Grammatics 5

8/8/2019 Grammatics 5

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LOGICAL FUNCTIONLOGICAL FUNCTION

Logic: relation between two variables, relation of clauses in CCLogic: relation between two variables, relation of clauses in CC

related words:related words: relate, relative, relativity, relation, ratiorelate, relative, relativity, relation, ratio

1.1. Status (TAXIS)Status (TAXIS)

a.a. Equal: parataxis, paratactic (1, 2, 3..) relation based onEqual: parataxis, paratactic (1, 2, 3..) relation based onorder order

Ben arrived early and Jack came soon.Ben arrived early and Jack came soon.Ben attended the class but his brother was absent. Ben attended the class but his brother was absent.

1 21 2

b. Unequal: hypotaxis, hypotactic (b. Unequal: hypotaxis, hypotactic (EFKHIJKEFKHIJK«

) «

) EE=independent,=independent, F F= dependent= dependent

Ben arrived early, which surprises us.Ben arrived early, which surprises us.

Ben went to Kisaran, where his wife was bornBen went to Kisaran, where his wife was born..

EE F F



2 Logicosemantic Relation or Logical2 Logicosemantic Relation or Logical--semantic Relationsemantic Relation

µWhat does clause 1 mean to 2 or µWhat does clause 1 mean to 2 or EE toto F F?¶?¶

µWhat meaning does clause 1 give to 2 or µWhat meaning does clause 1 give to 2 or EE toto F F?¶?¶

1.1. ExpansionExpansion

a.a. Elaboration = µequals¶Elaboration = µequals¶b.b. Extension + µis added to¶Extension + µis added to¶

c.c. Enhancement x µis multiplied by¶Enhancement x µis multiplied by¶

2. Projection2. Projection

a.a. LocutionLocution ³³ double quotes (projection of wording)double quotes (projection of wording)

b.b. IdeaIdea µµ single quotes (projection of meaningsingle quotes (projection of meaning) )



LogicalLogical MeaningsMeanings

LOGICO-SEM ANTIC RELATIONTAXIS

Paratactic

1, 2, ...

Hypotactic

E, F...

Expansion

Elaboration =

Extension +

Enhancement x

ProjectionLocution ³

Idea µ

1 = 2

1 + 2

1 x 2

1 ³2

1 µ2

E = F

E+ F

Ex F

E³ F

E µ F



UnivariateUnivariate and Multivariateand Multivariate

Multivariate AnalysisMultivariate AnalysisOne clause or one unit of clause is analyzed asOne clause or one unit of clause is analyzed ashaving more than one function depending of the typehaving more than one function depending of the typeof the Metafunction (i. e. experiential, interpersonalof the Metafunction (i. e. experiential, interpersonal

or textual).or textual).Multivariate analysis is devoted to Experiential,Multivariate analysis is devoted to Experiential,Interpersonal and Textual Function. Interpersonal and Textual Function.

Univariate AnalysisUnivariate AnalysisOne clause is analyzed by its function in its ownOne clause is analyzed by its function in its ownrelation to another clause forming a clause complex. relation to another clause forming a clause complex. Univariate analysis is referred to the LogicalUnivariate analysis is referred to the Logical

Function. Function.



Mutivariate and Univariate AnalysisMutivariate and Univariate Analysis

Well well John really do you love the lady?Well well John really do you love the lady?Continuative Vocative Adjunct Finite

Textual Interpersonal

Topical

T H E M E

R H E M E

Adjunct Finite Subject Predicator Complement

MOODRES- -IDUE

Circ: M Process Senser : Mental Phenomenon

I love the lady and she loves me tooI love the lady but she does not love me

I love the lady because she loves me

I love the lady, which surprises all the people

³I love the lady´, he said to me

³ I love the lady´, he thought



Paratactic ElaborationParatactic Elaboration

1=21=2

This specifically divides intoThis specifically divides into

1.1. exposition µin other words¶ P i.e. Qexposition µin other words¶ P i.e. Q

2.2. exemplification µfor example¶ P e. g. Qexemplification µfor example¶ P e. g. Q

3.3. clarification µto be precise¶ P viz Qclarification µto be precise¶ P viz Q

The man is blind ; he cannot see anythingThe man is blind ; he cannot see anything

in other wordsin other words

for examplefor example

to be preciseto be precisenamelynamely

that isthat is

actuallyactually

reallyreally

definitelydefinitely

1 = 21 = 2

1. 1. exposition:exposition:

That clock does not work; it¶s not working.That clock does not work; it¶s not working.

