

Nosotros íbamos éramos veíamos

Vosotros ibais erais veíais

Ellos, Ellas, Uds. iban eran veían

Preterite

• Past tense verb

• “Snapshot” back in time

• The action has a beginning and an ending

• It is a completed actionar er/ir

é í

aste iste

amos imos

aron ieron

qué camos

caste

có caron

gué gamos

gaste

gó garon

cé zamos

zaste

zó zaron

-gar

-car -zar

Spock

hacer

hice

hiciste

hizo

hicimos

hicieron

Ir o ser

fui

fuiste

fue

fuiemos

fuerondar o ver

i

iste

io

imos

ieron

CucarachaAndar

Estar

Poder

Poner

Querer

Saber

Tener

Venir

Decir

Traer

Conducir

Producir

Traducir

Anduv-

Estuv-

Pud-

Pus-

Quis-

Sup-

Tuv-

Vin-

Dij-

Traj-

Conduj-

Produj-

Traduj-

eisteoimosisteisieronDrop i ->

Snake/Snakey:

Preterite Verbs with a Y Spelling Change

SnakeStem Changers*Dormir>Dormí>Dormiste>Durmió>Dormimos>Dumieron

SnakeyY Changers*Leer>Leí>Leiste>Leyó>Leimos>Leyeron

To write the third person (singular and plural) preterite form of –er and –ir verbs with stems that end in a vowel, change the I to y.

Modal Verbs

*conjugate and pair the modal verb with an infinitive to get a new meaning.

• Ir+a+infinitive (going to do something)

• Poder+infinitive (are able to do something)

• Querer+infinitive (want to do something)

• Deber+infinitive (should do something)

• Tenerque+infinitive (to have to do something)

• Soler+infinitive (to be accustomed)

Los Adverbios

• -mente adverbs: when 2 adverbs modify the same verb, only the 2nd one uses the –menteending, but the other still has to go feminine.

• e ->e

• o -> a

• Constant -> constant

• Ex: Juan trabajalentaycuidadosamente.

Progressive tense

• Estar + -ando / -iendo / -yendo

• Present Progressive formed by combining “to be” with the present participle:

Estoyhablando a ti. Estanleyendo un libro.

• Past Participle is an ongoing action:

Estabahablando a ti. Estabanleyendo un libro.

uture

• Infinitive +

“will”

éásáemosán

Los irregulares

Decir DirHacerHarPonerPondrSalirSaldrTenerTendrValerVendrPoderPodrQuererQuerrSaber Sabr

ending

éásáemosán

ConditionalMeans would, could, must have, or probably.

Infinitive +

íaíasíaíamosíaisían

Superlatives

•Used to say that something has the most or least of a certain quality

más…quemenos…que

El másLos másLa másLas más

El menosLos menosLa menosLas menos

Jose es el chicomás alto.Jose is the tallest boy.

Maria es la menosalta.Maria is the least tall.

Formal commands

Usted(es) affirmative

• Put in “yo” form.

• Drop the –o ending

• Change opposite vowel.

• Ex: -ar verbs:-e (Ud.), -en (Uds.)

• -er and -ir verbs:-a (Ud.), -an (Uds.)

Usted(es) negative

• Same as affirmative

• Add “no” in front.

Irregulars: TVDISHES

Prepositions

• Abajo

• Arriba

• Debajo de

• Dentro de

• Encima de

• Fuerada

• Below

• Above

• Below

• Inside

• On top of

• Outside

DemonstrativesAgree in number and gender with the noun they modify

Come in front of the noun they modify

Singular

Este/ esta –this (aqui)

Ese/ esa –that (alli)

Aquel/ aquella –that over there (alla)

Plural

Estos/ estas –these (aqui)

Esos/ esas –those (alli)

Aquellos/ aquellas –those over there (alla)


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