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The Scientific Method, Observation Skills
Part 4
Graphing
Line Graphs
Used to show data that IS ‐_______________________________.
Points are plotted using x‐ and y‐axis
Points are _________________________
Shows relationship between two________________________(how/if the IV affects the DV) as they change
Many times, the IV plotted on the X‐axis is__________________________
continuous
connected
variables
a unit of time
Bar Graphs
Data is _________continuous Bars typically don’t touch Allows us to _______________qualitative data like amounts or percentages and ___________________ data such as places or things
There is no order to the categories on the X axis‐
not
compare
quantitative
Pie Graphs
Data is _________ continuous
Usually presents data as a “part of a whole” or as _______________________________
Categories add up to ____________________
not
Fraction or percent
100%
# Description Line Bar Pie
Ex Amount of each color of M&M’s in a bag
X
1 Heating a pan of water over a time period
2
Shows number of students earning A’s, B’s, C’s
3 Measuring the percentage of each gas in air
4 Shows the percentage of allowance spent on different things
5 Shows height change over 15 year period
New Area of Focus: Observation, Inferences, and the Scientific Method.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
New Area of Focus: Observation, Inferences, and the Scientific Method.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
New Area of Focus: Observation, Inferences, and the Scientific Method.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
New Area of Focus: Observation, Inferences, and the Scientific Method.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
New Area of Focus: Observation, Inferences, and the Scientific Method.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
New Area of Focus: Observation, Inferences, and the Scientific Method.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• What’s science?
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Science is…– -– -– -
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. MurphyCopyright © 2010 Ryan P. MurphyCopyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• A study of natural phenomenon.
• A systematic study and method.
• A systematic study and method.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• A systematic study and method.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• A systematic study and method.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• A systematic study and method.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• A systematic study and method.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• A systematic study and method.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• A systematic study and method.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Knowledge through experience.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• A good Scientist is….– -– -– -– -– -– -– -– -
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Is safe!
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Is safe!
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Is accurate, precise and methodical.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Is unbiased, a seeker of the truth.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Can observe and question.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Can find solutions, reasons, and research.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Works in all weather conditions if safe.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Can overcome obstacles.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Collaborates (talks) with others.
Do good
In science
Do yo
ur
wor
k
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. MurphyCopyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Study
tonight
S
C
I
e
N
C
e
Be nice
Scienc
e
For RealT
O
D
A
Y
F
U
N
• Science is a systematic attempt to get around human limitations. – -
• Science is a systematic attempt to get around human limitations. – Science tries to remove personal experience
from the scientific process.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Science is a systematic attempt to get around human limitations. – Science tries to remove personal experience
from the scientific process.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
“I love Science.”
“This data set makes
me happy.”
“I wanted better data.”
“Failure is not an
option.”
• Science is a systematic attempt to get around human limitations. – Science tries to remove personal experience
from the scientific process.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
“I love Science.”
“This data set makes
me happy.”
“I wanted better data.”
“Failure is not an
option.”
• TRY AND WRITE WITHOUT PERSONAL PRONOUNS.– -
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• TRY AND WRITE WITHOUT PERSONAL PRONOUNS.– DO NOT USE…I, me, you, he, she, we, you,
they, them, theirs, names, etc.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Do not end science writing with the words “The End.” Save that for Disney movies.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Do not end science writing with the words “The End.” Save that for Disney movies.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
“Data supports that
I have feelings for
you.”
