Grammar Quiz #1 Review

Quiz on Wednesday, September 23.

Vocabulary Review

Advert: call attention to, focus onAffection: fondness, devotionAffectation: phoniness, artificiality, pretensionAntebellum: time period before warAvert: turn awayBell- : (latin root word) warBellicose: warlike, aggressive, quarrelsomeBicameral: government term meaning two houses or chambersCommon: sharedDirect Democracy: citizens directly run the governmentIndirect Democracy: citizens elect officials or representatives to run the governmentMutual: reciprocalImpeachment: the formal process of bringing charges against an elected official.Pac- : (latin root word) peacePlac- : (latin root word) calm or satisfyPlacate: calm or satisfyPacifist: a person who opposes war or violencePro tempore: (latin term) “for the time being”Writ of habeas corpus: (latin) legal term meaning that prisoners have the right to be informed of what their charges are.

Advert and Avert

Advert• Call attention to, focus on• “The book adverts to the

role that Benjamin Franklin played in writing the Articles of the Confederation.”

• “My letter to the editor adverted to the issue of litter in city parks.”

Avert• Turn away from, avoid• “For a while, it seemed that

nothing could avert a war.”• “I always avert my eyes

during the scary part of a movie.”

Direct and Indirect Democracy

Direct Democracy• Citizens directly run the

government themselves.• Ancient Athens had a direct

democracy as all citizens were required to vote on issues.

• Many organizations, such as parent/teacher associations, are direct democracies as all members vote and help run the organization.

Indirect Democracy• Citizens elect

representatives to run the government for us.

• The United States is an indirect democracy because we elect representatives, such as Senators, to run the government for us.

Antebellum and BellicoseRemember, the root word bell- means “war”.

Antebellum• The time period before a

war.• “True to her antebellum

ideas, Mammy Maria dressed her two girls every afternoon before dinner.”

• Commonly refers to the period of time leading up to the American Civil War.

Bellicose• Warlike and aggressive• “China is clearly frustrated

with its destitute, bellicose neighbor.”

Placate and Pacifist

Placate• A verb meaning to calm or

satisfy.• “The mother tried to

placate her crying baby.”

Pacifist• A noun meaning a person

who opposes war or violence.

• Gandhi and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. were both pacifists.

Bicameral and Impeachment

Bicameral• A government term

meaning two houses or chambers.

• The legislative branch of the U.S. government is a bicameral system. It consists of the House of Representatives and the Senate.

Impeachment

• The formal process of bringing charges against an elected official.

• When a president is declared unfit for office because of his past actions, this is an example of when you impeach the president.

Affection and Affectation

Affection• Fondness or devotion• “I show my affection for my

cat by petting him and feeding him treats.”

Affectation• Phoniness, artificiality,

pretension.• “Mr. Buffoon’s affectation of

interest in art was apparent when he could not identify a well-known painting by Picasso.”

Simple SubjectSimple Predicate

• Every complete sentence has two main parts: the simple subject and the simple predicate.

• The simple subject tells who or what the sentence is about.

• The simple predicate tells the action taken by the subject.

• When diagramming simple subject and simple predicate, we use this format: subject predicate

The sentences show the difference between simple subject and simple predicate. Simple

subjects are in bold, and simple predicates are underlined.

• Loud, happy crowds gather.• The American flag is leading the band.• Kids in red vests sell peanuts and popcorn.• I love a Fourth of July parade!• The medal hangs around Bob’s neck.• Within the book lies the secret.

How to determine the simple subject

• Sometimes, it can be difficult to determine the subject of more complex sentences. Try to determine what the predicate- or main action is. Then decide who or what is performing that action. For example:

• “From our founding fathers came a brilliant Constitution.”• Many people would assume “fathers” is the subject. The

predicate, however, is the word “came”, so ask yourself: what came? It was the Constitution. So, the Constitution is the subject and came is the predicate. Diagrammed, it would look like this:

• subject predicate• Constitution came

The Four Types of Sentences

• Declarative: A statement. • Interrogative: A question.• Imperative: A command or

request.• Exclamatory: Expresses strong

emotion.

Declarative

• Declarative sentences are statements. They always end with a period.

• For example, “I enjoy reading.”• “The statue of Liberty is in New York City.”

• Remember, the Declaration of Independence was a statement expressing our desire to be independent from England.

Interrogative

• Interrogatives are questions, and always end with a question mark.

• For example, “How was your day yesterday?”• “Would you like to go to the movies with me?”

• Remember, when a suspect is being interrogated, he or she is being questioned.

Imperative

• Imperatives are commands or requests. They may end with a period or an exclamation mark, depending on the emotion behind them.

• For example, “Please bring me a pencil.”• “Get out of my room!”• Remember, the subject of an imperative is the

understood you. In the example, it is understood that the speaker is addressing you. Who will bring the pencil? You will. So, you are the subject and bring is the predicate.

Imperative Continued

• These are not imperative sentences:• Bob told Henry to bring him a pencil.• Emily told Amy to get out of her room.• These are statements (declarative). They

express a command or request, but it is not directed at the understood you. If there is an obvious subject, such as Bob or Emily, the subject can not be an understood you, and the sentence is not imperative.

Exclamatory

• An exclamatory sentence shows strong emotion- either negative or positive. It will always end with an exclamation mark.

