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Grammar Unit English 10 CP Chapters 18-22
Grammar Unit English 10 CP
Chapters 18-22
AgreementSubjects are closely related to verbs, and a
careful speaker makes them agree with each other by matching verb forms to subject forms.
Pronouns and their antecedents are closely related as well and are made to agree with each other by matching forms.
Selecting Verbs that Agree with Subjects
Example:Neither of the coats on display (is, are) the color I
want. Answer: is
On page 445 part A please answer 1-10On page 446 part B please answer 11-20
Singular & Plural NumberWhen a word refers to one person or thing, it is
singular in number. When a word refers to more than one, it is plural in number.
The boldfaced words below agree. One of the players was not wearing his glove
(singular). Several of the players were not wearing their
gloves (plural).
Complete exercise 1 on pg 447.
Singular/Plural VerbsSingular subjects take singular verbs:
Marcia attends college, but Laura goes to computer school.
Plural Subjects take plural verbs. Example: Marcia and Laura attend college, but the
other girls do not.
In general, nouns ending in s are plural (aunts, uncles, towns, crimes), but verbs ending in s are singular (gives, takes, does, has is). Singular I and you, however, generally take verbs that do not end in s (I think, you think, I am, you are).
Selecting Verbs that Agree with Their Subjects:
Pg. 449 Exercise 3Pg. 452 Exercise 5
The Compound SubjectMost compound subjects joined by and take a plural
verb. Examples: Ramon and she like hiking.
Her Brother and her cousin are teachers. The mother dog and her puppy sleep here.
A few compound subjects joined by and name a single person or thing and therefore take a singular verb.
Examples: Pork and beans goes well with hot dogs (one dish).
Rock and roll is here to stay. (one kind of music.
Singular/Plural SubjectsWhen a singular and plural subject are joined by
or or nor, the verb agrees with the nearer subject. Examples:
Either Horace or his aunts were up to something strange. (aunts were)
Neither the potatoes nor the roast seems done (roast seems).
Pg. 454 Exercise 8
Other Problems in Agreement
Collective nouns may be either singular or plural. When you are in doubt at times about the number of a word
that names a group of persons or objects it is a collective noun.
A collective noun is singular and takes a singular verb when the group is thought of as a unit or whole.
A collective noun is plural and takes a plural verb when the group are thought of as individuals acting separately. Student the following pairs of sentences. The class has a substitute teacher. (class is thought of as a unit) The class were disagreeing with one another about their
answers. (Class is thought of as a number of individuals).
Writing sentences with verbs that agree with sub.Exercise 10 pg. 456 1-10
Verb Agreement with PNIn the following examples the subject is marked
S and the predicate nominative PN.
Examples: The greatest threat to campers is bear
Bears are the greatest threat to campers.
The main ingredient of my hot sauce is jalapeno peppers.
Subject/Verb AgreementWhen the subject follows the verb, as in
sentences beginning with there and here, be careful to anticipate the subject, and make sure that the verb agrees with it.
PG. 457:Exercise 11
Agreement:Words stating amount are usually singular.
Example: Two years is a long time. Fifty cents was the priceNinety percent of the student body is present.
When the sense of the sentence indicates that the subject designates a collection of individual parts rather than a single unit or quantity, the verb must be plural in number.
Example: Sixty short minutes fly by.Three quarters were in my pocket.Ninety percent of the students are present today.
Other Agreement Rules:Every or many a before a word or a series of
words is followed by a singular verb. The title of a work of art, literature, or music,
even when plural, takes a singular verb. Don’t and doesn't’’ must agree with their
subject.
Exercises for ReviewExercise 12: pg. 458
Using Don’t and Doesn’t CorrectlyExercise 13: pg. 459
Selecting Verbs that Agree with their subjects.
Take Home Test: To complete Agreement Packet for a grade. Due on Monday.
