Grammar Book #2Anita Sherry

1st period

Table of Contents (2nd semester)> Conditional + irregulars> Perfect Tenseso Presento Pasto Present perfect irregularso Subjunctive perfect>tanto y tan> Impersonal ‘se’> Saber vs. Conocer> Los Mandatos> Informal/Formalo Affirmativeo Negativeo Irregularo DOP + IOP placement> Nosotros commando -mono verbs> Subjunctive + irregularso Trigger phrases □ Impersonal expressions □ Expressions of emotion □ Conjunctions of time> Demonstrative Adjectives + Pronouns

Conditional Tense• Used to make a request or for probability• Conditional = English “would”• NOT for past tense

-ía

-ías

-ías -ían

-íaís

-íamos

Conditional Irregulars• Hacer

• Saber

• Tener

• Habría

• Sabría

• Tendría

Example: Si pudiera vivir nuevamentemi vida… En la proxima trataría de

cometer más errores

Perfect Tenses

PresentFormed by combining “has/have” with past participle. Haber he, has, ha, hemos, habéis, hanExample: He comido. ( I have eaten.)

PastFormed by combining “had” with past participle.Haber Había, habías, había, habíamos, habíais, habían. Example: Había

vivido. ( I have lived. )

FutureFormed by combining “haber” with past participle.Haber Habré, habrás, habrá, habremos, habréis, habránExample: Habré escrito el libro antes de escuela.

SubjunctiveFormed by combining

present subjunctive with past participleHaberHaya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayais, hayan

Tan

Adj. and adv.

Tan…comoAs..as

Tanto

Nouns and verbs

As much as

Tanto…como

Tan y Tanto

Impersonal “se” Forming

Verbs are always 3rd person singular and commonly followed by a direct object

Se + 3rd person singular

When is it used?* Impersonal se is used when the subject of a sentence is not specified but it IS human

ExamplesSe habla espanol aqui.

Se prohibe fumar.

No se permite fotos aqui.

SaberSaber is used with to know “how” information

For example, “Yo sé jugar las cartas.”

Conocer

Sé, sabes, sabe, supe, supiste, supo

For example, “Yo conozco a el.”

Saber vs. Conocer

Conocer is used to refer to people, places, literature…

Conozco, conoces, conoce, conocemos, conocen

Usted Commands“yo” form drop O add opp. ending

Ustedes Commands“yo” form drop O add opp./plural

ending

IrregularsGO to GA (Present tense irregular “yo”

verbs)

Formal Commands

-ar verbs (e) and –er verbs (a)

-ar verbs (en) and –er verbs (an)

Affirmative vs. Negative Commands

Affirmative Tu

3rd person verb (-a) or

(-e)Example:

Hablar- Habla

Negative Tu“yo” form

drop O add opp. Ending

Example: Hablar-Hables

DOP Placement

Affirmative commands

DOP goes at the end

Example: Cómpralas

Negative CommandsDOP in front

of commandExample:

No las compres

Nosotros Commands

How

•Yo form of the verb in present tense

•Drop O and add opposite ending

Example

•Hablar: HablEMOS

•Comer: ComAMOS

Monos

•Drop final “s” with reflexive verbs

•Non-example: HableMOSNOS

•Example: HableMONOS

Objectivity Subjectivity

Certainty Possibility

Facts Hypothetical

Indicative SubjunctiveSubjunctive: attitudes towards events or actions, uncertain, hypothetical

Indicative mood: facts, real, definite

Add opposite ending

Drop the ending of the

verb

Start with the infinitive/ “yo”

form of the verb

Dar• “To give”• Dé, des, dé, demos, deis, den

Estar• “To be”• Esté, estés, esté, estemos, estéis, estén

Haber• “To have”• Haya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayáis, hayan

Ir• “To go” • Vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayáis, vayan

Saber• “To know”• Sepa, sepas, sepa, sepamos, sepáis, sepan

Ser

• “To be” • Sea, seas, sea, seamos, seáis, sean

How to introduce the subjunctive:• Because there must be some uncertainty to use the

subjunctive, a dependent clause will introduce it.

es necesario que ...It’s necessary That…

es imposible que ...It’s impossible That…

es importante que ...It’s important That…

Expressions of Emotion

Ojala que…

I hope/wish that…

Esperar que…

To wait that…Alegrarse de…

To be happy that…

Conjunctions of Time

Despues de que…

After…

Cuando…

When…Así que…

As soon as…

Demonstrative Adjectives*Used to point at something

Typesplural masculine estos (these) esos (those)

aquellos (those)

plural feminine estas (those) esas (that)

aquellas (those)

Typessingular feminine

esta (these) esa (that)

aquella (that)

ese (that) aquel (that)