• Types of scientists…– Biology – The study of life.– Geology – The study of Earth.– Chemistry – The study of Matter.– Physics – The study of matter and energy.– -– -– -– -– -The list will continue on the next page. Each
branch is a possible career field for you.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Aerodynamics: the study of the motion of gas on objects and the forces created
• Anatomy: the study of the structure and organization of living things • Anthropology: the study of human cultures both past and present • Archaeology: the study of the material remains of cultures • Astronomy: the study of celestial objects in the universe • Astrophysics: the study of the physics of the universe • Bacteriology: the study of bacteria in relation to disease • Biochemistry: the study of the organic chemistry of compounds and
processes occurring in organisms• Biophysics: the application of theories and methods of the physical
sciences to questions of biology • Biology: the science that studies living organisms • Botany: the scientific study of plant life • Chemical Engineering: the application of science, mathematics,
and economics to the process of converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful or valuable forms
• Chemistry: the science of matter and its interactions with energy and itself
• Climatology: the study of climates and investigations of its phenomena and causes
• Computer Science: the systematic study of computing systems and computation
• Ecology: the study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment
• Electronics: science and technology of electronic phenomena
• Engineering: the practical application of science to commerce or industry
• Entomology: the study of insects • Environmental Science: the science of the interactions
between the physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment
• Forestry: the science of studying and managing forests and plantations, and related natural resources
• Genetics: the science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms
• Geology: the science of the Earth, its structure, and history
• Marine Biology: the study of animal and plant life within saltwater ecosystems Mathematics: a science dealing with the logic of quantity and shape and arrangement
• Medicine: the science concerned with maintaining health and restoring it by treating disease
• Meteorology: study of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and forecasting
• Microbiology: the study of microorganisms, including viruses, prokaryotes and simple eukaryotes
• Mineralogy: the study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals
• Molecular Biology: the study of biology at a molecular level.
• Nuclear Physics: the branch of physics concerned with the nucleus of the atom
• Neurology: the branch of medicine dealing with the nervous system and its disorders
• Oceanography: study of the earth's oceans and their interlinked ecosystems and chemical and physical processes
• Organic Chemistry: the branch of chemistry dedicated to the study of the structures, synthesis, and reactions of carbon-containing compounds
• Ornithology: the study of birds • Paleontology: the study of life-forms existing in former geological
time periods • Petrology: the geological and chemical study of rocks• Physics: the study of the behavior and properties of matter • Physiology: the study of the mechanical, physical, and
biochemical functions of living organisms• Radiology: the branch of medicine dealing with the applications of
radiant energy, including x-rays and radioisotopes • Seismology: the study of earthquakes and the movement of
waves through the Earth• Taxonomy: the science of classification of animals and plants• Thermodynamics: the physics of energy, heat, work, entropy and
the spontaneity of processes • Zoology: the study of animals
• Aerodynamics: the study of the motion of gas on objects and the forces created • Anatomy: the study of the structure and organization of living things • Anthropology: the study of human cultures both past and present • Archaeology: the study of the material remains of cultures • Astronomy: the study of celestial objects in the universe • Astrophysics: the study of the physics of the universe • Bacteriology: the study of bacteria in relation to disease • Biochemistry: the study of the organic chemistry of compounds and processes occurring in organisms• Biophysics: the application of theories and methods of the physical sciences to questions of biology • Biology: the science that studies living organisms • Botany: the scientific study of plant life • Chemical Engineering: the application of science, mathematics, and economics to the process of converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful
or valuable forms • Chemistry: the science of matter and its interactions with energy and itself • Climatology: the study of climates and investigations of its phenomena and causes • Computer Science: the systematic study of computing systems and computation • Ecology: the study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment • Electronics: science and technology of electronic phenomena • Engineering: the practical application of science to commerce or industry • Entomology: the study of insects • Environmental Science: the science of the interactions between the physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment • Forestry: the science of studying and managing forests and plantations, and related natural resources • Genetics: the science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms • Geology: the science of the Earth, its structure, and history• Marine Biology: the study of animal and plant life within saltwater ecosystems Mathematics: a science dealing with the logic of quantity and shape and
arrangement • Medicine: the science concerned with maintaining health and restoring it by treating disease • Meteorology: study of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and forecasting • Microbiology: the study of microorganisms, including viruses, prokaryotes and simple eukaryotes• Mineralogy: the study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals • Molecular Biology: the study of biology at a molecular level.• Nuclear Physics: the branch of physics concerned with the nucleus of the atom• Neurology: the branch of medicine dealing with the nervous system and its disorders • Oceanography: study of the earth's oceans and their interlinked ecosystems and chemical and physical processes• Organic Chemistry: the branch of chemistry dedicated to the study of the structures, synthesis, and reactions of carbon-containing compounds • Ornithology: the study of birds • Paleontology: the study of life-forms existing in former geological time periods • Petrology: the geological and chemical study of rocks• Physics: the study of the behavior and properties of matter • Physiology: the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms• Radiology: the branch of medicine dealing with the applications of radiant energy, including x-rays and radioisotopes • Seismology: the study of earthquakes and the movement of waves through the Earth• Taxonomy: the science of classification of animals and plants• Thermodynamics: the physics of energy, heat, work, entropy and the spontaneity of processes • Zoology: the study of animals
