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Grammar Class - VIModal verbs and punctuation
Bruno Otilio
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From last class: Nouns and Pronouns
Chair Desk
Airplane Water tank They are going to return theirs too.
Bruno is going to return his book Proper noun Possessive adjective
Subject pronoun Possessive pronoun
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Modal verbs are used to express likelihood, ability, permission and obligation. These verbs also show the speaker’s
attitude and its intensity.
Modals
1: They don't use an 's' for the third person singular. 2: They make questions by inversion ('she can go' becomes 'can she go?'). 3: They are followed directly by the infinitive of another verb (without ‘to'). 4: Modal verbs cannot be used with another modal verbs.
These group of verbs have an unique pattern:
http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/modal-verbs.html
can could may might will
would must shall should had better
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Ability • My grandfather could play golf very well.
Obligation and Advice • You should stop smoking.
Permission • Could I leave early today, please?
Habits • When I lived in Italy, we would often eat in the restaurant next to my flat.
(Will and Would)
(Can and Could)
http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/modal-verbs.html
5 Source: Betty S. Azar
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Being polite
Subject I*
*The subject ‘I’ is always written in capital letters. It does not matter whether it starts a
clause or it is in the middle.
- May I borrow your cellphone? - Could I sit here? - Can I borrow your pen?
Subject we- Would you pass the paper? - Will you pass the salt? - Can you open the door? - Could you open the window?
Grammar tip!!!May is used only with I or
we in polite requests.
The word May is also used to indicate the fifth month of the year!!!
7 Source: Betty S. Azar
8 Source: Betty S. Azar
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How can we show degrees?
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Would and used to; when to use?
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30 Source: Betty S. Azar
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Semi-modal verbs:
How dare you?
Ought to Need
Used to Dare
Did you remember the modal verbs patter, which was cited previously?
They have no to-infinitive form nor -ing form Past form / -ed Modal verbs do not change form for tense or person
Semi-modal because in some ways they are formed like modal verbs and
other acts as a main verbs.
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Semi-modal verbs:
DareHe doesn’t dare (to) go there. (ordinary verb)
Dare anyone go there? (semi-modal verb)
Doesn’t he dare (to) go there? (ordinary verb)
Daren’t he go there? (semi-modal verb)
Need You needn’t take off your shoes.
Need we write this down?
You don’t need to mention this to your father
You needn’t mention this to your father.
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/grammar/british-grammar/modality-forms
formal
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Semi-modal verbs:
Ought to*We ought to do more exercise.
Used to
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/grammar/british-grammar/modality-forms
We ought not to have ordered so much food.
Ought she to call the police?
*For tag questions, should is preferred
over ought to.
There ought to be a speed limit here, shouldn’t there?
There ought to be a speed limit here, oughtn’t there?
It didn’t use to be so crowded in the shops as it is nowadays.
Did you use to work with Kevin Harris?
Used to refers to actions and situations in the past which no longer happen or are no longer true. Be used to means ‘be accustomed to’ or ‘be familiar with’. It can
refer to the past, present or future.
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“Be aware to pick up the most convenient modal verb when you talk to your professor, boss, relatives or friend.”
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Ponctuation
Space
Period -> .
Commas -> ,
Semicolons -> ;
Colons -> :Quotation marks -> “”
Parenthesis -> ()
Apostrophes -> ‘Hyphen -> -
Dashes -> —
Ellipses -> …
Question mark -> ?
Exclamation points -> !
Slashes -> /
Ampersand -> &
Brackets -> []
I highly recommend the following sites: • http://www.grammarbook.com/punctuation/• http://www.tameri.com/edit/punctuation.html
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You can do this now!!!ability