1 =21 =2

Each argument was fatal to the other; both could not be accepted.Each argument was fatal to the other; both could not be accepted.

-- coded by a semicolon (;),coded by a semicolon (;), or (rather)or (rather),, in other wordsin other words,, that isthat is,, i. e.i. e.



Paratactic ElaborationParatactic Elaboration2.2. exemplification:exemplification:-- John is a naughty boyJohn is a naughty boy-- he used to cheat his friends.he used to cheat his friends.-- His face is the same as everybody else hasHis face is the same as everybody else has²²the twothe two

eyes, nose in the middle, mouth under.eyes, nose in the middle, mouth under. stated by conjunctives such asstated by conjunctives such as for example, for for example, for

instance, in particular, e. ginstance, in particular, e. g. or by the use of hyphen. or by the use of hyphen((--))

3.3. clarification:clarification:-- He never said anything to her; in fact his remarkHe never said anything to her; in fact his remark

was evidently addressed to a tree.was evidently addressed to a tree.-- I was not surprisedI was not surprised²²it was what I had expected.it was what I had expected. coded by conjunctives such ascoded by conjunctives such as in fact, actually,in fact, actually,

indeed, at least indeed, at least oror viz viz ..



Hypotactic ElaborationHypotactic ElaborationEE== F F

Typically in nonTypically in non--defining relative clause. Thedefining relative clause. The F Fmay appear inmay appear in (1) (1) Finite andFinite and

(2) (2) NonNon--finite clauses.finite clauses.

FiniteFinite

F F clauses withclauses with whichwhich or other pronouns may refer or modify whose either theor other pronouns may refer or modify whose either thewhole of the primary/dominant clause or some part of it that is more than awhole of the primary/dominant clause or some part of it that is more than anominal groupnominal group

His son graduated from Oxford University, which gives a good reputation toHis son graduated from Oxford University, which gives a good reputation tothe family.the family.

H is son graduated from Oxford University,H is son graduated from Oxford University, which giveswhich gives

EE== F F

a good reputation to the familya good reputation to the family. (whole clause). (whole clause)

They stayed in Kisaran for two days, which is a good memory in their lives.They stayed in Kisaran for two days, which is a good memory in their lives.

Clauses withClauses with which, that, whowhich, that, who or or whosewhose whose domain is a nominal group. whose domain is a nominal group.

M y son bought a new Toyota car, which is a genuine Japanese car of theM y son bought a new Toyota car, which is a genuine Japanese car of theyear.year.

The ancient Bataks usually believe in datus, whose teachings became theThe ancient Bataks usually believe in datus, whose teachings became theviews of lifeviews of life



Whole and Partial DomainWhole and Partial Domain

His son graduated from Oxford University which gives a good reputation to the familywhich gives a good reputation to the family

They stayed in Kisaran for two daysThey stayed in Kisaran for two days where his wife was born. in Kisaran

E = F

E !F

They stayed in Kisaran for two days, which comforts the family.



Hypotactic ElaborationHypotactic Elaboration

When a nominal group is not in the final position of the primary clause, theWhen a nominal group is not in the final position of the primary clause, the

hypotactic clause is often enclosed and is configured ashypotactic clause is often enclosed and is configured as EE<< =<< = F F>> >> I nflation, which is an important indicator in economic development, struck I nflation, which is an important indicator in economic development, struck

I ndonesia in 1998 I ndonesia in 1998

Clauses withClauses with whenwhen or or wherewhere which have as their domain of time or placewhich have as their domain of time or placesuch assuch as

W e need a cooling period, when the problems are becoming less important W e need a cooling period, when the problems are becoming less important

She was born in Kisaran, where the river of Silau flows.She was born in Kisaran, where the river of Silau flows.

NonNon--finite hypotactic elaborationfinite hypotactic elaboration

H e worked in a farm at that time, growing rice.H e worked in a farm at that time, growing rice.

H e worked in a farm at that time, which was growing rice.H e worked in a farm at that time, which was growing rice.

That is his ideaThat is his idea--to maintain the purity of his ethnic group identity.to maintain the purity of his ethnic group identity.

There was a huge fire in Parapat, burning all trees all around.There was a huge fire in Parapat, burning all trees all around. I t¶s my own inventionI t¶s my own invention²²to keep clothes and sandwiches in.to keep clothes and sandwiches in.

