Grammar Newer

8/9/2019 Grammar Newer

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GRAMMAR CLASS

Problem 1. Missing main verb

Remember that every English sentence must have a subject and a

main verb.S V

The sound of thedryer

bothers my concentration

Avoid using an –ing form, an innitive, an auiliary verb, or another!art of s!eech instead of a main verb.

Eam!le"

#ncorrect" The !rettiest girl in our class $ith long bro$n hair andbro$n eyes.

%orrect"

#ncorrect" #n my o!inion, too soon to ma&e a decision.

%orrect"

#ncorrect" 'o you &no$ $hether the movie that starts at seven(

%orrect"

Or

#ncorrect" Sam almost al$ays a lot of fun.

%orrect"

#ncorrect" The boo& that # lent you having a good bibliogra!hy.

%orrect"

Problem 2. Verbs that require an infnitive in thecomlement

Remember that the follo$ing verbs re)uire an innitive for a verb inthe com!lement.

agree decide hesitate need refuse

appear demand hope oer seem

arrange deserve intend plan tend

ask expect learn prepare threaten

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claim fail manage pretend wait

consent forget mean promise want

S V % +innitive -

e had !lanned to leave day before yesterdayAvoid using an –ing form after the verbs listed. Avoid using a verb$ord after want .

Eam!les"

#ncorrect" /e $anted s!ea& $ith -r. 0ro$n.

%orrect"

#ncorrect" e demand &no$ing our status.

%orrect"#ncorrect" # intend the inform you that $e cannot a!!rove youra!!lication.

%orrect"

#ncorrect" They didn1t !lan buying a car.

%orrect"

#ncorrect" The $eather tends im!roving in -ay.

%orrect"

Problem !. Verbs that require an "ing #orm in thecomlement

Remember that the follo$ing verbs re)uire an –ing form for a verb inthe com!lement"

admit enjoy recall

appreciate nish recommend

avoid keep regret

complete mention risk

consider miss stop

delay postpone suggest

deny practice tolerate

discuss quit understand

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S V % +3ing -/e enjoys travelling by !lane

Avoid using an innitive after the verbs listed. Forbid may be used$ith either an innitive or an –ing com!lement, but forbid from isnot idiomatic.

Eam!les

#ncorrect" She is considering not to go.

%orrect"

#ncorrect" e enjoyed tal& $ith your friend.

%orrect"

#ncorrect" /an& com!leted the $riting his thesis this summer.

%orrect"

#ncorrect" # miss to $atch the ne$s $hen # am travelling.

%orrect"

#ncorrect" She mentions sto! at El 4aso in her letter.

%orrect"

Problem $. Verbs hrases that require an "ing #orm in thecomlement

Remember that the follo$ing verb !hrases re)uire an –ing form for averb in the com!lement.

approve of do not mind keep on

be better o forget about lookforward to

can’t help get through object to

count on insist on think aboutof

S V 4h % +3ing -She forgot about cancelling her

a!!ointmentAvoid using an innitive after the verb !hrases listed. Avoid using averb $ord after look forward to and object to.

Remember that the verb !" likely does not re)uire an –ing form butre)uires an innitive in the com!lement.

Eam!les"

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Problems (ith mo)als an) mo)al*relate) atterns-odals are auiliary verbs. They are used $ith main verbs to giveadditional meaning to main verbs. The most common modals arelisted belo$, along $ith some of the additional meanings that theyadd to main verbs.

can !ossibility, ability, !ermissioncould !ossibility, ability in the !astmay !robability, !ermissionmight !robabilitymust necessity, logical conclusionshall future $ith em!hasisshould advice, obligation, !redictionwill futurewould condition

Problem +. Mo)al , Verb -or)

Remember that a modal is used $ith a verb word. A verb word is thedictionary form of the verb. #n some grammar boo&s, the verb word is called the bare innitive because it a!!ears $ithout the $ord to.Verb $ords are very im!ortant in many !atterns, but they are usedmost often $ith modals.

S modal Verb $ord

They might visit us

Avoid using an innitive or an –ing form instead of a verb $ord aftera modal.

Eam!les

#ncorrect" After you sho$ me the $ay, # can to go by myself.

%orrect"

#ncorrect" 8ur friends might sto!!ing to see us on their $ay to%alifornia.

%orrect"

#ncorrect" # $ould, if there is time, li&ing to ma&e a !hone call.

%orrect"

#ncorrect" 0eth may, $ith e9ort, to !ass this course.

%orrect"

#ncorrect" The :ight should to be on time.

%orrect"

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Problem . Logical conclusions/events in the ast.Remember that must is a modal. #ust follo$ed by the verb

$ord have and a !artici!le e!resses a logical conclusion based onevidence. The conclusion is about an event that ha!!ened in the!ast.

Remember that an observation in the !resent may serve asthe basis for a conclusion about something that ha!!ened in the!ast. #t may beconcluded that =my friend must have called last night.>

S must have !artici!le !ast time

-y friend must have called last night.

