Graphene Council standards and regulatory environment 2015 commercialization show

The Graphene Council Research, Development, Application

Manchester, 17 April 2015

Developing crucial industry standards for graphene and understanding the

regulatory environment



About The Graphene Council



The Graphene Council

• Purpose - to provide a platform for networking and information exchange for anyone that is involved in the research, development or application of graphene.

• Ultimately, to help facilitate the development of a sustainable market and industry for graphene and related materials.

• Member of the ANSI / ISO Technical Committee (TC) 229 Nanotechnologies and the IEC TC 113 Standards Development Groups




• Established August 2013

• More than 4,600 Members and 6,000 subscribers

• The largest community dedicated to graphene




• 40% are involved in research

• 47% are senior managers

• 9% are CEO’s, COO’s, and Owners

• 46% are in the United States

• 31% are in Europe

• 21% are in Asia




• Provide a quarterly newsletter that includes original interviews and reviews of recent developments

• Subscribe for free at: www.thegraphenecouncil.org



The Market for Graphene



The Market for GrapheneForecast to grow to between USD 126 -149 million by 2020*.

Promising applications include:

• Medicine

• Sensors

• Diagnostics and Testing

• Electronics

• Transistors

• Light processing

*Sources: Fullerex 2015 Bulk Graphene Pricing Report - http://www.thegraphenecouncil.org/?page=ResearchReport2015 Ross Kozarsky "Is Graphene the Next Silicon ... Or Just the Next Carbon Nanotube?" December 17, 2012 | State of the Market Report Lux Research Mallick, S. C. (2014). Global Graphene Market (Bulk material, Film, Product Type, Applications, Geography) - Industry Analysis, Trends, Share, Opportunities and Forecast, 2013- 2020. Allied Market Research.

• Energy Storage

• Water filtration

• Lubricants

• Nanoantennas

• Corrosion and Waterproof Coatings

• Thermal management

• Composite Structural Materials

http://www.thegraphenecouncil.org/?page=ResearchReport2015




• Main challenges include the absence of any standards.

• Producers are calling material that contains many different forms of carbon “graphene”.

• Confusion in the nomenclature even for materials that is of same or similar characteristics

• Inconsistency in the production of materials

• Lack of a standard to assure buyers of quality and performance characteristics




• Entry of many new producer companies that have little or no track record and scant information about how their products are produced or actual quality levels.

• Estimated 300 graphene producers (up from approx. 100 two years ago). However, confusion regarding materials produced (i.e. graphene vs graphene oxide).

• High barrier to convince end-users to replace traditional materials with graphene or graphene enabled products.



The Need for Standards



Why Standards are needed

• Standards allow industry participants to work in an environment of trust by using common definitions and measurements that we all rely on to conduct business.

• Without common standards, there can be no trust between market participants and without trust, we have no market.

• Standards are also needed in order to operate in a well regulated and transparent regulatory environment. In the absence of standards, it becomes difficult for regulators to make sensible policy and for market participants, a lack of standards creates risk.



There are currently no universally agreed standards for graphene materials. One of the earliest attempts appeared in the Carbon Journal (Alberto Bianco, 2013). For purposes of discussion, the following classifications* can be used;

Note: The vFLG*, FLG and MLG definitions for number of sheets overlap.

# of sheets Product description 1 Graphene (monolayer) 1-3 Very few layer graphene (vFLG) 2-5 Few layer graphene (FLG) 2-10 Multilayer graphene (MLG) >10 Exfoliated graphite or “Graphene nanoplatelets” (GNP)

For monolayer films or suspended single layer sheets of graphene, these materials can be subdivided by planar size:

Lateral dimensions Product description <100nm Graphene nanosheets 100nm to 100um Graphene microsheets >100um Graphene sheets >10mm Graphene film or wafer

Source: *vFLG is a designation added by Fullerex *Fullerex 2015 Bulk Graphene Pricing Report - http://www.thegraphenecouncil.org/?page=ResearchReport2015





The Carbon Journal (Alberto Bianco, 2013) editorial team identified various terms and forms of graphene and related materials.

Graphene Graphene layerTurbostratic carbonBilayer graphene, trilayer grapheneMulti-layer graphene (MLG)Few-layer graphene (FLG)Exfoliated graphiteGraphene nanosheetGraphene microsheet

Source: *Fullerex 2015 Bulk Graphene Pricing Report - http://www.thegraphenecouncil.org/?page=ResearchReport2015


Graphene nanoribbonGraphene quantum dots (GQD)Graphene oxide (GO)Graphite oxideReduced graphene oxide (rGO)Graphenic carbon materialsGraphene oxide nanosheetsFew-layer graphene nanoribbonsMultilayer graphene oxide film




Graphene Standards

Current efforts to establish standard definitions and testing;

• The National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in the UK, led by Andrew J Pollard, is working with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), through the Nanotechnologies Technical Committe (TC229), and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) TC 113. (Primarily electronic properties)

• NPL has submitted an international standard to a joint ISO/IEC working group for the definition of the accepted terminology for graphene and 2-D advanced materials.

• NPL is also providing graphene material testing and characterization services for producers and users of graphenic materials.



Graphene Standards

• The American National Standards Institute's (ANSI) Nanotechnology Standards Panel (NSP) and the ANSI-Accredited US TAG to ISO/TC 229 Nanotechnologies, TAG Working Group 4: Materials Specifications, are focused on Graphene definitions and standards.

• The NPL is also working with the ISO/TC 229 Nanotechnologies on standards development.

• The Graphene Flagship is also conducting work on the establishment of standards, however, this has been at a preliminary stage to date and is expected to pick up over the next 24 months.



Example: TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS12805“The need for this Technical Specification arose in response to the failure of specifications agreed between suppliers of manufactured nano-objects and their customers to ensure delivery of material that responds consistently to downstream processing or that is capable of generating consistent performance in the final product between batches and lots.

This observed inconsistent performance of batches or lots of material has led to the conclusion that the cause has to be related to one or more of the following scenarios.

The specification agreed between customer and supplier does not cover all material characteristics that have an influence on performance and/or processability, or it has been interpreted differently by the customer and supplier.

• One or more material characteristic is currently being measured by an inappropriate technique.

• One or more measurement technique is being applied in an incorrect manner.

This Technical Specification is intended to help address all of these issues.”

Source: www.ansi.org/isotc229tag/



Standards development is a slow process and requires input from market participants.

Industry is moving faster than the standards or the regulatory environment leaving consumers without objective tools to help guide adoption of these new materials.

Graphene Standards



The Regulatory Environment



Is Graphene a nanomaterial?• On 18 October 2011 the European Commission adopted the Recommendation on the

definition of a nanomaterial which, according to this Recommendation, means:

“A natural, incidental or manufactured material containing particles, in an unbound state or as an aggregate or as an agglomerate and where, for 50 % or more of the particles in the number size distribution, one or more external dimensions is in the size range 1 nm - 100 nm.

In specific cases and where warranted by concerns for the environment, health, safety or competitiveness the number size distribution threshold of 50 % may be replaced by a threshold between 1 and 50 %.

By derogation from the above, fullerenes, graphene flakes and single wall carbon nanotubes with one or more external dimensions below 1 nm should be considered as nanomaterials.”

Source: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/nanotech/faq/definition_en.htm

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/nanotech/faq/definition_en.htm



Regulatory Environment

“Currently, the toxicity of many nanomaterials is unknown, but initial research indicates that there may be health concerns related to occupational exposures. Due to the potential for health effects, it is important to control worker exposures to the extent possible.”

U.S. Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety




• There are occupational health and safety concerns for producers, distributers and users, however, very little testing and safety profiling on the various forms of graphene has been accomplished to date.

• The European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA) is responsible for nano-materials regulation in Europe https://osha.europa.eu

• The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is the U.S. federal agency that conducts research and makes recommendations to prevent worker injury and illness. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/about.html

http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/about.html




• As an example, the EU Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly-Identified Health Risks adopted a position statement that explicitly identifies graphene as a potential human health risk;

“ Reviews suggest that graphene nanomaterials could exert a considerable toxicity and that considerable emission of graphene from electronic devices and composites are possible in the future. It is also suggested that graphene is both persistent and hydrophobic. Although these results indicate that graphene may cause adverse environmental and health effects, the results foremost show that there are many risk related knowledge gaps to be filled.”

Source: http://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/emerging/docs/scenihr_s_002.pdf

http://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/emerging/docs/scenihr_s_002.pdf




• We recommend that producers and end-users treat graphene as any other nano-material when it comes to handling and health and safety issues.

• Resource: U.S. CDC “Nanomaterial Production and Downstream Handling Processes”

http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2014-102/pdfs/2014-102.pdf



Regulatory EnvironmentSample of “Nanomaterial Production and Downstream Handling Processes” recommendations;

• Prevention through Design (PtD) - to design out or minimize hazards early in the design process.

• Elimination and substitution of nanomaterials*.

• Engineering controls; fume hoods, biological safety cabinets, glove box isolators, glove bags, bag dump stations, and directional laminar flow booths.

• Personal Protective Equipment; gloves, gauntlets, and laboratory clothing or coats. Gloves made of neoprene, nitrile, or other chemical-resistant gloves should be used and changed frequently. Respiratory protection should be used to reduce worker exposures to acceptable levels.

*This actually works against graphene producers

Source: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2014-102/pdfs/2014-102.pdf

http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2014-102/pdfs/2014-102.pdf



Regulatory EnvironmentGet more information from the

Nanotechnology Industry Association. nanotechia.org

http://nanotechia.org



Conclusions



Conclusions

• As the market for graphene matures, standards will be necessary for the benefit of producers and consumers alike.

• Increased regulatory scrutiny can also be expected and agreed standards will help reduce regulatory risk.

• Producers need to become more involved in the definition of standards and work collaboratively in order to positively influence the environment for the broader industry.



If you would like to get involved, feel free to contact me:

[email protected]

The Graphene Councilwww.thegraphenecouncil.org

LinkedIn: http://www.linkedin.com/groups/Graphene-Council-5153830/about

http://www.linkedin.com/groups/Graphene-Council-5153830/about

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Graphene Council standards and regulatory environment 2015 commercialization show

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