H e was an absolute loner of man, pursuing some dream of exploration in theH e was an absolute loner of man, pursuing some dream of exploration in the jungles. jungles.

M ore women in the Cabinet were announced, featuring mov.ements against M ore women in the Cabinet were announced, featuring mov.ements against women discriminationwomen discrimination



Final, Medial and InitialFinal, Medial and Initial F F

I saw the man, who attended the night classes. I saw the man, who attended the night classes.

EE == F F

The man, who attended the night classes, is my brother The man, who attended the night classes, is my brother

EE<< =<< = F F >>>>

Besides working in the bank, he attended night classes. Besides working in the bank, he attended night classes.

F F EE



ExtensionExtension

11++22

OneOne clauseclause extendsextends thethe meaningmeaning of of another another byby addingadding

somethingsomething newnew toto itit

PrincipalPrincipal MarkersMarkers of of ExtensionExtension

Categor yCategor y MeaningMeaning

1.1. additionaddition additive/positiveadditive/positive:: µand¶µand¶ A A andand BB

additive/negativeadditive/negative:: µnor¶µnor¶ notnot A A andand notnot BB

adversativeadversative:: µbut¶µbut¶ A A andand converselyconversely BB22.. variationvariation replacivereplacive:: µinstead¶µinstead¶ notnot A A butbut BB

subtractivesubtractive:: µexcept¶µexcept¶ A A butbut notnot allall BB

alternativealternative:: µor¶µor¶ A A or or BB..



Paratactic Extension (1+2)Paratactic Extension (1+2)

additionaddition typetype:: and,and, too,too, inin addition,addition, also,also, moreover,moreover, onon

thethe other other hand,hand,««-- MyMy father father growsgrows ricerice andand mymy mother mother sellssells fruitfruit..

11 ++22

-- (I(I said)said) youyou lookedlooked likelike anan egg,egg, sir sir;; andand somesome eggseggs areare

veryvery pretty,pretty, (you(you know)know)..-- TheyThey diddid notnot comecome here,here, nor nor diddid their their sonssons..

-- SheShe waswas stingy,stingy, onon thethe other other handhand sheshe waswas pushypushy..

variation type:variation type: conversely, alternatively, on the other conversely, alternatively, on the other

hand,hand,««-- Don¶t just sit there, but tell me your name.Don¶t just sit there, but tell me your name.

-- I should have informed you about the matter, only II should have informed you about the matter, only Icouldn¶t find your telephone number couldn¶t find your telephone number ..



Hypotactic ExtensionHypotactic Extension

E FE F

FiniteFinite

conjunctions or conjunctives:conjunctions or conjunctives: whereas, while, except that, but (for the fact)whereas, while, except that, but (for the fact)that that (not in the sense of temporal). (not in the sense of temporal).

-- The boy opened the door, whereas his sister cleaned the floor.The boy opened the door, whereas his sister cleaned the floor.

-- H e pretended to know all about it, whereas in fact he had no idea (of what H e pretended to know all about it, whereas in fact he had no idea (of what was happening).was happening).

-- The director did not attend the meeting except that the personal manager The director did not attend the meeting except that the personal manager was also on leave.was also on leave.

NonNon--finitefinite

conjunctionsconjunctions or or conjunctivesconjunctives:: besides,besides, apart apart from,from, instead instead of,of, other other than,than,without without ««

-- W eW e used used toto gogo away away at at thethe weekend,weekend, taking taking all all our our belongingsbelongings withwith usus..

-- BesideBeside spending spending aa week week inin Kisaran,Kisaran, sheshe searched searched for for aa prospect prospect for for her her businessbusiness

-- W eW e stayed stayed at at homehome for for daysdays instead instead of of following following hishis instructionsinstructions..

-- They They did did everything everything without without asking asking further further instructionsinstructions fromfrom her her..

-- SheShe wandered wandered on,on, talking talking toto herself herself (as(as sheshe went went out)out)



Paratactic EnhancementParatactic Enhancement

11xx22aa notionnotion of of coordinationcoordination withwith aa circumstantialcircumstantial

featurefeature

-- expressedexpressed byby

(1)(1) conjunctionsconjunctions then,then, so,so, for,for, but,but, yet,yet, still still ,,

(2)(2) conjunctionconjunction groupgroup withwith and and :: and and then,then, and and

there,there, and and thus,thus, and and so,so, and and yet yet

(3)(3) and and inin combinationcombination withwith aa conjunctiveconjunctive (that(that

isis cohesivecohesive devicesdevices²²notnot structural)structural) suchsuch asas

and and at at that that time,time, and and soonsoon afterwards,afterwards, and and till till

thenthen ,and ,and inin that that case,case, and and inin that that way way ..