Case Forms of Personal Pronouns
Personal pronouns change form in the different persons. First person is the person speaking: I (We) doSecond person is the person spoken to: You were
doingThird person is a person or thing other than the
speaker or the person spoken to: He (she, it, they_ will do.
Look at graphs on page 470 to notice nominative, objective, and possessive case.
Pronoun Usage: pg 468A small number of pronouns have three forms, or cases;
A nominative form that is used when the pronoun is a subject or predicate nominative. Ex: We heard from SheilaEx: She is staying Ohio.
Objective form that is used when it is a direct or indirect object. Ex: I wrote to herEx: Sheila phoned me
Possessive form that is used to show ownership or relationship. Her vacation is almost overShe is at their farm.
Diagnostic Test
Subject Complement: Predicate nominative
(review) All complements follow a linking verb. If the subject complement is a noun or a pronoun, it is
a predicate nominative. Explain the subject or give another name for the subject.
The caterpillar becomes a butterfly. Ms. Hayes is our teacher
A sentence may contain a compound predicate nominative. P.N.Ex. Our teacher is Ms. Hayes or Ms. Rose.
.
Agreement of Pronoun and Antecedent
Personal Pronouns (I, you, he, etc.) have matching forms that must agree with their antecedents. The antecedent is the word to which a pronoun refers.
A pronoun agrees with it’s antecedent in gender and number. Most nouns name persons or things that may be either
masculine or feminine in the English language. Personal pronouns usually match the gender of their
antecedents.
Exercise 3, 5 (page 472,473)
A Predicate Nominative is in the Nominative Case…
A predicate nominative is a noun or pronoun in the predicate that explains or renames the subject of the sentence.
Look at graphs on page 473
Nominative CaseThe subject of a verb is in the nominative case.
Ex: Both he and I solved the problem (he and I are subjects of the verb solved.
Her brothers and she cleaned the house (she is the subject of cleaned.)
They knew we were going (they is the subject of knew, and we is the subject of were going).
Read page 471 Example paragraphs & 473 Usage Note
Complete exercise’s 3,4,5
Objective CaseThe pronouns: me, him, her, us, and them are in
the objective case. These pronouns are used as direct and indirect objects and as objects of prepositions.
Example: Our coach has been training us (direct object.)I paid him a compliment (indirect object)
Read paragraph on page 475 below examplesComplete Exercises: 7
Review Exercise’s B, C
Objective Case: Rules to remember
A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun that is the object of the preposition.
When the object of a preposition is a pronoun it must be in the objective case.
Example: to them, for you and us, with himExample: We spoke with Gwen and (she, her).
CapitalizationCapital letters are used to individualize what you
are writing about. Complete diagnostic test on page 549.
Rules of CapitalizationCapitalize the first word of every sentence. Capitalize the pronoun I and the interjection OCapitalize proper nouns and proper adjectives
Exercise 1,2 (553)
Notes on Capitalization DO NOT: democratic, republican, socialist when referring to society
instead of democratic party. Republican party Republican Party (both correct. ) DO NOT : hotel, theater, college, high school unless proper names.
- The Roosevelt Hotel Marietta College
DO NOT: capitalize the names of seasons: summer, spring, winter, fallDO NOT: capitalize names that follower brands.
Ritz crackersHaagen-Dazs ice cream
DO NOT: capitalize sun, moon, earth. DO NOT: capitalize senior, junior, sophomore, freshmanDO NOT: do not capitalize the names of school subjects, except names of
languages and course names followed by a number.
Capitalization NotesCapitalize words showing family relationship when
used with a person’s name but not when preceded by a possessive (these are capitalize when used in place of a person’s name like “hello Father”.
Examples: Aunt Edit, Uncle Fred, my brother Bob, Grandmother Bechtel.
Capitalize first and last words an all important words in titles of books, periodicals, poems, stories, movies, television series, painting and other works of art.
Capitalize God except when it refers to the gods of ancient mythology and all words referring to God. Father, Lord, His will ect.