Avoid using should or can instead of must . Avoid using a verb $ordinstead of have and a !artici!le $hen referring to events in the !ast.

Eam!les#ncorrect" The streets are $et? it should have rained last night.%orrect"

#ncorrect" This !en $on1t $rite? it can have run out of in& +in the!ast.%orrect"

#ncorrect" The ring that # $as loo&ing at is gone? someone else mustbuy it.%orrect"

#ncorrect" /e doesn1t have his &eys? he must loc&ed them in his car.%orrect"

#ncorrect" # don1t see -artha any$here? she must be left early.%orrect"

Problem 0. Logical conclusions/vents in the resentRemember that must is a modal. #ust follo$ed by be and an –

ing form or an adjective e!resses a logical conclusion based onevidence. The conclusion is about an event that is ha!!ening no$.

S must be $ing !resent time

-y friend must be calling no$

S must be adjective !resent time

/e must be u!set no$

Avoid using a verb $ord instead of an –ing form after must be.

Eam!les

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#ncorrect" The line is busy? someone should be using the tele!honeno$.%orrect"

#ncorrect" 0ob is absent? he must have been sic& again +no$.

%orrect"

#ncorrect" /e is ta&ing a $al&? he must have felt better no$.%orrect"

#ncorrect" She must be study at the library no$ because all of herboo&s are gone.%orrect"

#ncorrect" Sarah must get a divorce +no$ because her husband isliving in an a!artment.

%orrect"

Problem . Logical Conclusions/vents that ReeatRemember that must is a modal. #ust follo$ed by a verb $ord

e!resses a logical conclusion based on evidence. The conclusion isabout an event that ha!!ens re!eatedly.

S must verb $ord re!eated time

-y friend must call often

Avoid using an innitive or an %ing form instead of a verb $ord aftermust .Eam!les"#ncorrect" The light is al$ays out in her room at ten o1cloc&? she

must have go to bed early every night.%orrect"

#ncorrect" 8ur neighbors must having a lot of money because theyare al$ays ta&ing e!ensive tri!s.

%orrect"

#ncorrect" /e can li&e his job because he seems very ha!!y.%orrect"

#ncorrect" /er English is very good? she must s!o&en it often.%orrect"

#ncorrect" %arol al$ays gets good grades? she should study a lot.%orrect"

Problem 13. 4no(le)ge an) abilit5/Know an) Know How


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Remember that know follo$ed by a noun e!resses &no$ledge.

S BC8 Coun

# &no$ the ans$er

Avoid using an innitive after know.

Remember that know how follo$ed by an innitive e!resses ability.

S BC8 ho$ innitive

# &no$ ho$ to ans$erthe

)uestion

Eam!les"#ncorrect" #f she &ne$ to drive, he $ould lend her his car.

%orrect"

#ncorrect" # don1t &no$ to use the card catalog in the library.%orrect"

#ncorrect" Dntil he came to the Dnited States to study, he didn1t&no$ to coo&.%orrect"#ncorrect" 'o you &no$ to ty!e(%orrect"

#ncorrect" ou1ll have to hel! her because she doesn1t &no$ to do it.%orrect"

6ercises7

4art A" %hoose the correct ans$er.

*. AriFona GGGGGGGGGGGGGG a very dry climate.

a. hasb. beingc. havingd. $ith

2. 8ne of the least e9ective $ays of storing information is learning GGGGGGGGGGGG it.

a. ho$ to re!eat

b. re!eatc. to re!eat

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d. re!eat

5. Strauss nished GGGGGGGGGGGG t$o of his !ublished com!ositionsbefore his tenth birthday.

a. $rittenb. $ritec. to $rited. $riting

7. -any modern architects insist on GGGGGGGGGGGG materials native tothe region that $ill blend into the surrounding landsca!e.

a. useb. to usec. the used. using

;. 0efore the Angles and Saons GGGGGGGGGGGGGG to England, the#berians had lived there.

a. comingb. comec. camed. did come

@. 0y the time a baby has reached his rst birthday, he should,$ithout the hel! of an adult, GGGGGGGGGGGGG sit u! or stand u!.

a. to be able tob. able toc. to be abled. be able to

. The theory of %ontinental 'rift assumes that there GGGGGGGGGGGGGGG long3term climatic changes in many areas during the !ast.a. must have beenb. must bec. must have

d. must

H. The general !ublic GGGGGGGGGGGGGG a large number of com!utersno$, because !rices are beginning to decrease.a. must buyb. must have boughtc. must be buyingd. must buying

I. Since more than ;J !ercent of all marriage in the Dnited Statesend in divorce, about half of the children in America must

GGGGGGGGGGG in single3!arent homes.a. gro$ u!

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b. to gro$ u!c. gro$ing u!d. have gro$ u!

*J. #n a liberal arts curriculum, it is assumed that graduates $ill

GGGGGGGGGGG about English, languages, literature, history, and theother social sciences.a. &no$b. &no$ ho$c. &no$ledged. &no$ing

4art 0" %hoose the incorrect $ord or !hrase and correct it.