r nc pa ar ers o aratact c n ancementr nc pa ar ers o aratact c n ancement

1x21x2CategoryCategory MeaningMeaning MarkersMarkers

1 temporal1 temporal--same timesame time

--different time: later different time: later

--different time: earlier different time: earlier

A meanwhile B A meanwhile B

A subsequently B A subsequently B

A previously B A previously B

(and) meanwhile, (when)(and) meanwhile, (when)

(and) then, and + afterwards(and) then, and + afterwards

and/but + before that/firstand/but + before that/first

2 spatial2 spatial

same placesame place A there B A there B and thereand there

3 manner 3 manner

--meansmeans

--comparisoncomparison

A is via/by means of B A is via/by means of B

A is like B A is like B

(and) in that way, (and) thus(and) in that way, (and) thus

(and) similarly, (and) so, thus(and) similarly, (and) so, thus

4 causal4 causal²²conditionalconditional

--causecause²²effecteffect

--effecteffect²²causecause

--condition: positivecondition: positive

--condition: negativecondition: negative

--concessionconcession consequenceconsequence

-- consequenceconsequence concessionconcession

because A so result Bbecause A so result B

because intension A so action Bbecause intension A so action B

if A then Bif A then B

if not A then Bif not A then B

if A then contrary to expectationif A then contrary to expectation

BB

contrary to expectation A then Bcontrary to expectation A then B

(and) so, (and) therefore(and) so, (and) therefore

for, becausefor, because

(and) then, (and) therefore(and) then, (and) therefore

or else, (or ) otherwiseor else, (or ) otherwise

but, (and) yet, still, but +but, (and) yet, still, but +

neverthelessnevertheless

(though)(though)



Use of Paratactic EnhancementUse of Paratactic Enhancement

temporaltemporal

ItIt isis thethe officer officer fromfrom thethe HeadHead Office,Office, nownow II havehave toto talktalk toto himhim

SheShe firedfired twotwo shoots,shoots, thenthen thethe deer deer collapsedcollapsed toto thethe groundground..

spatialspatial

MyMy sonson stood,stood, andand therethere hehe showedshowed usus hishis power power

TheThe manman staredstared atat meme fromfrom aa smallsmall holehole onon thethe wall,wall, thencethence II knewknew himhimmanner manner

SitSit therethere andand inin thatthat wayway youyou cancan observeobserve their their behaviorsbehaviors

HeHe lookedlooked atat meme andand soso diddid hishis companioncompanion..

causalcausal--conditionalconditional

HeHe diddid nono wantwant toto interfereinterfere withwith our our problemsproblems soso hehe saidsaid nothingnothing

HeHe leftleft quicklyquickly for for hehe diddid notnot wantwant toto interfereinterfere withwith our our problemproblem..

TheThe tiger tiger laylay motionlessmotionless;; stillstill itit breathedbreathed itsits power power throughthrough itsits silentsilent roarsroars..

EvenEven aa smallsmall boyboy knowsknows thethe answer answer thoughthough hehe doesdoes notnot knowknow thethe wordswords..



Principal Markers of Hypotactic EnhancementPrincipal Markers of Hypotactic Enhancement EExx F F

CategoryCategory FiniteFinite NonNon--finitefinite

conjunctionconjunction conjunctionconjunction prepositionpreposition

1 temporal1 temporal

--same time: extentsame time: extent

--same time: pointsame time: point

--same time: spreadsame time: spread

--different time: later different time: later

--different time: earlier different time: earlier

as, whileas, while

when, as soon as, thewhen, as soon as, the

momentmoment

whenever, every timewhenever, every time

after, sinceafter, since

before, until/tillbefore, until/till

whilewhile

whenwhen

sincesince

untiluntil

in (thein (the

course/process of )course/process of )

onon

after after

beforebefore

2 spatial2 spatial

--same place: extentsame place: extent

-- same place: pointsame place: point

-- same place: spreadsame place: spread

as far asas far as

wherewhere

wherever, everywherewherever, everywhere



Principal Markers of Hypotactic EnhancementPrincipal Markers of Hypotactic Enhancement

CategoryCategory FiniteFinite NonNon--finitefinite

conjunctionconjunction conjunctionconjunction prepositionpreposition3 manner 3 manner

