Gerunds and InfinitivesPart 1

Chapter 14

Introduction to GerundsUsing gerunds as the objects of prepositionsCommon preposition combinations followed by

gerunds.Common verbs followed by gerundsGo + gerundSpecial expressions followed by –ingCommon verbs followed by infinitivesCommon verbs followed by either infinitives or

gerundsReference list of verbs followed by infinitivesIt + infinitive; gerunds and infinitives as subjects

Content

Gerund Is the –ing form of a verb used as a noun It is used in the same ways as a noun, as a subject or as

an objectPlaying tennis is fun. (What is the subject? What is the

main verb?)We enjoy playing tennis. (What is the subject? Object?

Main verb?)He’s excited about playing tennis. (What is the

preposition? Object of the preposition?)Compare

Walking is good exerciseBob and Ann are walking.

Gerunds: IntroductionBox 14-1 (page 297)

A gerund is frequently used as the object of a preposition.We talked about going to Canada for our

vacation.Sue is in charge of organizing the meeting.I’m interested in learning more about your

work.I’m used to sleeping with the window open.I look forward to going home next month.We talked about not going to the meeting, but

finally decided we should go.**notice- the not precedes the gerund.

Using gerunds as the object of prepositions Box 14-2 (page 298)

Complete these sentences with an appropriate preposition and verb form.You are capable _______ (do) _________ better work.I have no excuse _______ (be) _________ late.I’m accustomed ________ (have) __________ a big

breakfast.The rain prevented us ______ (complete) _________

the work.Thank you ______ (help) ________ me carrying my

suitcases.I apologized to Yoko _____ (make) ______ her wait

for me.

Practice (Ex. 1, page 298)

Be excited About doing it

Be worried

Complain About/of doing it

Dream

Talk

Think

Apologize For doing it

Blame (someone)

Forgive (someone)

Have an excuse

Have a reason

Be responsible

Thank (someone)

Common Preposition Combinations followed by Gerunds Box 14-3 (page 299)

Keep (someone) From doing it

Prevent (someone)

Prohibit (someone)

Stop (someone)

Believe In doing it

Be interested

Participate

Succeed

Insist On doing it

Common Preposition Combinations followed by Gerunds Box 14-3 (page 299)

Be accused Of doing it

Be capable

For the purpose

Be guilty

Instead

Take advantage

Take care

Be tired

Be accustomed To doing it

In addition

Be committed

Be devoted

Look forward

Object

Be opposed

Be used

HomeworkExercise 2 (page 300)

Exercise 4 (page 301)

Just write the answers on your paper to turn in

Gerunds are used as the objects of certain verbs. I enjoy playing tennis.

Enjoy is followed by the a gerund (playing). Enjoy is not followed by an infinitive.

Incorrect: I enjoy to play tennis. Phrasal verbs:

Joe quit smoking Joe gave up smoking Both sentences mean the same. Some phrasal verbs (like give up) are

followed by gerunds. Other Verbs + Gerunds

14-4 Common Verbs Followed by Gerunds (page 302)

Enjoy Quit (give up)

Avoid Consider Appreciate

Finish (get through)

Postpone (put off)

Discuss Mind Stop Delay Mention

Keep (keep on)

suggest Give up Get through

Put off Keep on

Create a sentence from the given words:Enjoy + watching TVMind + Open the windowQuit + Eat dessertsGive up + Eat dessertsKeep + workKeep on + workThink about + get a jobAvoid +answer my question

Practice

Go is followed by a gerund in certain idiomatic expressions to express, for the most part, recreational activities.

Did you go shopping?We went fishing yesterday.

14-5 Go + Gerund (page 303)

Go birdwatching

Go fishing Go sailing Go skinnydipping

Go boating Go hiking

Go shopping Go sledding Go bowling Go hunting Go sightseeing

Go snorkeling

Go camping Go jogging Go skating Go swimming

Go canoeing Go mountain climbing

Go skateboarding

Go dancing Go running Go skiing Go window shopping

Go kayaking

Create sentences from the given words.Finish + studyGo + danceKeep + workGo + bowlThink about + wearEnjoy + playTalk about + go+ swimStop + fightAvoid + go + shop

Practice

-ing forms follow certain special expressions Have fun/a good time + -ing

We had fun playing volleyball We had a good time playing volleyball

Have trouble/difficulty + -ing I had trouble finding his house. I had difficulty finding his house.

Have a hard time/difficult time + -ing I had a had time finding his house. I had a difficult time finding his house.

Spend + expressions of time or money + -ing Sam spends most of his time studying.

Waste + expressions of time or money + -ing I waste a lot of time watching TV.

Sit + expression of place + -ing She sat at her desk writing a letter

Stand + expression of place + -ing I stood there wondering what to do next.

Lie + expression of place + -ing He is lying in bed reading a novel.

Find + (pro)noun + -ing When I walked into my office, I found George using my telephone.

Catch + (pro)noun + -ing When I walked into my office, I caught a thief looking through my desk drawers.

14-6 Special Expressions Followed by –ing (page 304)

Create sentences from the given verb combinationsHave trouble + rememberStand (place) + waitHave a hard time + learnSit (place) + thinkHave a good time + playLie (place) + dreamHave difficulty + pronounceHave fun + sing and danceFind (someone) + studySpend (time) + chatWaste (money) + tryCatch (someone + take

Practice

HomeworkExercise 6 (page 303) write just the answers on your paper

Exercise 7 (page 304) this will count for a quiz grade

Exercise 9 (page 305) write just the answers on your paper

Used gerunds as objects of prepositionsBox 14-3 gave us common preposition

combinations followed by gerunds.Box 14-4 gave us common verbs followed by

gerundsGo + gerundSpecial expressions followed by -ing

Gerund Review

InfinitiveTo + the simple form of a verb

To see, to be, to go

Verb + Infinitive I hope to see you again soon.He promised to be here by ten.

Some verbs are followed immediately by an infinitive

Verb + (pro)noun + infinitiveMr. Lee told me to be here at ten o’clock.The policed ordered the driver to stop.

Some verbs are followed by a (pro)noun and then an infinitive. I was told to be here at ten o’clock

These verbs are followed immediately by an infinitive when they are used in the passive.

Common Verbs followed by Infinitives (box 14-7, page 307)

Hope to (do something)

Promise to Seem to Expect to

Plan to Agree to Appear to Would like to

Intend to Offer to Pretend to Want to

Decide to Refuse to Ask to Need to

Group A: Verb + Infinitive

Gerunds and Infinitives part 2

Chapter 15

Helen borrowed my dictionary for to look up the spelling of “occurred.”Helen borrowed my dictionary to look up the

spelling of “occurred.”The teacher opened the window for letting some

fresh air in the room.The teacher opened the window to let some fresh

air in the room.I came to this school for learn English.

I cam to this school to learn English.I traveled to Japan for to visit my sister.

I traveled to Japan to visit my sister.

Review- Correct the Errors

In order to is used to express purpose. It answers the question “Why?”.He came here in order to study English.

In order is often omitted.He came here to study English

To express purpose, use (in order) to, not for, with a verb. Incorrect: He came here for studying English. Incorrect: He came here for to study English. Incorrect: He came here for study English.

For can be used to express purpose, but it is a preposition and is followed by a noun object.I went to the store for some food.I went to the store to buy some bread.

15-1 Infinitive of Purpose: In order to

Tom went to Chicago for…..Tom went to Chicago for some pizza.

I went to the market for….I went to the market for some fresh vegetables.

Mary went to the market to…Mary went to the market to buy some fresh

fruit.I went to the doctor to…

I went to the doctor to have a check-up.

Practice-Make up completions

We were sorry to hear the bad news.I was surprised to see Tim at the meeting.

Certain adjectives can be immediately followed by infinitives.

In general, these adjectives describe a person (or persons), not a thing.

Many of these adjectives describe a person’s feelings or attitudes.

15-2 Adjectives Followed by Infintives

I’ve worked hard all day long. Enough’s enough! I’m…..I’m determined to relax for the rest of the day.

Some children grow up in unhappy homes. My family, however, has always been loving and support. I’m….I’m fortunate to have a good family.