• Aerodynamics: the study of the motion of gas on objects and the forces created • Anatomy: the study of the structure and organization of living things • Anthropology: the study of human cultures both past and present • Archaeology: the study of the material remains of cultures • Astronomy: the study of celestial objects in the universe • Astrophysics: the study of the physics of the universe • Bacteriology: the study of bacteria in relation to disease • Biochemistry: the study of the organic chemistry of compounds and processes occurring in organisms• Biophysics: the application of theories and methods of the physical sciences to questions of biology • Biology: the science that studies living organisms • Botany: the scientific study of plant life • Chemical Engineering: the application of science, mathematics, and economics to the process of converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful
or valuable forms • Chemistry: the science of matter and its interactions with energy and itself • Climatology: the study of climates and investigations of its phenomena and causes • Computer Science: the systematic study of computing systems and computation • Ecology: the study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment • Electronics: science and technology of electronic phenomena • Engineering: the practical application of science to commerce or industry • Entomology: the study of insects • Environmental Science: the science of the interactions between the physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment • Forestry: the science of studying and managing forests and plantations, and related natural resources • Genetics: the science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms • Geology: the science of the Earth, its structure, and history• Marine Biology: the study of animal and plant life within saltwater ecosystems Mathematics: a science dealing with the logic of quantity and shape and
arrangement • Medicine: the science concerned with maintaining health and restoring it by treating disease • Meteorology: study of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and forecasting • Microbiology: the study of microorganisms, including viruses, prokaryotes and simple eukaryotes• Mineralogy: the study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals • Molecular Biology: the study of biology at a molecular level.• Nuclear Physics: the branch of physics concerned with the nucleus of the atom• Neurology: the branch of medicine dealing with the nervous system and its disorders • Oceanography: study of the earth's oceans and their interlinked ecosystems and chemical and physical processes• Organic Chemistry: the branch of chemistry dedicated to the study of the structures, synthesis, and reactions of carbon-containing compounds • Ornithology: the study of birds • Paleontology: the study of life-forms existing in former geological time periods • Petrology: the geological and chemical study of rocks• Physics: the study of the behavior and properties of matter • Physiology: the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms• Radiology: the branch of medicine dealing with the applications of radiant energy, including x-rays and radioisotopes • Seismology: the study of earthquakes and the movement of waves through the Earth• Taxonomy: the science of classification of animals and plants• Thermodynamics: the physics of energy, heat, work, entropy and the spontaneity of processes • Zoology: the study of animals
Scientific method: A process that is the basis for scientific inquiry (questioning and experimenting).
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Scientific method: A process that is the basis for scientific inquiry (questioning and experimenting).
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Scientific method: A process that is the basis for scientific inquiry (questioning and experimenting).
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Scientific method: A process that is the basis for scientific inquiry (questioning and experimenting).
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Scientific method: A process that is the basis for scientific inquiry (questioning and experimenting).
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Observe
Add to background information
Form a new
Hypothesis
Create anexperiment with a control group and
experimental group.
Collect dataAnalyze the data
Support hypothesis
Reject hypothesis
Repeat experiment
Do something With the findings.
Everything in theexperiment should bethe same except for
the independent variable which is the one thing
that is different.Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Experiments search for cause and effect relationships in nature.
• These changing quantities are called variables.
Variable: Changing quantity of something.---
Independent Variable: The variable you have control over, what you can choose and manipulate.
Dependent: (Observe) What you measure in the experiment and what is affected during the experiment.
Dependent: (Observe) What you measure in the experiment and what is affected during the experiment.
“Write down that this one is good.”
Dependent: (Observe) What you measure in the experiment and what is affected during the experiment.
“Write down that this one is good.”
“We should be using units / numbers such as seconds, grams, meters, temperature changes.”
control group- group separated from the rest of the experiment where the independent variable being tested cannot influence the results.
experimental group- group being exposed to the independent variable being tested and the changes observed and recorded.
Trials- the number of times an experiment is tested to make sure results are the same
Controlled variable (constants): : (Same) Quantities that a scientist wants to remain constant so it’s a fair test.Same
lightSame Light
Same water
Same water
Worms were placed in the experimental group.
Control: (Same) Quantities that a scientist wants to remain constant so it’s a fair test.