--meansmeans

comparisoncomparison as, as if, like, the wayas, as if, like, the way likelike by means of by means of

4 causal4 causal²²conditionalconditional

-- cause: reasoncause: reason

-- cause: purposecause: purpose

-- condition: positivecondition: positive

-- condition: negativecondition: negative

-- condition: concessivecondition: concessive

because, as, since, inbecause, as, since, incase, seeing that,case, seeing that,

consideringconsidering

in order that, so thatin order that, so that

if, provided that, asif, provided that, as

long aslong as

unlessunless

even if, althougheven if, although

if if

with, through, by,with, through, by,at, as a result,at, as a result,

because of, in casebecause of, in case

of of

(in order/so as) to,(in order/so as) to,

for (the sake of ),for (the sake of ),

with the aim of, for,with the aim of, for,fear of fear of

in the event of in the event of

but for, withoutbut for, without

despite, in spite of,despite, in spite of,withoutwithout



Use of Hypotactic EnhancementUse of Hypotactic Enhancement

He was absent because he was illHe was absent because he was ill

EExx F F

We were reading the books when he came. We were reading the books when he came. Did you see the man when he entered theDid you see the man when he entered the

room?room?

Before going the school I have breakfastBefore going the school I have breakfastOn seeing the man he got very angry. On seeing the man he got very angry.



ProjectionProjection

Ben said, ³I will go to the party´.Ben said, ³I will go to the party´.

Projecting

Clause

Projected Clause

Projecting Process

1. Verbal Process (Locution)say, tell, ask, order, command,

instruct, confess, suggest, advise

reply « ³

2. Mental Process (Idea)think, know, realize, remember

want, wish, feel, hear, see, wander

believe« µ

Representation of linguistic experience in another linguistic experience



Paratactic and Hypotactic ProjectionParatactic and Hypotactic Projection

He said, ³I will go to the party´. Paratactic LocutionHe said, ³I will go to the party´. Paratactic Locution

1 ³21 ³2

³I will go to the party´, he said³I will go to the party´, he said

³1 2³1 2

He said that he would go to the party. Hypotactic LocutionHe said that he would go to the party. Hypotactic LocutionEE ³³ F F

He thought, ³ I will go to the party´. Paratactic IdeaHe thought, ³ I will go to the party´. Paratactic Idea

1 µ21 µ2

³I will go to the party´, he thought³I will go to the party´, he thoughtµ1 2µ1 2

He thought that he would go to the party Hypotactic IdeaHe thought that he would go to the party Hypotactic Idea

EE µµ F F



Projection in Bahasa IndonesiaProjection in Bahasa Indonesia

TypesTypes ParatacticParatactic HypotacticHypotactic

LocutioLocutionn

Benny berkata,Benny berkata,

Saya akan pergi ke Saya akan pergi ke

pesta itu.pesta itu.

Dalam hati/hatiDalam hati/hati

saya berkata, Sayasaya berkata, Sayaakan pergi ke pestaakan pergi ke pestaitu.itu.

Beny mengatakanBeny mengatakanbahwa dia akan pergibahwa dia akan pergi

ke pesta itu.ke pesta itu.

IdeaIdea (not available)(not available) Saya pikir saya akanSaya pikir saya akan

pergi ke pesta itu.pergi ke pesta itu.



Equivalent to 1·2Equivalent to 1·2

I thought, ³I will buy the car´.I thought, ³I will buy the car´.Dalam hati saya berkata, ³ Saya akan membeli mobil itu´.Dalam hati saya berkata, ³ Saya akan membeli mobil itu´.

Hati saya berkata, ³Saya akan membeli mobil itu´.Hati saya berkata, ³Saya akan membeli mobil itu´.

³Saya akan membeli mobil itu´, dalam hati saya berkata.³Saya akan membeli mobil itu´, dalam hati saya berkata.

³Saya akan membeli mobil itu´, kata hati saya. ³Saya akan membeli mobil itu´, kata hati saya.

Kata hati saya, ³Saya akan membeli mobil itu´.Kata hati saya, ³Saya akan membeli mobil itu´.

*Saya berpikir, ³Saya akan membeli mobil itu´. *Saya berpikir, ³Saya akan membeli mobil itu´.



QuasiQuasi--projectionprojection

³Saya akan pergi,´ katanya³Saya akan pergi,´ katanya

³Saya akan pergi,´ pikir hati saya³Saya akan pergi,´ pikir hati saya

³Saya akan pergi,´ (adalah) katanya.³Saya akan pergi,´ (adalah) katanya.