*. Venomous sna&es $ith modied teeth connected to !oison glands

A 0 in $hich the venom is secreted and stored.

% '

2. Re!resentative democracy seemed evolve simultaneously duringthe

A 0 %

eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in 0ritain, Euro!e, and theDnited States.

'

5. -any !eo!le have sto!!ed to smo&e because they are afraid thatit may be

A 0 %'

harmful to their health.

7. 'uring Kac&son1s administration, those $ho did not a!!rove of!ermit

A 0

common !eo!le in the hite /ouse $ere shoc&ed by the!resident1s insistence

%

that they be invited into the mansion.

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MD#N *

4roblems *O*J.

%orrect the sentences belo$.

*. esterday rained very hard. So $e decided to stay home n$atch some TV.

2. -y boyfriend doesn1t &no$ to my bro&en la!to!.

5. -y boss is never at his oPce during the lunchtime. /e musthave eaten his lunch at a restaurant nearby.

7. -y mates and # $ill, $hen $e are old enough to ma&e ourdecision, to move out and live on our o$n.

;. The head of the human resources de!artment1s mobile !honecannot be reached. /e must use his mobile to tal& to the ne$manager at the moment.

@. hen the orld ar ## has been over, !eo!le started to live in!eace li&e they used to do before.

. The ne$ em!loyees are loo&ing for$ard to hear from thedirector $hether or not their !ro!osal is granted.

H. At the end of the meeting, the customers managed gettingthe reimbursements for the s!oilt goods they had bought from

that su!ermar&et.

I. The coal mining com!anies $ith a massive income fromselling the !roduct to all over the $orld.

*J. The villain denied to steal from the chemical laboratory.

Lood luc&.

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*7. The head of chemical engineering de!artment is not athis oPce at the moment. /e must teach in the classroom or atthe !ilot !lant.

*;. The e9ect of -t. -era!i eru!tion reaches the radius of

*J&m and the government $ould rather that the !eo!le $holive around -era!i not come bac& to their houses until thesituation comes bac& to normal.

Problem 11 Past Custom/Used to an) 8 Used to

Remember that used to is similar to a modal. &sed to $ith a verb$ord means that a custom in the !ast has not continued.

S used to verb $ord

/e used to live in the country

Avoid using a form of be after the subject. Avoid using the incorrectform use to.Remember that !" used to $ith an –ing form means to beaccustomed to.

S 0E used to 3ing form

/e $as used to livingin the

country

Avoid using a form of be after used to. Avoid using a verb $ordinstead of an %ing form. Avoid using the incorrect form use to.

Eam!les"#ncorrect" # used to $as studying at the Dniversity of Southern

%alifornia before # transferred here.%orrect"

Or

#ncorrect" e use to go to the movies )uite fre)uently.

%orrect"Or

#ncorrect" She $as used to get u! early.%orrect"

Or

#ncorrect" /e $as used to drin& too much.%orrect"

Or

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#ncorrect" She used to s!ea&ing in !ublic.%orrect"

Or

Problem 12 A)visabilit5/9a) 8etterRemember that had better is similar to a modal. Although had a!!ears to be a !ast, had better e!resses advice for the future.

S had better verb $ord

ou had better ta&e %hemistry @JJ this semester

Shad

betternot

verb$ord

ou

hadbetter

not

ta&e %hemistry @JJ this semester

Avoid using an innitive or a !ast form of a verb instead of a verb$ord. Avoid using don’t instead of not .

Eam!les"#ncorrect" ou had better to hurry if you don1t $ant to miss the bus.%orrect"

#ncorrect" e had better made reservations so that $e $ill be sureof getting agood table.

%orrect"

#ncorrect" e had better to chec& the schedule.%orrect"

#ncorrect" ou had better don1t )uit your job until you nd another

one.%orrect"

#ncorrect" ou had better don1t go alone.%orrect"

Problem 1! Pre#erence/-oul) RatherRemember that the !hrase would rather is similar to a modal.Although would rather a!!ears to be a !ast, it e!resses !referencein !resent and future time.

S $ould rather verb $ord

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# $ould rather drive

S $ould rather not verb $ord

# $ould rather not drive

Avoid using an innitive or an –ing form instead of a verb $ord.

Eam!les"#ncorrect" She told me that she1d rather not to serve on the

committee.%orrect"

#ncorrect" #f you don1t mind, #1d rather not going.%orrect"

#ncorrect" /e said that he1d rather $ent to a small college instead ofto a large university.

%orrect"

#ncorrect" #1d rather $riting this than !rint it because # don1t !rint$ell.

%orrect"

#ncorrect" Lreg $ould rather has a 4e!si than a beer.%orrect"

Problem 1$ Pre#erence #or Another/-oul) Rather :hatRemember that $hen the !reference is for another !erson or thing,would rather that introduces a clause. The other !erson or thing isthe subject of the clause.Although the verb is !ast tense, the !reference is for !resent orfuture time.

S $ouldrather that S V +!ast

#$ouldrather

that you drove

Avoid using a !resent verb or a verb $ord instead of a !ast verb.Avoid using should and a verb $ord instead of a !ast verb.

