Grammar Packet 1: Parts of Speech, Parts of a Sentence, Fragments & run-on Summer 2013

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Grammar Practice 1A: Parts of Speech

Quiz: Read the following paragraph. Above each UNDERLINED word/group of words, write

the part of speech it is.

A police officer found a perfect hiding place for watching for speeding

motorists. One day, the officer was amazed when everyone was under the

speed limit, so he investigated and found the problem. A 10-year-old boy was

standing on the side of the road with a huge hand-painted sign which said

“Radar Trap Ahead.” A little more investigative work led the officer to the

boy’s accomplice: another boy about 100 yards beyond the radar trap with a

sign reading “TIPS” and a bucket at his feet full of change.

Notes

NOUNS are words or word groups that name:

Person

Place

Thing

Idea

Dr. Phil Chuck Norris women team

forest city Italy Middle East

rain pets Eiffel Tower jewelry

loyalty beauty fairness respect

Compound Noun: 2 or more words used together as a single noun (for example: filmmaker, fire drill,

self-control) Common Noun: any one of a particular group; more ordinary and general (for example: country) Proper Noun: a particular one; more specific and individual (for example: Spain)

PRONOUNS Pronouns take the place of nouns. The word or phrase replaced by a pronoun is called an antecedent. EXAMPLE: When Sarah was fixing the car, she cut her hand. (Sarah is a noun. She is a pronoun that refers to the antecedent, Sarah.) Personal Pronouns refer to people or things EXAMPLES: I, his, her EXAMPLES: which, what EXAMPLES: all, both, either EXAMPLES: that, those Make sure your Pronouns: 1. AGREE in NUMBER

EXAMPLE: If Martin parks a car on campus, he has to buy a parking sticker.

2. AGREE in PERSON If you are writing in the "first person" (I), don't confuse your reader by switching to the "second person" ( you) or "third person" (he, she, they, it, etc.), or the other way around. EXAMPLE: When Laura comes to class, she should have her homework ready.

3. REFER CLEARLY to a specific noun. Here are examples that would confuse your readers:

EXAMPLE: Although the motorcycle hit the tree, it was not damaged. (Is "it" the motorcycle or the tree?)

Parts of Speech

Parts of Speech are like the building blocks for putting together sentences. Each sentence has a set of parts of speech so that it makes sense. There are 8 parts of speech: 1. Noun: a word or group of words

used to name a person, place, thing or abstract idea

2. Pronoun: a word or a group of words that take the place of a specific noun

3. Adjective: a word or group of words that give more information about a noun/pronoun by describing, identifying, or quantifying. An adjective usually goes before the word it describes.

4. Verb: A word or group of words that expresses actions, events, or states of being. The verb is the initiator of the predicate of the sentence.

5. Adverb: a word/group of words that indicates manner, time, place, cause, degree- answer the questions how, when, where, or how much.

6. Conjunction: links together words, phrases, and clauses.

7. Preposition: links nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other words in a sentence.

8. Interjection: a word/group of words used to express an emotion or sentiment on the part of the speaker. It does not necessarily count as part of the sentence.

Reminder: EVERY word can be used as multiple parts of speech, so be sure you are aware of HOW IT IS USED IN THE SENTENCE!

Grammar Packet 1: Parts of Speech, Parts of a Sentence, Fragments & run-on Summer 2013

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ADJECTIVES Adjectives are words used to modify (describe or change) nouns or pronouns. Adjectives tell us:

What Kind How Many How Much

Which One

STONE house YELLOW hair RUSHING river SECRET message TIRED dog

SEVEN rings MORE money SOME water SEVERAL others

NEXT customer FIRST day THESE mangoes THAT shirt

Articles are a type of adjective: a, an, the Demonstrative adjectives demonstrate which one (i.e. THESE and THAT)

VERBS Verbs are words that express ACTION or a STATE OF BEING. Ex: Action – We celebrated Chinese New Year. State of Being – This holiday is usually in February. 1. Action verbs – express physical

or mental action Ex: hooted, believe

2. Linking verbs – state of being verbs (am, was, is, were) linking the subject to the words that describe them.

Ex: I am happy to be a teacher.

