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Grammar BookSara Carter
Table of Contents1. Nationalities2. Stem Changers3. Use of Para4. Indirect Object Pronouns5. Object Pronoun Placement6. Gustar7. Affirmative/Negative Words8. Superlatives9. Reflexives10. Affirmative Tú Commands/Irregulars/Pronoun Placement11. Negative Tú Commands/Irregulars/Pronoun Placement12. Sequencing Events13. Preterite14. Trigger Words15. -Car, -Gar, -Zar16. Deber + Infinitive17. Modal Verbs18. Present Progressive19. Adverbs
Stem Changers0 UE
Dormir (to sleep)
Duermo
Duermes
Duerme
Dormimos
Duermen
E IPedir (to ask)
Pido
Pides
Pide
Pedimos
Piden
E IEQuerer (to want)
Quiero
Quieres
Quiere
Queremos
Quieren
U UEJugar (to want)
Juego
Juegas
Juega
Jugamos
Juegan
Use of Para
Para
Indicates the recipient of an
itemIndicates a
purpose
Indicates an implied purpose
Compro el regalo para tu mama.
Vamos al restaurante para comer.
Tengo dinero para (comprar) algo.
Indirect Object PronounsMe Nos
Te
Le Les
**Answers**:To Whom?For Whom?
MEAna compra un regalo a mi.A mi Ana compra un regalo.Ana me compra un regalo.
TEAna compra un regalo a ti.A ti Ana compra un regalo.Ana te compra un regalo.
LEAna compra un regalo a Elena.A Elena Ana compra un regalo.Ana le compra un regalo.
NOSAna compra un regalo a nosotros.A nosotros Ana compra un regalo.Ana nos compra un regalo.
LESAna compra un regalo a ellos.A ellos Ana compra un regalo.Ana les compra un regalo.
**Comes before the conjugated verb.**
Object Pronoun Placement
1. Attach the pronoun to the infinitive2. Attach the pronoun to a progressive
tense3. Attach the pronoun to an affirmative
command 4. Place the pronoun before a conjugated
verb
Gustar (to like/please)
Gusta
Me Te Le
Nos
Les
**Always has an indirect object pronoun in front of it.**_____ gusta(n) …No _____ gusta(n) …
IOPIOP
Gusta is used when the object pronoun is singular.Me gusta el perro.
Gustan is used when the object pronoun is plural.Me gustan los perros.
The indirect object pronoun is based on the subject.Rosa le gusta el pollo. means:Rosa likes chicken. Or:The chicken is pleasing to Rosa.We like to dance the salsa is written:Nos gusta bailar la salsa.
**Me gustas tú.**
Affirmative/Negative WordsAlgo Something
Alguien Someone
Algùn/Alguno Some
Siempre Always
Tambien Also
Nada Nothing
Nadie No one
Ningùn/Ninguno None
Nunca Never
Tampoco Neither/Either
Por ahora, nada más.For now, nothing more.
¿Algo más?Anything more/else?
Me gusta nadie.No one is pleasing to me.
Nunca compro joyería.I never buy jewelry.
**If is verb follows no, a negative word must follow. Double negatives are required in Spanish.**
**Algùn y ningùn are used before a singular masculine noun. All else is alguno or ninguno.**
*Nunca and nadie are the exception of this rule as shown.
Superlatives-ísimo -ísima -ísimos -
ísimas
**extremely/very**
Malo
Muchas
Alto
Malísimo
Muchísimas
Altísimo
*Exception: c, g, or z becomes qu, gu, and c
Rico
Larga
Feliz
Riquísimo
Larguísima
Felicísimo
*Exception: n and rbecome c ísimo
Joven
Trabajador
Jovencísimo
Trabajadorcísimo
Reflexives*A verb done to oneself* *identified with –se at the end of a verb that has not been conjugated (lavar…lavarse)*
-me -nos
-te
-se -se
1. Take the verb that is not conjugated.
2. Remove the –se.3. Add the reflexive pronoun to
the front.4. Conjugate the verb normally.