S $ould rather that S didn1t verb $ord

# $ould rather that you didn1t drive

Avoid using don’t or doesn’t instead of didn’t .

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Eam!les"#ncorrect" #1d rather that you don1t do that.%orrect"

#ncorrect" 'iane $ould rather that her husband doesn1t $or&ing sohard.%orrect"

#ncorrect" The dean $ould rather that students ma&e a!!ointmentsinstead of dro!!ing by.

%orrect"

#ncorrect" -y roommate $ould rather that # don1t &ee! the light onafter ten o1cloc&.

%orrect"

#ncorrect" e1d rather that you should come tomorro$.%orrect"

Problem 1% ;egative &merativesRemember that an in!erative is e!ressed by a verb $ord.

4lease don1t verb $ord

4lease don1t tell anyone

Avoid using an innitive instead of a verb $ord.

ould you !lease not verb $ord

ould you !lease not tell anyone

Avoid using an innitive instead of a verb $ord. Avoid using don’t

after would you please'

Eam!les"#ncorrect" ould you !lease don1t smo&e.%orrect"

Or

#ncorrect" 4lease don1t to !ar& here.%orrect"

Or

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#ncorrect" ould you !lease not to be late.%orrect"

Or

#ncorrect" 4lease don1t to go yet.%orrect"

Or

#ncorrect" ould you !lease don1t $orry.%orrect"

Or

PR


19/47

#ncorrect" Are you going to ma&e your daughter to $or& !art time inthe store this summer(

%orrect"

#ncorrect" # can1t seem to ma&e this dish$asher running.

%orrect"

#ncorrect" 4atsy ma&es everyone doing his share around the house.%orrect"

Problem 1 Causative G:Remember that LET can be used as a causative. #n a causative, a!erson does not !erform an action directly. LET has less force andauthority than -ABE.

S LET someone innite

6et1s get Ral!h to go $ith us

S LET something !artici!le

6et1s get our car ed rst

Avoid using a verb $ord instead of an innitive after a !erson in acausative $ith LET. Avoid using a verb $ord instead of a !artici!leafter things in a causative $ith LET.Eam!les"#ncorrect" 'o you thin& that $e can get Baren ta&es us to San 'iego(%orrect"

#ncorrect" # $ant to get our house !aint before $inter.%orrect"

#ncorrect" 6et1s get some of our money echange for dollars.%orrect"

#ncorrect" Cora got her mother1s $edding dress to alter so that it t!erfectly.%orrect"

#ncorrect" e $ill have to get someone ing the !hone right a$ay.%orrect"

Problem 10 Causative 9AVRemember that /AVE can be used as a causative. #n a causative, a!erson does not !erform an action directly. /AVE has even less force

and authority than LET.

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S /AVEsomeo

neverb$ord

-y Englishteacher

had us give oral re!orts

S /AVE something !artici!le

#$ant to

havethis boo& rene$ed, !lease

Avoid using an innitive or an %ing form instead of a verb $ord aftera !erson in a causative $ith /AVE. Avoid using a verb $ord or aninnitive instead of a !artici!le after a thing in a causative $ith/AVE.

Eam!les"#ncorrect" Tom had a tooth ll.%orrect"

#ncorrect" /ave you had your tem!erature ta&ing yet(%orrect"

#ncorrect" They had their la$yer to change their $ills.%orrect"

#ncorrect" # li&e the $ay you had the beautician done your hair.%orrect"

#ncorrect" e are going to have our car before $e go to Toronto.%orrect"

Problem 1 Causative L:Remember that 6ET can be used as a causative. #n a causative, a!erson does not !erform an action directly. ith 6ET, a !erson gives!ermission for another !erson to do it.

S 6ET someone verb $ord

/is mother let him go to school

S 6ET something verb $ord

# am letting this machine cool

Avoid using an innitive or an %ing form instead of a verb $ord aftera !erson or a thing in a causative $ith 6ET.

Eam!le"

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#ncorrect" 4rofessor 0a&er let us to $rite a !a!er instead of ta&ing anal eam.%orrect"

#ncorrect" hen # $as learning to drive, my 'ad let me using his car.

%orrect"

#ncorrect" ould you let us the borro$ your notes(%orrect"

#ncorrect" 6arry is so good3hearted, he lets !eo!le too& advantage of him.%orrect"

#ncorrect" 'on1t let that bothers you.%orrect"

Problem 23 Causative 9LPRemember that /E64 can be used as a causative. #n a causative, a!erson does not !erform an action directly. ith /E64, a !ersonassists another !erson to do it.

S /E64 someoneverb $ordinnitive

/e/e

is hel!ingis hel!ing

meme

ty!eto ty!e

my !a!ermy !a!er

Avoid using an –ing form instead of a verb $ord or an innitive aftera !erson in a causative $ith /E64.Eam!les"#ncorrect" /er husband al$ays hel!s her that she does the laundry.%orrect"

#ncorrect" 'on1t you hel! each other the study for tests(%orrect"

#ncorrect" -y teacher hel!ed me getting this job.%orrect"

#ncorrect" 0ob said that he $ould hel! our nding the !lace.%orrect"

#ncorrect" This boo& should hel! you understand the lecture.%orrect"

Eercises4ART A" %hoose the correct ans$er.