3. Helping verbs – help main verbs express action or state of being.

Ex: Kansas has been named the sunflower state.

ADVERBS Adverbs modify a verb, adjective, or another adverb. They answer the following questions:

1. When? (soon, tomorrow, later) 2. Where? (here, inside, there) 3. How? (easily, quietly) 4. How often? How long? (usually, never) 5. How much? (very, almost)

Can appear many places in a sentence:

We OFTEN study together. We study together OFTEN.

Commonly ends in –ly, but not always.

PREPOSITION Prepositions are words or phrases that show direction or POSITION. Prepositions show relationships.

A preposition is anywhere a squirrel can go in relation to a tree. Prepositional Phrase – a phrase that contains a preposition, a noun/pronoun called the object, and any modifiers for that object.

Study/Review There is no study/review for this section.

Grammar Practice 1B: Parts of a sentence

Quiz: In the following sentences, draw a line to separate the subject and the predicate. Then draw

ONE line under the MAIN SUBJECT and TWO lines under the MAIN VERB.

Example: Two beautiful goldfish in the pond were eating the insects on the top of the water. 1. Menna typed on the computer keyboard.

2. The first grade teacher wrote the lesson on the board.

Parts of a sentence The 8 parts of speech mix together to make sentences. Each sentence has 2 parts: 1. Subject: WHAT or WHOM the

sentence is about- this includes the main noun and all of its modifiers.

2. Predicate: What the subject DOES

or IS- the predicate starts with the VERB and includes all the words after it.

3. Main Subject: In the sentence, the

main noun for the sentence- the COMPLETE subject has all the rest of the modifiers.

4. Main Verb: The basic verb in the

sentence. The COMPLETE PREDICATE is all the words that follow the verb.

Pick an article from a magazine or a

newspaper. Divide each sentence in

the article into the subject and

predicate, and underline the main

subject once and the main verb twice.

Grammar Packet 1: Parts of Speech, Parts of a Sentence, Fragments & run-on Summer 2013

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3. The ridiculously tall hat blocked my view in the movie theater.

4. My favorite video game was on sale at the store.

5. The energetic children ran around on the playground.

6. The lady with the hairnet on served lunch in the cafeteria.

Notes

Study/Review: Fill in the blank with the appropriate word. The simple ________________is the key noun or pronoun that tells what the

sentence is about. A compound subject is made up of two or more simple subjects

that are joined by a conjunction and have the same verb.

EX: Moths fly nearby

The simple __________________ is the verb or verb phrase that expresses the

essential thought about the subject of the sentence. A c_____________ predicate is

made up of two or more verbs or verb phrases that are joined by a conjunction and

have the same subject.

Fragments & Run on

A sentence fragment is a grammatically incomplete sentence, either because it lacks a subject and/or a verb or because it starts with a dependent word and thus is a dependent clause. One of the most common types of fragments: “ing” and “to” fragments: Two more common fragment types begin with either a gerund (the “ing” form of a verb, i.e. trying) or an infinitive (the “to” form of a verb, i.e. to try).

Incorrect: Julie spent almost four hours on the Internet. Trying to find a new job.

Correct: Julie spent almost four hours on the Internet trying to find a new job.

Run-on sentences are two or more sentences run together without the proper punctuation between them. Run-ons come in two types: fused sentences and comma splices. Correcting Run-ons. There are essentially five methods to correct run-on sentences, and while more than one technique may work to correct any given run-on, one method might be preferable to another depending on the specific situation.

1. Use a period (and capitalize as necessary).

2. Use a comma with a connecting word.

3. Use a semicolon alone. 4. Use a semicolon with a

conjunctive adverb. 5. Use subordination.

