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Grammar: Monday
Learning Targets
– I can identify the two classes of Parts of Speech.– I can recite the definition of a noun.– I can identify common nouns and proper nouns.– I can identify singular and plural nouns.– I can match this weeks vocabulary words with
their definition.
Ms. Walkowiak’s Rule for Grammar
Eight Parts of Speech
Noun Adjective Pronoun Verb Adverb Preposition Conjunction Interjection
Interjection
Interjections are exclamations such as Oh or Well that play no grammatical role in the sentence…We will ignore interjections from this point on.
Grouping
The seven parts of speech fall within two groups, or classes.
Open classes Closed classes
Club members?
Open classes– Noun– Adjective– Verb– Adverb
Closed classes– Pronoun– Preposition– Conjunction
Think of the parts of speech as having clubs.
Open classes are large organizations that freely admit new members.
Closed classes are small, private clubs with exclusive, limited memberships.
Example
Noun: The chain is rusty.
Verb: We had to chain the dogs.
Tests to Identify Words
1. Word-form tests. Open-class words often have distinctive endings by which class can be identified.
– For example, nouns have plural and possessive endings, and verbs have past-tense endings.
Tests to Identify Words
2. “Tip-off” word tests. Certain words can occur only with specific open classes.
– For example, the can only be used with nouns and will can be used only with verbs.
Tests to Identify Words
3.Substitution tests. Certain types of words can substitute only for specific open classes.
– For example, the pronouns it and they can substitute only for nouns and their modifiers.
The Future of Grammar
Starting this week, we will start looking at grammar in a way that will help you identify parts of speech more easily.
We will introduce tips and techniques that will help you understand grammar better.
Vocabulary
Perturbed: troubled or disturbed
Plausible: credible or believable
Volatile: changeable or unstable
Embossed: raised above the surface
Protagonist: main character who initiates action
Grammar: Tuesday
Learning Targets
– I can identify the two classes of Parts of Speech.– I can recite the definition of a noun.– I can identify common nouns and proper nouns.– I can identify singular and plural nouns.– I can match this weeks vocabulary words with
their definition.
Traditional definition
A noun is a word used to name a person, place, thing, or idea.
Person: teacher, grandma, chef, dancer…
Place: cabin, school, city, beach…
Thing: bus, baseball, car, butterfly…
Idea: justice, friendship, love, confusion…
Two types of nouns
Proper nouns Proper nouns are the
names of specific individuals.
– Charlie Brown, Darth Vader, Aunt Kathy
– Chicago, the Atlantic Ocean, Oz
– The New York Times, the Xerox Corporation, the Public Broadcasting Service
Common nouns Common nouns do not
refer to specific individuals. Instead, they refer to categories.
– student, child, woman, father
– city, attic, sidewalk, country
– book, computer, dragon– patriotism, justice,
friendship
Identifying the difference
Common Nouns Proper Nouns
caveman Fred Flintstone
politician Senator Blather
country Canada
cat Garfield
program Gilligan’s Island
movie Jurassic Park
Identifying Common Nouns
The the test for common nouns. If a word can be used with the article the, then that word is a common noun.
– the caveman– the politician– the country– the cat
* Careful, however, not to change the part of speech being tested by taking it out of the context of the original sentence (i.e. the book (noun), or to book (verb))
Practice
One word in each pair is a noun; the other word is another part of speech. Try the the test. Write N. under the word that passes the test.
1. defend/defense the defend/ the defense N.
2. authority/authorize3. lengthen/length4. concession/ concede5. discover/discovery6. perform/performance
Answers
the authority the length the concession the discovery the performance
Practice
Underline the common nouns. Confirm by inserting the in front of every common noun. Read sentence after inserting the; does it make sense?
Example: Instrument measures velocity.
The instrument measures the velocity.
1. Problems were uncovered after inspection.
2. Moon was just rising over hills.
Answers
The problems were uncovered after the inspection.
The moon was just rising over the hills.
Reminder!
Grammar and vocabulary tests are on Friday!
Grammar: Wednesday
Learning Targets
– I can identify the two classes of Parts of Speech.– I can recite the definition of a noun.– I can identify common nouns and proper nouns.– I can identify singular and plural nouns.– I can match this weeks vocabulary words with
their definition.
Review
What are the two classes that the parts of speech can be broken into?
What are the two types of nouns?
Singular and Plural Nouns
Singular noun A noun that names only
one person, place, or thing.
Plural noun A noun that names
more than one person, place, or thing.
Plural Nouns
Add “s” to most singular nouns to make them plural
books pencils trucks
Plural Nouns
Add “es” to a singular noun that ends with s, x, ch, or sh.
glasses foxes lunches brushes
Plural Nouns
If a noun ends with a vowel and a “y” add “s”
keys highways monkeys boys
Plural Nouns
If the noun ends with a consonant and a “y”, change the “y” to an “i” and add “es”.
puppy = puppies lady = ladies butterfly = butterflies
Plural Nouns
Some nouns have special plural forms. Since these words follow no special pattern, you must learn them.
Mice Men Deer Children Feet Women Geese Oxen Calves Moose And so on….
Remember!
Practice
Make these singular nouns plural
girl church tray bunny sheep
Answers
girls churches trays bunnies sheep
Grammar: Thursday
Learning Targets
– I can identify the two classes of Parts of Speech.– I can recite the definition of a noun.– I can identify common nouns and proper nouns.– I can identify singular and plural nouns.– I can identify possessive nouns.– I can match this weeks vocabulary words with
their definition.
Singular Possessive Nouns
Add an apostrophe and an “s” to a singular noun to make it possessive.
spider’s web house’s roof Mark’s slingshot
Plural Possessive Nouns
When a plural noun ends with “s”, add an apostrophe.
butterflies’ wings babies’ strollers students’ teacher
Plural Possessive Nouns
When a plural noun doesn’t end with “s”, add an apostrophe and an “s”.
children’s blocks women’s eyes Sandy’s hair
Practice
Write the correct plural possessive form.
1. Her family’s/families guest house.2. The singers/singer’s agreed to the concert.3. Four critics’/critics recommended the book.4. Society’s/Societies’ definition of gender
roles have changed.5. The sound of horses’ hoofs/hooves rattled
the glass.
Answers
1. family’s
2. singers
3. critics
4. Society’s
5. hooves
Vocabulary Review: Matching
1. Perturbed
2. Plausible
3. Volatile
4. Embossed
5. Protagonist
a. credible or believable
b. troubled or disturbed
c. main character who initiates action
d. raised above the surface
e. changeable or unstable
TEST TOMORROW!
– identify the two classes of Parts of Speech?– recite the definition of a noun?– identify common nouns and proper nouns?– identify singular and plural nouns?– identify possessive nouns?– match the vocabulary words with their definition?
Can you…
Grammar Test
1. What is the difference between the open classes and closed classes of the parts of speech?
2. What is the difference between common and proper nouns? Give an example with your definition.
3. Give the plural form for these singular nouns: turtle, wish, echo, story, and thief.
4. List the correct plural possessive form:1. A muscian’s/musicians talent.2. Dr. Seuss’/Dr.Seuss’s sense of humor. 3. Cara and Susan’s/ Cara’s and Susan’s project impressed the
professor.
Vocabulary Test
Give the word that matches the definition.
1. raised above the surface
2. credible or believable
3. main character who initiates action
4. changeable or unstable
5. troubled or disturbed