1. Lavarse (to wash oneself)
2. Lavar3. Se lavar.4. Se lava.Final: Alexa se lava.
To say, “Alexa washes herself.”
Tyler shaves his beard.Afeitarse (to shave one’s beard, face, etc.)Tyler se afeita la barba.
I put on make up.Maquillarse (to put on one’s make up)Yo maquillo.
*not possessive because reflexives already imply possession.*
Other Possessive Verbs:AcostarseBañarseDespertarseDormirseDucharseLevantarsePeinarsePonerse la ropaQuitarse la ropaSecarse
Affirmative Tú Commands/ Irregulars/Pronoun Placement
For affirmative tú commands:Conjugate the verb in tú formThen drop the “s”Or…Put it in Él/Ella/Ud. form
Irregulars:Di Decir
Haz Hacer
Ve Ir
Pon Poner
Sal Salir
Sé Ser
Ten Tener
Ven Vener
Eat. Walk.Come. Camina.
Do. Leave.Haz. Sal.
If you’re going to use an object pronoun, place it after the command.
Eat it. Do it.Comela. Hazla.
Negative Tú Commands/ Irregulars/Pronoun Placement
For negative tú commands:Put it in the tú formChange –er/-ir to –a or –ar to -e
Irregulars:Digas Decir
No hagas Hacer
No vayas Ir
No pongas Poner
No salgas Salir
No seas Ser
No tengas Tener
No vengas Vener
Don’t eat. Don’t Walk.No comas. No camines.
Don’t go. No vayas.
If you’re going to use an object pronoun, place it before the command.
Don’t eat it (the cat).No lo comas.
Sequencing Events
Primero First
Entonces Then
Luego/Después Later/After
Por fin Finally
Antes de Before
Después de After
Por la mañana/tarde/noche In/During the …
Los lunes, etc. On Mondays, etc.
Event Meaning
Preterite
è amos
aste
ó aron
AR Verbs
í imos
iste
ió ieron
ER/IR Verbs
“Snapshot in Time”
Perfected action in the past
“Row, Row, Row Your Boat”
Trigger Words
-Car, -Gar, -Zar•In preterite yo form, you must change the ending to –Qué, -Gué, or –Cé
Toqué Tocamos
Tocaste
Tocó Tocaron
Jugué Jugamos
Jugaste
Jugó Jugaron
Comencé Comenzamos
Comenzaste
Comenzó Comenzaron
Tocar Jugar
Comenzar
Deber + Infinitive
DEBER INFINITIVE
Debo nadar. Debemos hablar.I should swim. We should speak.
Debes escribir.You should write.
Debe comer. Deben escuchar.He should eat. They should listen.
•Deber means should/ought to.•You can NEVER have two conjugated verbs in a row.
Modal Verbs
2 verbs in a row The second verb cannot be conjugated
(must be an infinite) Example: deber + infinitive
Necesito nadar.› I need to swim.
Puede escribir.› She is able to write.
Deber Should
Desear To Desire
Necesitar To Need
Poder To Be Able To
Querer To Want
Saber To Know How To
Soler Usually/Used To
Present Progressive
Estar -ando/-iendo
* -ing words
-ar verbs are followed by –ando
-er/ir verbs are followed by –iendo
I am walking.Estoy caminando.
She is eating.Está comiendo.
**CreerCreiendo Creyendo
IrIendoYendo
LeerLeiendoLeyendo
Adverbs __ly = __mente
Adjective Adverb
Cuidadoso Cuidadosamente
Especial Especialmente
Feliz Felizmente
Frecuente Frecuentemente
Rápido Rápidamente
Tranquilo Tranquilamente
Reciente Recientemente
**NOTICE**•Adjectives that end in –o must be changed to –a before adding the -mente (example: Tranquilo)
•Adjectives that end in a consonant just simply add –mente (Example: Feliz)
•Adjectives that end in –e just add the –mente (Example: Reciente)
**When using more than one adverb (quickly and calmy), only the second adverb needs the –mente (rápida y tranquilamente)
If the first adverb ends in a –o, change it to an –a, but do not add –mente **