³Saya akan pergi,´ (adalah) pikir hati saya.³Saya akan pergi,´ (adalah) pikir hati saya.Dokter itu (adalah/diperankan) BenDokter itu (adalah/diperankan) Ben

Value Process: Relational TokenValue Process: Relational Token

Katanya (adalah) ³Saya akan pergi.´Katanya (adalah) ³Saya akan pergi.´Pikir hati saya (adalah) ³Saya akan pergi.´Pikir hati saya (adalah) ³Saya akan pergi.´

Ben (adalah/memerankan) dokter itu.Ben (adalah/memerankan) dokter itu.

Token Process: Relational ValueToken Process: Relational Value



AnalysisAnalysis

Techniques of AnalysisTechniques of Analysis Tree diagramTree diagram

BracketingBracketing

Lining upLining up

The texts (Clause Complex)The texts (Clause Complex)

a.a. Ben was absent because he was illBen was absent because he was illb.b. Ben was absent because he was ill after having beenBen was absent because he was ill after having been

trapped in a heavy rain.trapped in a heavy rain.

c.c. Ben said, ³I will go to the party and tell the vet to ask hisBen said, ³I will go to the party and tell the vet to ask hisstaff to inspect horses in the farm, that have been infectedstaff to inspect horses in the farm, that have been infected

by viruses, which had been spreading in the area over theby viruses, which had been spreading in the area over thelast three years´.last three years´.

d.d. You may leave now if you have completed the work but youYou may leave now if you have completed the work but youmust return if I call you when I need you to calculate themust return if I call you when I need you to calculate thefund, which we have spent on the program. fund, which we have spent on the program.



11CC

E x F

Ben was absent because he was ill

2. Ex F

3. Ben was absent Ebecause he was ill x F



CC

E x F

E x F

Ben was absentbecause he was ill after having been trapped

in a heavy rain

1

2 (Ex F (Ex F))

3 Ben was absent E

because he was ill x FE

after having been trapped in a heavy rain x F



CC

³2

1 +2

E ³ F

E ³ F

E = F

Ben said

I will go to the party

and tell the vet

to ask his staff

to inspect the horses in he farm

E = F

that have been infected by viruses

which had been spreading in the area over the last three years

I

II

III

IV

V

VI

1



2. 1 2(1 +2(2. 1 2(1 +2(EE F F((EE F F((EE == F F((EE == F F))))))))))

3. Ben said, 13. Ben said, 1

I will go to the party 21 I will go to the party 21

and tell the vet +2and tell the vet +2EE

to ask his staff to ask his staff FE FE

to inspect horses in the farm, to inspect horses in the farm, FE FE

that have been infected by viruses, =that have been infected by viruses, = FE FE

which had been spreading in the =which had been spreading in the = FE FE

ar

ea over

the last thr

ee year

s.ar

ea over

the last thr

ee year

s.



CC

1+2

E x F E x F

E x F

E x F

you may leave now if you have completed

the work

but you must return

if I call you

to calculate the fund

that we have spent on the program

when I need you

E = F

I

II

III

IV

V

1



2. ((1(2. ((1(EE xx F F))) +2())) +2(EE xx F F((EE xx F F((EE== F F))))))

33you may leave now 1you may leave now 1EE

if you have completed the work xif you have completed the work x F F

but you must return +2but you must return +2EE

if I call you xif I call you x FE FE

when I need you xwhen I need you x FE FE

to calculate the fund, xto calculate the fund, x FE FE

which we have spent on the program =which we have spent on the program = F F



QuasiQuasi--ProjectionProjection

Pemerintah akan menaikkan gaji PNS. Kita Pemerintah akan menaikkan gaji PNS. Kitaharus memperbaiki keadaan danharus memperbaiki keadaan dankesejhateraan mereka. Hal ini pentingkesejhateraan mereka. Hal ini pentingsebagi indikator perbaikan kehidupansebagi indikator perbaikan kehidupankata Menteri.kata Menteri.



Analyzing Clause Complex Analyzing Clause Complex

They said, Ben was absent because he was illThey said, Ben was absent because he was ill

They said, Ben was absent because he was illThey said, Ben was absent because he was ill

after having been t rapped in a heavy rainafter having been t rapped in a heavy rain

You may go now if you have completed the You may go now if you have completed the

work but you must come back if I call you.work but you must come back if I call you.

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