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I. The #mmigration and CaturaliFation Service often GGGGGGGGGGGGGG their visas if they ll out a!!ro!riate !a!ers.a. lets students etendb. lets students for etendc. letting students to etend

d. let students etending*J. #n !artnershi! $ith Kohn '. Roc&efeller, /enry


24/47

A0 %the handica!!ed. '

@. Too much $ater ma&es !lants turning bro$n on the edges of

their leaves. A 0 %'

. #n order to receive full reimbursement for je$elry that mightbe stolen, A0the o$ner must get all !ieces a!!raise. % '

H. -ost !residential candidates have their names !rint on theballot in the ACe$ /am!shire !rimary election because it is customarilythe rst one 0% 'in the nation, and $inning it can give them a good chance tobe nominated

by the !arties.

I. The Cational 0as&etball Association $ill not let any athlete tocontinue A!laying in the league unless he submits voluntarily totreatment for

0 %drug addiction.

'*J. 'octors agree that the :uid around the s!inal cord

hel!s the nourish the A 0 %'brain.

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%onditionals are statements $ith if or unless. They are o!inionsabout the conditions +circumstances that in:uence results, ando!inions about the results.

There are t$o &inds of conditionals. #n most grammar boo&s, they

are called real or factual conditionals and unreal or contrary$to$fact conditionals. Factual conditionals e!ress absolute, scientic facts,!robable results, or !ossible results. (ontrary$to$fact conditionalse!ress im!robable or im!ossible results.

Problem 21 'actual Con)itionals/Absolute? ScientifcResultsRemember that absolute conditionals e!ress scientic facts. )ill and a verb $ord e!resses the o!inion that the result is absolutelycertain.

%8C'#T#8C RESD6T

#f SV

+!resent, S

V+!resent

#f a

catalystis used ,

thereaction

occurs more ra!idly

8r

%8C'#T#8C RESD6T

#f S V+!resent , S $ill verb$ord

#f a

catalystis used ,

thereaction

$ill occurmore

ra!idly

Avoid using will and a verb $ord instead of the !resent verb in theclause beginning $ith if . Avoid using the auiliary verbs have* has*do* and does $ith main verbs in the clause of result.

Eam!les"

#ncorrect" #f $ater freeFes, it has become a solid.%orrect"Or

#ncorrect" #f children be healthy, they learn to $al& at abouteighteen months old.%orrect"

#ncorrect" #f orange blossoms are e!osed to very coldtem!eratures, they $ithered and died.

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%orrect"

#ncorrect" #f the trajectory of a satellite $ill be slightly o9 at launch,

it $ill get $orse as the :ight !rogresses.%orrect"

#ncorrect" #f light stri&es a rough surface, it di9used.%orrect"

Problem 22 'actual Con)itionals/Probable Results #or the'uture

Remember that will and a verb $ord e!resses the o!inion that theresults are absolutely certain. #n order of more to less !robable, usethe follo$ing modals" will* can* may .

#f SV

+!resent , S

$illcanmay verb $ord

#f $e ndher

address, $e $ill $rite her

S

$illcanmay

verb$ord if S

V+!resent

e

$ill $riteher

if $e

nd her address

Avoid using the !resent tense verb instead of a modal and a verb$ord in the clause of result.

Eam!les"#ncorrect" #f you !ut too much $ater in rice $hen you coo& it, it gotstic&y.%orrect"

#ncorrect" #f they have a good sale, # $ould have sto!!ed by on my$ay home.%orrect"

#ncorrect" e $ill $ait if you $anted to go.%orrect"

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#ncorrect" #f you listen to the )uestions carefully, you ans$er themeasily.%orrect"

#ncorrect" #f $e nished our $ord a little early today, $e1ll attend the

lecture at the art museum.%orrect"

Problem 2! 'actual Con)itionals/Possible ResultsRemember that although a !ast verb is used, the o!inion is forfuture time. #n order of most !ossible to least !ossible, use thefollo$ing modals" would* could* might .

#f SV

+!ast , S

$oul

dcoul

dmigh

t verb $ord

#f $e foundher

address,$e

$ould

$rite her

Q+The sentence order can be reversed but $ithout using a coma asin

4roblem 22Avoid using would and a verb $ord instead of a !ast tense verb inan =if> clause.Eam!les"#ncorrect" #f Kim1s family meet Baren, # am sure that they $ould li&eher.%orrect"

#ncorrect" #f you made your bed in the morning, your room loo&sbetter $hen you got bac& in the afternoon.

%orrect"

#ncorrect" #f Kudy didn1t drin& so much co9ee, she $ouldn1t havebeen so nervous.

%orrect"

#ncorrect" #f you $ould go to bed earlier, you $ouldn1t be so slee!yin the morning.