Same light
Same Light
Same water
Same water
Worms were placed in the experimental group.
What was the Independent Variable?
Control: (Same) Quantities that a scientist wants to remain constant so it’s a fair test.
Same light
Same Light
Same water
Same water
Worms were placed in the experimental group.
What was the Independent Variable?
Problem Independent Variable (Change)
Dependent Variable(Observe)
Control Variable(Same)
Does fertilizer help a plant to grow
Amount of fertilizer (grams)
Growth of the plant, Height, number of leaves, flowers, etc
Same amount of soil, light, water, space, all the same.
Problem Independent Variable (Change)
Dependent Variable(Observe)
Control Variable(Same)
Does fertilizer help a plant to grow?
Amount of fertilizer (grams)
Growth of the plant, Height, number of leaves, flowers, etc
Same amount of soil, light, water, space, all the same.
Problem Independent Variable (Change)
Dependent Variable(Observe)
Control Variable(Same)
Does fertilizer help a plant to grow?
Amount of fertilizer (grams)
Growth of the plant, Height, number of leaves, flowers, etc
Same amount of soil, light, water, space, all the same.
Problem Independent Variable (Change)
Dependent Variable(Observe)
Control Variable(Same)
Does fertilizer help a plant to grow?
Amount of fertilizer (grams)
Growth of the plant, Height, number of leaves, flowers, etc
Same amount of soil, light, water, space, all the same.
Problem Independent Variable (Change)
Dependent Variable(Observe)
Control Variable(Same)
Does fertilizer help a plant to grow?
Amount of fertilizer (grams)
Growth of the plant, Height, number of leaves, flowers, etc
Same amount of soil, light, water, space, all the same.
Problem Independent Variable (Change)
Dependent Variable(Observe)
Control Variable(Same)
Does fertilizer help a plant to grow?
Amount of fertilizer (grams)
Growth of the plant, Height, number of leaves, flowers, etc
Same amount of soil, light, water, space, all the same.
Problem Independent Variable (Change)
Dependent Variable(Observe)
Controlled Variable(Same)
Does fertilizer help a plant to grow?
Amount of fertilizer (grams)
Growth of the plant, Height, number of leaves, flowers, etc
Same amount of soil, light, water, space, all the same.
Problem Independent Variable (Change)
Dependent Variable(Observe)
ControlledVariable(Same)
Does fertilizer help a plant to grow?
Amount of fertilizer (grams)
Growth of the plant, Height, number of leaves, flowers, etc
Same amount of soil, light, water, space, all the same.
Problem? Independent Variable (Change)
Dependent Variable(Observe)
Control Variable(Same)
Do Pillbugs prefer a dark or light environment?
One environment is dark, the other is light
Count the number of Pillbugs that enter dark chamber.
Moisture in both should be the same, temp, no food preference.
Problem? Independent Variable (Change)
Dependent Variable(Observe)
Control Variable(Same)
Do Pillbugs prefer a dark or light environment?
One environment is dark, the other is light
Count the number of Pillbugs that enter dark chamber.
Moisture in both should be the same, temp, no food preference.
Problem? Independent Variable (Change)
Dependent Variable(Observe)
Control Variable(Same)
Do Pillbugs prefer a dark or light environment?
One environment is dark, the other is light
Count the number of Pillbugs that enter dark chamber.
Moisture in both should be the same, temp, no food preference.
Problem? Independent Variable (Change)
Dependent Variable(Observe)
Control Variable(Same)
Do Pillbugs prefer a dark or light environment?
One environment is dark, the other is light
Count the number of Pillbugs that enter dark chamber.
Moisture in both should be the same, temp, no food preference.
Problem? Independent Variable (Change)
Dependent Variable(Observe)
Control Variable(Same)
Do Pillbugs prefer a dark or light environment?
One environment is dark, the other is light
Count the number of Pillbugs that enter dark chamber.
Moisture in both should be the same, temp, no food preference.
Problem? Independent Variable (Change)
Dependent Variable(Observe)
Control Variable(Same)
Do Pillbugs prefer a dark or light environment?
One environment is dark, the other is light
Count the number of Pillbugs that enter dark chamber.
Moisture in both should be the same, temp, no food preference.
Problem? Independent Variable (Change)
Dependent Variable(Observe)
Control Variable(Same)
Do Pillbugs prefer a dark or light environment?