Ivan’s run out of money again, but he doesn’t want anyone to know his situation. He needs money desperately, but he’s….He needs money desperately, but he’s reluctant

to ask.

Practice- Complete the sentences using the expressions listed in chart 15-2 and your own words

Compare:The box is too heavy for Bob to lift.The box is very heavy, but Bob can lift it.In the speaker’s mind, the use of too implies a

negative result.Too heavy = it is impossible for Bob to lift that box.Very heavy = It is possible, but difficult for bob to lift

that box.

Enough follows an adjectiveI am strong enough to lift that box. I can lift it.

Usually enough precedes a nounI have enough strength to lift that box.

15-3 Using Infinitives with TOO and ENOUGH

My friend’s daughter is 18 months old. Is she too young or very young?

What is a child too young to do, but an adult old enough to do?

Is it very difficult or too difficult to learn English?

What did you have enough time to do before class today?

Practice - Discussion Questions

Sue TeamWrite sentences using the following adjectives

followed by infinitives.

Team Good CakeWrite sentences using the following adjectives

followed by infinitives.

Quiz

Glad to (do it) Sorry to Ready to

Careful to Surprised to Happy to

Sad to Prepared to hesitant to

Delighted to Relieved to Lucky to

Ashamed to Determined to

Certain to

Shocked to Afraid to Willing to

HomeworkEx. 3, page 327

Ex. 4, page 328

Ex. 7, page 330

Past Infinitive: to have + past participleThe rain seems to have stopped.The event expressed by a past infinitive or past gerund

happened before the time of the main verb.Past Gerund: having + past participle

I appreciate having had the opportunity to meet then king.Passive Infinitive: to be + past participle

I didn’t expect to be invited to his party.Passive Gerund: being + past participlePast-Passive Infinitive: to have been + past participle

Nadia is fortunate to have been given a scholarship.Past-Passive Gerund: having been + past participle

I appreciate having been told the news.

15-4 Passive and Past Forms of Infinitives and Gerunds

I don’t enjoy (tease) __________ by other people. I don’t enjoy being teased by other people

I’m angry at him for (give, not) __________ me my paycheck. I’m angry at him for not giving me my paycheck. I’m angry at home for not having given me my paycheck.

I expected (invite) __________ to the party, but I wasn’t. I expected to be invited to the party, but I wasn’t.

Your compositions are supposed (write) __________ in ink.Your compositions are supposed to been written in ink.

Jack Welles has a good chance of (elect)_____________. I know I’m going to vote for him. Jack Welles has a good chance of being elected. I know I’m

going to vote for him.

Practice- Supply an appropriate form for each verb (passive and past forms)

I need to borrow some money.Usually an infinitive follows need.

The house needs painting.The house needs to be painted.

In certain circumstances, a gerund may follow need. In this case, the gerund carries a passive meaning.

Usually the situations involve fixing or improving something.

15-5 Using Gerunds or Passive Infinitives Following Need

The baby’s diaper is wet. It needs (change) ________.To be changed, changing.

What a mess! This room needs (clean) ___________ up. We need (clean) ___________ it up before the company arrives.To be cleaned, cleaningTo clean

My shirt is wrinkled. It needs (iron) _________.To be ironed, ironing.

Practice

Formal EnglishWe came to class late. Mr. Lee complained about that

fact.Mr. Lee complained about our coming to class late.

A possessive adjective (our) is used to modify a gerund.Mary came to class late. Mr. Lee complained about that

fact.Mr. Lee complained about Mary’s coming to class late.

A possessive noun (Mary’s) is used.

Informal EnglishMr. Lee complained about us coming to class late.

The object form of a pronoun (us) is used.Mr. Lee complained about Mary coming to class late.

The possessive form is often not used.

15-6 Using a Possessive to Modify a Gerund

You took the time to help us. We greatly appreciate that.We greatly appreciate your/you taking the time

to help us.We talked about him behind his back. The boy

resented that fact.The boy resented our/us talking about him

behind his back.

Practice- Combine with a gerund phrase

HomeworkEx 9, page 332

Ex 10, page 333

Ex 12, page 334