Grammar Packet 1: Parts of Speech, Parts of a Sentence, Fragments & run-on Summer 2013

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EX: Pete stretched and exercised for an hour.

The complete _________________ consists of the simple subject and all the words that modify it.

The complete __________________ consists of the simple predicate and all the words that modify it or complete its meaning.

Grammar Practice 1C: Fragments and Run-Ons

Quiz: Circle the correct answer.

1. Beyond the ridge, lay another valley.

A) Sentence B) Fragment 2. Whoever you want.

A) Sentence B) Fragment 3. Known for good service, the restaurant flourished.

A) Sentence B) Fragment 4. The movie is a tear-jerker.

A) Sentence B) Fragment 5. The combination of diet, rest, and exercise.

A) Sentence B) Fragment

6. . The player with the lowest score.

A) Sentence B) Fragment 7. Go.

A) Sentence B) Fragment 8. Will arrive between one and two o’clock.

A) Sentence B) Fragment 9. Which falls on the floor?

A) Sentence B) Fragment 10. Until the next time we meet.

A) Sentence B) Fragment

Quiz: Circle the correct answer.

1. A volcano is a fissure in the Earth’s crust, it allows lava to come out.

A) correct sentence B) run-ons

2. The Earth is composed of the core, the mantle, and the crust.

A) correct sentence B) run-ons

3. The lava can move quickly down the volcano’s side, burning everything in

its path.

A) correct sentence B) run-ons

4. The molten rock oozes up through gaps in the Earth’s surface.

A) correct sentence B) run-ons

5. The Earth’s crust is made of hard material, it is formed into several

“plates.”

A) correct sentence B) run-ons

Notes

Look at p. for notes

Study/review

Fragments

A ______________________________ is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually

_______________________________________________________________that make a complete sentence: a subject, a verb, or a

complete thought.

1. Missing subject fragment works for the sheriff’s office.” To correct fragment, add a subject. For example, “ My mother works for the sheriff’s office.”

Grammar Packet 1: Parts of Speech, Parts of a Sentence, Fragments & run-on Summer 2013

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2. Missing verb fragment “The elderly lady with the large shopping bag.” To correct fragment, add a verb. For example, “The elderly lady with the large shopping bag walked down the street.”

3. Missing subject and verb fragment “To buy a house with plenty of room.” To correct fragment, add a subject and a verb. For example, “The young couple wanted to buy a house with plenty of room.”

4. Dependent clause fragment This type of fragment begins with a

____________________________________________________________ or relative pronoun and contains a subject and verb.

Examples of dependent clause fragments: o Although the weather has turned hot o Which is my favorite place to eat

To correct fragment, add an independent clause. For example-

o Although the weather has turned hot, the pool water is not yet hot. o Chick-fil-A, which is my favorite place to eat, is closed on Sundays.

Run-On Sentences

A run-on sentence is ______________________________________________________________________________________________.

1. ______________________________________ – There is no punctuation in the sentence.

For example: Jenny is giving the party it is at her house.

There are _______________________________________________ methods you can use to correct the fused sentence. a. Turn it into two sentences. Jenny is giving the party. It is at her house. b. Add a comma and a conjunction. Jenny is giving the party, and it is at her house. c. Add a semicolon. There are two ways to use the semicolon: 1) the semicolon can join two complete sentences by replacing

the comma and the conjunction, and 2) the semicolon can join the sentences incorporating a conjunctive adverb or transitional expression and a comma.

Jenny is giving the party; it is at her house.(1) Jenny is giving the party; however, it is at her aunt’s house. (2)

d. Turn it into a complex sentence. Since Jenny is giving the party, it is at her house.

2. Comma Splice – a comma splice occurs when _______________________________________________________________________, but the conjunction is missing. A conjunction is a word that joins two sentences. Common conjunctions are and, or, but

Jenny is giving the party, it is at her house. (comma splice) Jenny is giving the party, and it is at her house. (correct)