One environment is dark, the other is light
Count the number of Pillbugs that enter dark chamber.
Moisture in both should be the same, temp, no food preference.
Problem? Independent Variable (Change)
Dependent Variable(Observe)
ControlledVariable(Same)
Do Pillbugs prefer a dark or light environment?
One environment is dark, the other is light
Count the number of Pillbugs that enter dark chamber.
Moisture in both should be the same, temp, no food preference.
Problem? Independent Variable (Change)
Dependent Variable(Observe)
Controlled Variable(Same)
Do Pillbugs prefer a dark or light environment?
One environment is dark, the other is light
Count the number of Pillbugs that enter dark chamber.
Moisture in both should be the same, temp, no food preference.
Whiteboard practice
• A student wants to find out what minerals melt ice the fastest. So the student places halite, calcite, hematite, and pyrite on equal sized cubes of ice on his counter in the kitchen. The student times how long it takes each mineral to melt completely through the ice cube. She records the time it takes each one in minutes in her science journal.
• Problem? = What minerals melt ice quickly?• Independent Variable =Types of Minerals• Dependent Variable = Time in minutes• Control = Same size ice, temperature acts the
same on all of them.
• A student wants to find out what minerals melt ice the fastest. So the student places halite, calcite, hematite, and pyrite on equal sized cubes of ice on her counter in the kitchen. The student times how long it takes each mineral to melt completely through the ice cube. She records the time it takes each one in minutes in her science journal.
• Problem? = What minerals melt ice quickly?• Independent Variable =Types of Minerals• Dependent Variable = Time in minutes• Control = Same size ice, temperature acts the
same on all of them.
• A student wants to find out what minerals melt ice the fastest. So the student places halite, calcite, hematite, and pyrite on equal sized cubes of ice on her counter in the kitchen. The student times how long it takes each mineral to melt completely through the ice cube. She records the time it takes each one in minutes in her science journal.
• Problem? = What minerals melt ice quickly?• Independent Variable =Types of Minerals• Dependent Variable = Time in minutes• Control = Same size ice, temperature acts the
same on all of them.
• A student wants to find out what minerals melt ice the fastest. So the student places halite, calcite, hematite, and pyrite on equal sized cubes of ice on her counter in the kitchen. The student times how long it takes each mineral to melt completely through the ice cube. She records the minutes it takes for each one to melt in her science journal.
• Problem? = What minerals melt ice quickly?• Independent Variable =Types of Minerals• Dependent Variable = Time in minutes• Control = Same size ice, temperature acts the
same on all of them.
• A student wants to find out what minerals melt ice the fastest. So the student places halite, calcite, hematite, and pyrite on equal sized cubes of ice on her counter in the kitchen. The student times how long it takes each mineral to melt completely through the ice cube. She records the minutes it takes for each one to melt in her science journal.
• Problem? = What minerals melt ice quickly?• Independent Variable =Types of Minerals• Dependent Variable = Time in minutes• Constants=• Control Group=• Experimental group =Same size ice,
temperature acts the same on all of them.
• A student wants to find out what minerals melt ice the fastest. So the student places halite, calcite, hematite, and pyrite on equal sized cubes of ice on her counter in the kitchen. The student times how long it takes each mineral to melt completely through the ice cube. She records the minutes it takes for each one to melt in her science journal.
• Problem? = What minerals melt ice quickly?• Independent Variable =Types of Minerals• Dependent Variable = Time in minutes• Constants = Same size ice, temperature acts the
same on all of them.
• A student wants to find out what minerals melt ice the fastest. So the student places halite, calcite, hematite, and pyrite on equal sized cubes of ice on her counter in the kitchen. The student times how long it takes each mineral to melt completely through the ice cube. She records the minutes it takes for each one to melt in her science journal.
• Problem? = What minerals melt ice quickly?• Independent Variable =Types of Minerals• Dependent Variable = Time in minutes• Constants = Same size ice, temperature acts the
same on all of them.
• A student wants to find out what minerals melt ice the fastest. So the student places halite, calcite, hematite, and pyrite on equal sized cubes of ice on her counter in the kitchen. The student times how long it takes each mineral to melt completely through the ice cube. She records the minutes it takes for each one to melt in her science journal.
• Problem? = What minerals melt ice quickly?• