Grammar BookCaitlyn Pallas

Table of Contents

Preterit- slide 3

Constructions of se- slide 4

Adverbs- slide 5

Preterite VS. Imperfect- slide 6

Por vs. Para- slide 7

Stressed Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns- slide 8

Formal Commands- slide 9

Informal Commands- slide 10

Nosotros Commands- slide 11

Object Pronoun Placement- slide 12

Present Subjunctive- slide 13

Subjuntive with Verbs of Will and Influence- slide 14

Bibliography- slide 15

Preterite

REGULAR -AR -ER/IR

Yo é í

Tú aste iste

El/Ella ó ió

Nosotros amos imos

Vosotros asteis isteis

Ellos/Ellas aron ieron

Dar-to give Ver-to see Ser/Ir-to be, go Hacer-to do

di vi fui hice

diste viste fuiste hiciste

dio vio fue hizo

dimos vimos fuimos hicimos

disteis visteis fuisteis hicisteis

dieron vieron fueron hicieron

*No a

ccent m

ark

s!!!

Trigger Words:

Anoche:last night

-Ayer:yesterday

-Antaeyer:day before yesterday

-La Semana pasada:last week

-El Mes Pasado:last month

-El Año Pasado:last year

-car Yo -qué

-gar Yo -gué

-zar Yo -cé

Andar Anduv

Estar Estuv

Tener Tuv

Caber Cup

Haber Hub

Poder Pud

Poner Pus

Saber Sup

Querer Quis

Hacer Hic (el/

ella: Hizo)

Venir Vin

Decir Dij*

Traer Traj*

Conducir Conduj*

No a

ccent m

ark

s!

No a

ccent m

ark

s!

No a

ccent m

ark

s!

e

iste

o

imos

isteis

ieron

*eron

oí oímos

oíste oísteis

oyó oyeron

leí leímos

leíste leísteis

leyó leyeron

creí creímos

creíste creísteis

creyó creyeron

Constructions with SeCan be used when the person performing the action is not expressed or deemphasizedImpersonal constructions with se

• Verbs that aren’t reflexive can be used with se

to create impersonal constructions.

• The are the statements in which the person

performing the action is not expressed or

defined.

• In English this is the passive voice or indefinite

subjects (you, they, one)

• Example:

• Se habla español en Costa Rica.

• Spanish is spoken in Costa Rica.

• Se hacen operaciones aquí

• They perform operations here.

*Verbs are in third person and they match the

nouns (plural or singular)*

They are often used in signs, advertisements

and directions

Se for unplanned events

• Se is also used to describe accidental or

unplanned events

• Person who performs the construction is

deemphasized to imply that the

accident/unplanned event is not his or

her direct responsibility.

• Commonly used verbs with se- Caer

(dejar caer) perder, dañarr, olvidar,

quedar, and romper

• Construction pattern:

Se + IO pronoun + verb + subject

Examples:

Se te perdieron las llaves.

Se nos dañó el radio.

The subject is the object (las llaves) and

the verb corresponds to it (perdieron). The

person is just an IO. In a way, the keys lost

themselves.

To clarify or emphasis the person use a +

[noun] or a + [prepositional pronoun]

Ex- Al paciente se le perdió la receta.

The patient lost his prescription

Adverbs• Words that describe how, when, and where an action takes place.

• They can modify verbs, adjectives, and even other adverbs.

• Most common adverbs are those that end in –mente. This is the

equivalent to –ly in English.

• Ex:

• Fácilmente: easily

• Generalmente: generally

• Verdaderamente: truly, really

• Simplemente: simply

• To form adverbs ending in –mente

1-start with an adjective

2- Then take its feminine form

3- Add –mente

• Ex- fabuloso=fabulosa=fabulosamente

****If the adjective doesn’t have a special feminine form, then just add

mente to create the standard form of the adverb.

Ex- feliz=felizmente enorme=enormemente

• Adverbs that end in –mente generally follow the verb; while adverbs

that modify adjectives or another adverb preceed the word they modify.

• When a sentence contains 2 or more adverbs in a sentence, -mente is

dropped from all but the last adverb.

• Ex- El medico nos habló siempre y abiertamente. (simply and openly)

• Adjectives DON’T loose their accents when adding –mente

(débilmente).

Examples:

-bien

-mal

-muy

-nunca

-hoy

-siempre

-temprano

-ayer

-aquí

Common Adverbs

and Adverbial

Expressions-

-a menudo: often

-a tiempo: on

time

-basante: enough

-casi: almost

-despacio: slowly

-muchas veces: a

lot, many times

-pronto: soon

-rápido: quickly

Preterite VS Imperfect

Preterite Imperfect

• Used for single events,

actions repeated a

specific number of

times, actions that

occurred during a

specific time period,

actions that were a part

of a chain of events, to

state the beginning or

end of an action.

• Definite end and

beginning, actions are

seen as completed.

• Does not have a

definite beginning or

end or actions not

seen as being

completed.

• Used for describing

actions that were

habitually repeated,

“setting the stage” for

another action, telling

time, stating one’s age

Both

Describe

events

that

happened

in the past

1. Motion or a general locationEx- La excursion nos llevó por el centro

The tour took us through downtown

2. Duration of an ActionEx- Estuve en la Patagonia por un mes

I was in Patagonia for a month.

3. Reason or Motive for an ActionEx- Lo hizo por su familia.

She did it on behalf her family

4. Object of the SearchEx- Vengo por ti a las ocho

Im coming for you at eight.

5. Means by which Something is DoneEx- Ellas viajan por a autopisa.

They traveled by (the way of) the highway

6. Exchange or SubstitutionEx- Pagué diez dólores por esta camisa.

I paid ten dollars for this shirt.

7. Unit of Measure Ex- Yo manejaba a 120 kilómetros por hora.

I was traveling 120 km per hour.

1. DestinationEx- Salimos para Córdoba el sábado.

We are leaving for Córdoba on Saturday.

2. Deadline or a Specific Time in the

Future Ex- Él va arregular el carro para el Viernes

He will fix the car by Friday.

3. Purpose or Goal + [Infinitive]Ex- Juan estudia para (ser) mecánico.

Juan is studying to be a mechanic.

4. Purpose + [Noun]Ex- Es una llana para el carro.

It’s a tire for the car.

5. Recipient of SomethingEx- Compré una impresora para mi hijo.

I bought a printer for my son

6. Comparison with others or an OpinionEx- Para mí, esta lección no es difícil.

For me, this lesson isn’t difficult.

7. In the employ of Ex- Sara trabaja para Telecom Argentina

Sara works for Telecom Argentina.

Stressed (long) Possessive Adjectives and PronounsAdjectives

-Used for emphasis or to express the English phrases

of mine, of yours, of his, ect.

Masculine Feminine

Mío(s) Mía(s) My; (of) mine

Tuyo(s) Tuya(s) Your; (of) yours

Suyo(s) Suya(s) Your; (of) yours

His; (of) his; her;

(of) her; its

Nuestro(s) Nuestra(s) Our; (of) ours

Vuestro(s) Vuestra(s) Your; (of) yours fam.

Suyo(s) Suya(s) Your; (of) yours;

their; (of) theirs

Form

.-Possessive adjectives with un or una are similar in

meaning to of mine, of yours, ect.

-Must agree in gender and in number with nouns

Ex- La impresora suya= her printer

Ex- Los televisores nuestros= our television sets

-PLACE STRESSED POSSESIVE ADJECTIVES AFTER THE

NOUN THEY MODIFY

Definite article/indefinite article/demonstrative adj. +

[noun]+ stressed possessive adj.

-Can also use de to show ownership.