%orrect"

#ncorrect" #f she $ould eat fe$er s$eets, she $ould lose $eight.

%orrect"

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Problem 2$ 'actual Con)itionals/Probable Changes in PastResults

Remember that the s!ea&er or $riter is e!ressing an o!inion aboutthe results of the !ast under di9erent conditions or circumstances.

#n order of the least !robable, use the follo$ing modals" would*could* might'

#f S had!artici!l

e , S

$ouldhavecouldhavemighthave

!artici!le

#f $e had found heraddress,

$e $ouldhave

$ritten her

#f $e had foundher

address,$e

couldhave

$ritten her

#f $e had found/er

address,$e

mighthave

$ritten her

Avoid using would have and a !artici!le instead of had and a!artici!le in the clause beginning $ith if . using have as a

!artici!le.6amle#ncorrect" #f $e had the money, $e $ould have bought a ne$stereo system.%orrect "

#ncorrect" #f the neighbors hadn1t )uieted do$n, # $ould have haveto call the !olice

%orrect "

#ncorrect" #f her mother let her, Anne $ould have stayed longer.

%orrect"

#ncorrect" #f $e $ould have &no$n that she had !lanned to arrivetoday, $e could have met her at the bus station.

%orrect"

#ncorrect" #f # had more time, # $ould have chec&ed my !a!er again.%orrect"

Problem 2% Contrar5*to*'act Con)itionals/&mossible ResultWere

2H


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Remember that the verb !" is al$ays were in contrary3to3factconditionals.

#f S $ere

#f the!arty $ere on


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#ncorrect" you $on1t get $ell unless you are ta&ing your medicine.%orrect"

#ncorrect" 'ean never calls his father unless needs money.

%orrect"

#ncorrect" e can1t !ay the rent unless the scholarshi! chec&.%orrect"

4R806E-S #T/ SD0KDC%T#VES

Problem 2 &mortance/Sub@unctive Verbs

Remember that the follo$ing verbs are used before that and the

verb $ord clause to e!ress im!ortance.

ask propose urgedemand recommenddesire request insist require prefer suggest

S V that SVerb$ord

-r. johnson

!refers

that she s!ea& $ith him !ersonally

Avoid using a !resent or !ast tense verb instead of a verb $ord.Avoid using a modal before the verb $ord.Cote" the verb insist may be used in non3subjunctive !atters in the!ast tense.

#ncorrect" # !ro!ose that the vote is secret ballot.%orrect"

#ncorrect" The foreign student advisor recommended that shestudied more English before enrolling at the university.

%orrect"

#ncorrect" The la$ re)uires that everyone has his car chec&ed atleast once a year.

%orrect"

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#ncorrect" She insisted that they $ould give her a recei!t.%orrect"

Problem 20 &mortance/nouns )erive) #rom Sub@unctiveVerbsRemember that the follo$ing nouns are used in this !attern"demand recommendationinsistence request preference requirement proposal suggestion

noun that S

verb

$ord

Therecommendation

that $e be evaluated $as a!!roved

Avoid using a !resent or !ast tense verb instead of a verb $ord.Avoid using a modal before the verb $ord.Eam!les"#ncorrect" /e com!lied $ith the re)uirement that all graduate

students in education should $rite a thesis.%orrect"

#ncorrect" The committee refused the re)uest that the !rere)uisiteshall be $aived.

%orrect"

#ncorrect" She ignored the suggestion that she gets more eercise.%orrect"

#ncorrect" The terrorist1s demand that the airline !rovides a !lane$ill not be met by the deadline.

%orrect"

#ncorrect" /e regretted not having follo$ed his advisor1srecommendation that he dro!!ing the class.

%orrect"

Problem 2 &mortance/&mersonal 6ressionsRemember that the follo$ing adjectives are used in im!ersonal

e!ressions.

essential important

imperative necessary

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#t is adjective innitive

#t is im!ortant to verify the data

Or

#t is adjective that Sverb$ord

#t is im!ortant that the data be veried

Avoid using a !resent tense verb instead of a verb $ord. Avoid usinga modal before the verb $ord.

Eam!les"#ncorrect" #t is not necessary that you must ta&e an entrance

eamination to be admitted to an American university.

%orrect"or

#ncorrect" #t is im!erative that you are on time. %orrect"

or

#ncorrect" #t is im!ortant that # $ill s!ea& $ith -r. illiamsimmediately.

%orrect" or

#ncorrect" #t is im!erative that your signature a!!ears on youridentication card.

%orrect"or

#ncorrect" #t is essential that all a!!lications and transcri!ts are led

no later than Kuly *.%orrect"

Or

4R806E-S #T/ #C


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S V % innitive +!ur!ose

6auraShe

jogsta&es vitamins

to stayto feel

tbetter

Avoid e!ressing !ur!ose $ithout the $ord to in the innitive. Avoidusing for instead of to.

Eam!les"#ncorrect" ear several layers of clothing for &ee! $arm.%orrect"

#ncorrect" 'avid has studied hard the succeed.%orrect"

#ncorrect" 'on1t move your feet $hen you s$ing for !lay golf $ell.

