Grammar BookBy: Tommy Humphrey

Table of Contents

Nationalities Pg. 1 Affirmative and negative Pg. 11

Stem-Changing Verbs Pg. 2 Pero vs. sino Pg. 12

Para Pg. 3 DOP/IOP/SE Pg. 13

Adjectives Pg. 4 Refelxive Verbs Pg. 14

Object Pronoun Placement Pg. 5 Tú commands (aff., neg., irr.) Pg. 15

DOP Pg. 6 Adverbs (-mente) Pg. 16

IOP Pg. 7 Deber + Modal Verbs Pg. 17

Ser & Estar Pg. 8 Past Participles as Adjectives Pg. 18

-ísimo(a), and g/c/z Pg. 9 Preterite Pg. 19

Verbs like gustar Pg. 10 Progressive Tense Pg. 20

Nationalities

Country Nationality CapitalMexico Mexicano(a) Mexico, D.F.

Guatemala Guatemalteco(a) Guatemala

El Salvador Salvadoreño(a) San Salvador

Honduras Hondureño(a) Tegucigalpa

Nicaragua Nicaragüense(a) Managua

Costa Rica Costarricense(a) San Jose

Panama Panameño(a) Panama

Colombia Colombiano(a) Bogota

Venezuela Venezolano(a) Caracas

Ecuador Ecuatoriano(a) Quito

Peru Peruano(a) Lima

Bolivia Boliviano(a) La Paz (Sucre)

Chile Chileno(a) Santiago

Paraguay Paraguayo(a) Asuncion

Argentina Argentino(a) Buenos Aires

Uruguay Uruguayo(a) Montevideo

Cuba Cubano Havana

Dominican Republic Dominicano Santo Domingo

Stem-Changing Verbs

• Stem changing verbs change irregurarly except for nostros and vosotros form. Can be i-ie, u-ue, e-i, or o-ue.

Jugar (u-ue)

Juego Jugamos

Juegas Jugáis

Juega Juegan Nice Boot!

Para

• Para is used to refer to purpose, as to explain why something is being done. It can be used to explain purpose or explain who something is being done for.

• Ex: Compro unas papas fritas por mi hermano.

(I’m buying french fries for my brother.)

Adjectives

• Adjectives in spanish are used just like adjectives in english, describing a noun in a sentence.

• Adjectives usually come after a noun in a sentence.• Most adjectives have different endings when applying to male/female

people or things.• Male: ends in –o• Female: ends in –a

• Some adjectives do not change for males, instead adding an –a to the end of them. (ex: trabajador, trabajadora)

• Adjectives that end in –e do not change at all for males and females. (ex: interesante)

Object Pronoun Placement

• Object pronouns, unlike in English, are placed before a conjugated verb in Spanish. That’s all, folks.

DOP

• DOP’s or Direct Object Pronouns in Spanish are used before a verb in a sentence to tell what is being done by the verb. (to what or whom)• Ex: Mi hermano cepilla sus dientes.

Mi hermano los cepilla.

IOP

• IOP’s or Indirect Object Pronouns in Spanish tell for whom something is being done. (for what or whom)• Ex: Yo doy a mis primeros.

Yo les doy.

Ser & Estar

Ser- to be

• Identifies people and things• Used with de to express position• Also expresses origin• Shows profession or occupation

Estar- to be

Ser- to be

soy somos

eres sois

es son

• Expresses condition or emotion• Location of people, places, things• Estar + adjective• Estar de buen/mal humor

Estar- to be

Estoy Estamos

Estas Estais

esta Estan

-ísimo(a), and g/c/z

• -ísimo is used to express superlatives in Spanish. Most adjectives can be made superlative by adding –ísimo. Others can be irregular, needing a g, c, or even z to satisfy their superlative needs.• Ex: blanco blanquísimo, largo larguísimo, feliz felicísimo

• Also:

Verbs like gustar

• Gustar and verbs like it are used in association with IOP’s to describe what something is to a person. Verbs like gustar always are conjugated based off of the the thing that is being liked, etc.• Gusto mi taco. NO• Me gusta mi taco. YEEEEESSSS

Affirmative and negative

• Affirmative and negative words are used to describe existence/ nonexistence.• In Spanish, double negatives are used with negative words, unlike in English.• Ex: No quiero nada.

Pero v. sino

• Pero is used when two verbs are being used to describe the same subject.• Quiero comprar una mesa, pero no tengo dinero o una casa.

I want to buy a table, but I don’t have money or a house…

• Sino is used when two complex adjectives are used to describe a subject.• Estoy trabajador sino muy perezoso.

I am a worker but very lazy.

DOP/IOP/SE

• Using DOP’s and IOP’s together isn’t as complicated as you think. Simply remember this order: subject IOP DOP verb• Ex: Mi abuela compra unas floras a mí.

Mi abluela me las compra.

• Always use se when combining IOP’s that are in Ud./Uds. form.• Ex: Mi abuela da un regalo a mis hermanos.

les

Mi abuela se lo da.

Reflexive Verbs

• Reflexive verbs are used to describe the actions of one’s self, or someone doing something intransitive, rather only applying to themselves.

• Can be conjugated to apply to specific individuals or be used as a gerund (ex: Antes de lavarse, me lavo la cara).

Tú commands (aff., neg., irr.)

AffirmativeRegular

• Take tú form and drop “s”.

Ex: nadar nadas nadas

Irregular

Di - decir

Haz- hacer

Ve- ir/ver

Pon- poner

Sal- salir

Se- ser

Ten- tener

Ven- venir

NegativeRegular

• Take yo form, change ar e and er/ir a; add “s”

Ex: nadar nado nade nades

Irregular

Tener- Tengas

Venir- Vengas

Decir- Digas

Ir- Vayas

Salir- Salgas

Hacer- Hagas

Estar- Estés

Saber- Secas

Adverbs (-mente)

• add -mente to the feminine singular form of an adjective• When two adverbs modify same word, only the second one has -mente

ending.

Deber + Modal Verbs

• Modal verbs in Spanish are much like helping verbs in English. They are used to assist in the indication of modality- likelihood, ability, obligation, etc.

• Deber + infinitive: Debo jugar más deportes. (I should play more sports.)

Deber- should, ought to

debo debemos

debes debéis

debe deben

Past Participles as Adjectives

• *Drop –ar ending and add –ado• *Drop –er or –ir ending and add –ido

• Ex:La puerta está cerrada.

-The door is closed.

El restaurante está abierto.

-The restaurant is open.

Preterite

• A definite time in the past• Has a beginning and/or ending• Las expressionas para el uso (trigger words)• Ayer, Anoche, El año pasado, la semana, pasada, ante ayer

-er/ir verbs

-í -imos

-iste --

-ió -ieron

-ar verbs

-é -amos

-aste --

-ó -aron

Progressive Tense

• The present progressive is only used to describe an action that is in the process of taking place.

• *Estar + -ando/-iendo/-yendo• It is not used for future actions.

-ar -Ir(verb) -ir/er