Ex- el telclado de usted

Pronouns-Used to replace a noun modified by a

possessive adjective

-They have the same form as the stressed

possessive adjectives

-They are preceded by a definite article

-Possessive pronoun= definite article +

stressed adjective

Ex:=

La calculadora nuestra= la nuestra

Los archivos suyos= los suyos

Possessive pronouns agree in number and

in gender with the nouns they replace

Ex:

¿Tienes las revistas de Carlos?

-Do you have Carlos’ magazines?

No, pero tengo las nuestras.

-No but I have ours.

*****Definite articles such as el, la, los,

las are usually omitted when a stressed

possessive pronoun follows the verb ser

Ex- ¿Pero es suya esta cámara?

No, no es mía.

Formal CommandsCommand forms are used for orders and advice. Used with people

you address as usted or ustedes

Infinitive Present

tense yo

Form

Ud

Command

Uds.

Command

-ar Limpiar limpio limpie limpien

-er Barrer Barro barra barran

-ir Sacudir sacudo sacuda sacudan

Formation

Examples:

Hable Con ellos

Talk with them

Coma frutas y

verduras.

Eat fruits and

vegetables

IRREGULARS

-Verbs that have irregular yo forms

maintain the same irregularity in

their formal commands!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

-Common irregular verbs:venir

decir

ofrecer

poner

tener

traer

conocer

hacer

oír

salir

traducir

conducir

ver

-Examples:

Ponga la mesa

Set the table

Salga

inmediatamente

Leave

immediately

Stem-changing verbs

maintain their stem

changes in usted and

ustedes commands

Stem-Changing VerbsCar, Gar, Zar Verbs

Jugar g > gu juegue, juegen

Almorzar z > c almuerce, almuercen

Sacar c > qu saque, saquen

Dar

Estar

Ir

Saber

Ser

Dé

Esté

Vaya

Sepa

Sea

Den

Estén

Vayan

Sepan

Sean

Verbs with Irregular Commands

****TO MAKE NEGATIVE JUST

PUT NO BEFORE IT

[verb]+

Reflexive

pronoun

IO pronoun

DO pronounEx- Siéntense

For positive commands

Negative Commands-To form a negative command just

add no before the command

**ACC

EN

TS**

Reflexive

pronoun

IO pronoun

DO pronoun

+ [verb]Ex- No se

preocupe

(Tú commands) Used to address familiar people- friends, family, ect.

Verb Ud. Form

-AR hablar Habla

-ER comer Come

-IR Escribir Escribe

Tú commands are formed the same way as present

indicitive form

Negative Tú Commands Negative informal commands use the tú form of

the present subjunctive and putting no in front

of it.

Verb Present

Subjunctive

Command

-AR Hablar Hables No Hables

-ER Comer Comas No comas

-IR Escribir Escribas No escribas

Irregulars

Decir- Di

Hacer- Haz

Ir- Ve

Poner- Pon

Salir-Sal

Ser- Sé

Tener- Ten

Venir- Ven

Examples: Di la mentiras. No

digas verdad. Haz tu tarea.

No hagas eso.

Pronoun Placement

For affirmative commands the

pronoun is attached at the end.

Example: Hazlo

For negative commands the

pronoun goes before verb.

Example: No te duermas.

Don’t forget to add accents!!!!!!

Command form used when the speaker suggests an action to be performed by a group

of people he or she belongs to.

Formation

Nosotros commands are formed by taking the

nosotros form of the present subjunctive.

Examples:

Comamos en la casa.

Contemos el efectivo.

Nosotros commands can also be formed by

Vamos a + inifinitive

Examples:

Trabajemos

Vamos a trabajar

Negative Commands

To form negative nosotros commands

you simple put no before it.

Example:

No comamos en la casa.

No contemos el efectivo.

Nosotros commands with pronounsDon’t forget to add accents when

adding a pronoun!!! With affirmative

commands, the final –s of the

command is dropped when adding the

pronouns se or nos.