%orrect"

#ncorrect" Virginia al$ays boils the $ater t$ice ma&e tea.%orrect"

#ncorrect" ait until Kune !lant those bulbs.%orrect"

Eercises"4art A" %hoose the correct ans$er.

*. 6ess moderate members of congress are insisting thatchanges in the Social Security System GGGGGGGGGGGG made.a. $illb. arec. beingd. be

2. #t is the recommendation of many !sychologists GGGGGGGGGG toassociate $ords and remember names.a. that a learner uses mental imagesb. a learner to use mental imagesc. mental images are used

d. that a learner use mental images5. #t is necessary GGGGGGGGGGGG the a!!roaches to a bridge, theroad design, and the alignment in such a $ay as to bestaccommodate the e!ected traPc :o$ over and under it.a. !lanb. to !lanc. !lanningd. the !lan

7. #n the -orrill Act, %ongress granted federal lands to the states GGGGGGGGGGG agricultural and mechanical art colleges.a. for establish

b. to establishc. establish

55


34/47

d. establishment;. #f $ater is heated to 2*2 degree


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event, the !resident schedules !ress conferences $ith thene$s media at 'his discretion.

5. #t is essential that vitamins are su!!lied either by foods orA

0by su!!lementary tablets for normal gro$th to occur. % '

7. 4a!yrus $as used for to ma&e not only !a!er but also sails,bas&ets, and

A 0 %'clothing.

;. #f a live s!onge is bro&en into !ieces, each !iece $ould turninto a ne$ A0s!onge li&e the original one. % '

@. #f you don1t register before the last day of regular registration,you !aying A 0%

a late fee. '

. #f drivers obeyed the s!eed limit, fe$er accidents occur. A 0 %'

H. #f dinosaurs $ould have continued roaming the earth, man$ould have A 0%evolved )uite di9erently. '

I. #f $e $ere to consider all of the di9erent &inds of motion indiscussing the Amovement of an object, it is very confusing, because even anobject at 0 %rest is moving as the earth turns. '

*J. Dsually boys cannot become 0oy Scouts unlesscom!leted the fth grade.

A 0 %'

5;


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Problem !1 Passives/-or)


37/47

hite%orrect"

#ncorrect" -ost of us are s!onsored from our !arents.%orrect"

#ncorrect" The car $as ins!ected for %ustoms.%orrect"#ncorrect" The bill has already been !aid -r. Adams.%orrect"

#ncorrect" State Dniversity is governed from the 0oard of Regents.%orrect"

Problem !! Passives/&nfnitivesRemember that a !assive innitive can be used $ith a !resent formof the 0E verb to e!ress a future intention, and $ith the !ast formof the 0E verb to e!ress an intention that $as not realiFed in the!ast.

S 8 resB to be articile#uturetime

The !roject is to be com!leted by 2J2;.

S 8 astB to be articile ast time

The !roject $as to be com!leted by *II;.

Avoid using a !artici!le $ithout to or be to e!ress intention. Avoidusing a verb $ord instead of a !artici!le $ith to be.

Eam!les"#ncorrect" The !lay $as to be cancel, but it $as only !ost!oned.%orrect"

#ncorrect" The nalists are to named at the net meeting.%orrect"

#ncorrect" The results of the eam are be announced tomorro$.%orrect"

#ncorrect" e $ere to be notify if there $as a !roblem.%orrect"

#ncorrect" The game is to rescheduled.

%orrect"

5


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Problem !$ ;ecessit5 #or Reair or &mrovement/;ee)Remember that CEE' may e!ress necessity for re!air orim!rovement.

S ;> *ing #orm

This !aragra!h needs revising.

Avoid using an innitive or a !artici!le instead of an –ing form.

S ;> to be articile

This !aragra!h needs to be revised.

Avoid using an –ing form instead of a !artici!le.

Eam!les"#ncorrect" /is car needs to .%orrect"

or

#ncorrect" The rug needs cleaned before $e move in.%orrect"

or

#ncorrect" The house needs to !aint, but $e !lan to $ait until netsummer to do it.

%orrect"or

#ncorrect" /er $atch needed re!aired.%orrect"

or

#ncorrect" The hem of this dress needs mended before # $ear itagain.%orrect"

or

Problem !% 8elie# an) 4no(le)e/Anticiator5 It Remember that an antici!atory it clause e!reses belief or&no$ledge. Antici!atory means before. Some it clauses that gobefore main clauses are listed belo$",t is believed,t is hypothesi-ed,t is known,t is said,t is thought

,t is true,t is written

5H


39/47

Anticiator5it

that S V

#t is believed thatall

mammalse!erience dreams

Avoid using an –ing form, a noun, or an innitive instead of a subjectand verb after an antici!atory it clause.

Eam!les"#ncorrect" #t is hy!othesiFed that the subjects in the control grou!

not to score as $ell. %orrect"

#ncorrect" #t is generally &no$n that she leaving at the end of theyear.