• For example, “I won a million dollars!”• “The house is on fire!”• Remember, some imperatives also end with

exclamation marks. Look for an obvious subject, and determine whether or not it is a command.

Complete, Run on, and Fragment Sentences

• Complete sentences express a complete thought. They have both a subject and a predicate.

• Run on sentences express two or more thoughts and lack connecting words or proper punctuation.

• Fragment sentences are incomplete thoughts and lack either the subject or the predicate.

Concrete and Abstract Nouns

• Concrete nouns name a person, place, or thing that can be experienced through one (or more) of the five senses. If you can see, hear, taste, smell, or touch it, it’s a concrete noun.

• Abstract nouns name something that can not be seen, touched, heard, tasted, or smelled. They name ideas or concepts.

Concrete and Abstract Nouns

Concrete• Clock• Calendar• Bed• Toy• Present• Amusement park• child

Abstract• Hour• Year• Dream• Fun• Birthday• Excitement• love

Common and Proper Nouns

• Common nouns do not name a specific person, place or thing. They are more general and do not need to be capitalized.

• Proper nouns do name a specific person, place, or thing, and are always capitalized.

Common and Proper Nouns

Common• teacher• lake• state• country• store• Hemisphere• college

Proper• Ms. Brazele• Lake Superior• California• Indonesia• Target• Eastern Hemisphere• University of California San

Diego

Collective Nouns• Collective nouns name a collection of persons,

places, animals, or things. • Persons: club, Congress, jury, panel,

committee, family, team, staff.• Places: United Kingdom, South America,

Southeast Asia• Animals: flock, herd, swarm, litter, pack• Things: collection, assortment, bunch, pack

Singular and Plural Nouns• Singular nouns represent one person, place or

thing.• Plural nouns represent more than one person,

place, or thing.Singular Noun Plural Noun

dog dogs

boy boys

child children

desk desks

book bookspencil pencils

elephant elephants

Plural vs. Collective Nouns

Plural Nouns

• elephants• teachers• siblings• books• soccer players

Collective Nouns

• herd• staff• family• collection• team

Action and Being Verbs

• Action verbs represent an action.• Being verbs represent a state of being.

Action Verb Being Verb

jump is

play am

cook are

read was

sleep were

dance Will be

think Had been

Helping Verbs

• The main verb in a sentence may have one or more helping verbs. The main verb shows the action; the helping verbs do not show action, but they help to form the verb tense. These are the most common helping verbs: is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been, has, had, may, might, must, can, could, do, does, did, shall, will, should, would.

Helping Verb Examples

• In these examples, the entire verb phrase has been underlined, and the helping verbs are in bold print.

• The Senate is composed of one hundred members.

• Two Senators will represent each state.• Each state must have wanted equal

representation.

Verb Tenses

• In grammar, tense shows time. There are three tenses:

• Past: represents and action which has already happened.

• Present: represents an action currently happening.

• Future: represents an action that will happen.• It is very important to make sure the subject and

verb agree in order to correctly show tense.

Past Tense

• Past tense verbs represent an action which already occurred. Normally, in order to modify a verb to represent past tense, you just add the –ed suffix. For example:

• Jumped• Helped• Cooked• danced

Past tense continued

• When a verb is a single syllable word which ends with a vowel followed by a single consonant, you will usually double the consonant before adding the –ed. For example:

• flap becomes flapped • lag becomes lagged• drag becomes dragged

Past tense continued

• If the verb ends with a y, you usually will change the y to an i before adding the –ed suffix. For example:

• party becomes partied• pry becomes pried• hurry becomes hurried

Past tense continued

• If the verb ends with an e, only add on a d. For example:

• shave becomes shaved• sparkle becomes sparkled• promote becomes promoted

Present Tense

• The present tense refers to an action which is happening right now. When the subject is singular, we add an s to the verb. Do not add an s to the verb if the singular subject is either I or you. For example:

• Roosters crow. The rooster crows.• I pack. He packs.• We vote. She votes.

Present Tense Continued

• If the verb ends in s, x, z, ch, or sh, we as –ed to the verb if the subject is singular. If the subject is plural, the verb remains the same. For example:

• We clash. The militia clashes.• Bees buzz. A bee buzzes.• Seamstresses patch. A seamstress patches.

Present Tense Continued

• Just as with the past tense, if the verb ends with a consonant and a y, change the y into an i before adding es for the singular form. For example:

• Spies pry. A spy pries.• The states comply. States comply.

Future Tense

• The future tense refers to an action which has not yet occurred. The future tense is normally formed with the helping verbs shall or will. With the pronouns I an we, the use of shall is preferable in formal writing. For example:

• He will serve. We shall serve.• They will vote. They shall vote.• You will smile. They will smile.

Noun Genders

• In grammar, there are four genders: masculine, feminine, indefinite, and neuter.

masculine feminine indefinite neutergrandfather grandmother grandparent pizzabrother sister sibling shoestallion mare horse chairrooster hen chicken bicycleCoach Brose Ms. Brazele teacher staplerOscar Henrietta student nest

Indefinite vs. Neuter

• Indefinite nouns represent people or animals which have a gender, but the word itself doesn’t specify what the gender is. For example, if I said “grandparent”, I’m referring to a person who has a gender, but you would not know if that person was male or female.

• Neuter nouns represent objects which have no biological gender. For example, even though a dress may belong to a girl, it is an object and has no biological gender of its own.