Example:

Sentemos+nos= Sentémonos

Escribamos+se+la= Escribámosela

For negative nosotros commands you

just put the pronoun before the

command.

Example: No nos sentemos

IrregularsThe only irregular is the verb ir which

uses the present indicative for the

affirmative command only.

Example: Vamos.

It is regular for negative form

Example: No vayamos.

Direct Object PlacementDirect objects receive the action of the

verb. They answer the questions what? or

whom? with regard to what the sentence’s

subject is doing.

Pronouns that replace the name of the

subject: Me Nos

Te Os

Lo/La Los/Las

You can use a DO pronoun to replace the

name of direct object.

In sentences with 2 verbs, you can put the

DO

1. Place it immediately before the

conjugated verb.

2. Attach it directly to the infinitive

Ex: Lo quiero comer. Quiero comerlo.

The same rules apply to questions.

Ex: ¿Lo debemos comprar?

Indirect Object Placement

Indirect objects answer the questions for

whom? and to whom? the action of the

verb is performed.

IO pronouns:Me Nos

Te Os

Le Les

In an affirmative statement with one

verb, the indirect object pronoun comes

immediately before the conjugated verb.

Ex- Loki me compra un regalo.

For sentences with 2 verbs, it is the same

rules for direct objects.

1.Place it immediately before the

conjugated verb.

2. Attach it directly to the infinitive.

Ex- Necesitas darme un regalo.

Me necesitas dar un regalo.

****To make negative just put

no in front! The pronoun goes

after the no and before the

conjugated verb

Present Subjunctive Expresses the speakers subjective attitudes towards events, actions or states the

viewer views as uncertain or hypothetical

Forms -AR -ER -IR

Yo E A A

Tú Es As As

Ud./Él/Ella E A A

Nosotros/as Emos Amos Amos

Vosotros/as Éis Áis Áis

Uds./Ellos/Ellas En An An **O

PPO

SIT

E E

ND

ING

S!!

!

Yo and usted form are the same!!!

Irregulars

Verbs that have irregular yo forms

keep their irregularities in

subjunctive form.

Ex: Conducir= conduzca

Decir= diga Oír=oiga

Hay= haya

5 irregular verbs in present

subjunctive: Dar, estar, ir, saber, ser

Dar= De

Car Gar Zar Verbs

Car Gar Zar verbs have

special stem changes

Sacar= saque

Jugar= juegue

Almorzar= almorcéis

Stem-Changing VerbsStem-changing verbs ending

in ar and er maintain their

stem changes in the

subjunctive form.

Ex- Yo piense

Ir verbs have the same

stem-changes but nosotros

and vosotros forms also

changes. E-> I and o->u

Ex- Durmamos

Subjunctive is used to express will

and influence, emotion, doubt,

disbelief, and denial, indefiniteness

and nonexistence.

Que connects the main clause to

the subordinating clause.

Impersonal expressions are alsways

followed by subordinating clauses.

Ex: Es Bueno que Es malo que

Es importante que Es major que

Will and influence= affect actions and behaviors of others

Examples of these verbs: Desear, necesitar, pedir, preferir, querer

Aconsejar-to advise

Importar- to be important; to matter

Insistir- to insist

Mandar- to order

Prohibir- to prohibit

Comendar- to recommend

Rogar- to beg

Sugerir- to suggest

Impersonal expressions like es necessario que, es importante que, es major que, and es

urgente que are also considered expressions of will and influence.

When the main clause contains a verb of will or influence the subordinating clause is required

to be in subjunctive form provided that the two clauses have different subjects.

Infintives are only used in verbs of will and influence if there is no change in subject.

Indirect object pronouns are often used with the verbs aconsejar, importar, mandar, pedir,

prohibir, recomendar, rogar, and sugerir.

All forms of prohibir (except nosotros) have an accented I in the present tense.

Biblography

http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/informcomm1.ht

m

http://www.vhlcentral.com/home

http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/91

http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/noscomm.htm