%orrect"

#ncorrect" #t is said that a buried treasure near here. %orrect"

#ncorrect" #t is believed that a horseshoe bringing good luc&. %orrect"

#ncorrect" #t is thought that our ancestors building this city. %orrect"

PRuration/9ave , ParticileRemember /AVE !artici!le means that the activity is etendedover a !eriod of time. /AVE !artici!le is es!ecially common $ithadverbs of duration such as since and for'

S9AV

articile )urationB

The Englishlanguage

has changed since Sha&es!eare1stime

Avoid using the !artici!le instead of /AVE !artici!le. Avoid using averb $ord or a !ast form instead of a !artici!le.

Eam!les"#ncorrect" e have live in Seattle for ve years. %orrect"

#ncorrect" /ave you $rote your mother a letter( %orrect"

5I


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#ncorrect" Ray given us a lot of hel! since $e arrived. %orrect"

#ncorrect" # have too& this medication since 2JJJ. %orrect"

#ncorrect" e been friends since $e $ere children. %orrect"

Problem ! >uration/9ave , 8een , ParticileRemember that /AVE been !artici!le means that a recentlycom!leted activity $as etended over a !eriod of time. Rememberthat it is a !assive. The actor is not &no$n or not im!ortant.

9AV been Particile

She has been acce!ted to State Dniversity

Avoid using /AVE !artici!le instead of /AVE been !artici!le ina !assive !attern. Avoid using been !artici!le.

Eam!les"#ncorrect" The !arty has !lanned for t$o $ee&s. %orrect"

#ncorrect" our ty!e$riter been ed, and you can !ic& it u! anytime.

%orrect"

#ncorrect" ayne has elected to the student government. %orrect"

#ncorrect" e been taught ho$ to coo&. %orrect"

#ncorrect" The class been changed to room *J. %orrect"

Problem !0 Pre)iction/Will Have , ParticileRemember that will have follo$ed by a !artici!le and a futureadverb e!resses a !rediction for a future activity or event.

a)verb#utureB

S(ill

have

Particile

0y the year2J2J,

researchers

$illhave

discovered

a cure forcancer

Avoid using will instead of will have.

Eam!les"

7J


41/47

#ncorrect" ou $ill nished your home$or& by the time the moviestarts. %orrect"

#ncorrect" Kan $ill left by ve o1cloc&.

%orrect"

#ncorrect" 0efore school is out, # have returned all of my libraryboo&s. %orrect"

#ncorrect" e have gotten an ans$er to our letter by the time $ehave to ma&e a decision.

%orrect"

#ncorrect" 0efore $e can tell them about the discount, they $illbought the tic&ets.

%orrect"

Problem ! =n#ulflle) >esires in the Past/Had Hoped Remember that had hoped e!resses a ho!e in the !ast did notha!!en.

Sha)

hoe)that

S (oul) verb (or)

e

hadho!ed

thatshe

$ould change her mind

Avoid using a verb $ord instead of would and a verb $ord.Eam!les"#ncorrect" /e had ho!ed that he graduate this semester, but he

couldn1t nish his thesis %orrect"

#ncorrect" e had ho!ed him staying longer. %orrect"

#ncorrect" They had ho!ed that she not nd out about it. %orrect"

#ncorrect" # had ho!ed she coming to the !arty. %orrect"

#ncorrect" /is father had ho!ed that he go into business $ith him. %orrect"

Problem $3 Missing Au6iliar5 Verb/ActiveRemember that some main verbs re)uire auiliary verbs.

7*


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8 *ing

-om is $atering her !lants

/AVE !artici!le

-om has $atered her !lants

MAL Verb (or)

-om should $ater her !lants

Avoid using –ing forms $ithout 0E, !artici!les $ithout /AVE, andverb $ords $ithout modals $hen –ing a !artici!le, or a verb functionas a main verb.

Eam!les"#ncorrect" The !arty is a sur!rise, but all of her friends coming. %orrect"

#ncorrect" She read it to you later tonight. %orrect"

#ncorrect" The sun shining $hen $e left this morning.

%orrect"

#ncorrect" e gone there before. %orrect"

#ncorrect" # can1t tal& $ith you right no$ because the doorbellringing. %orrect"

Part A7 Choose the correct ans(er

*. #n the stringed instruments, the tones GGGGGGGGGGGG by !layinga bo$ across a set of strings that may be made of $ire or gut.a. they !roduceb. !roducingc. are !roducedd. that are !roducing

2. The famous architect,


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d. in:uencing for his mother

5. The T8E


44/47


45/47

;. That it is believed that most of the earth)ua&es in the $orldoccur near

A 0%the youngest mountain rangesOthe /imalayas, the Andes,

and the Sierra'

Cevadas.

@. Arlington Cational %emetery, a memorial area that includesthe mast of

Athe battleshi! #aine, the Tomb of the Dn&no$n Soldier, andthe eternal

:ame at the grave of Kohn


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'

RV&- ERC&S7 PR


47/47

constructed bet$een the earth and the moon. '

H. #t is essential the !ractice a foreign language in order to retaina high level

A 0% 'of !rociency.

I.

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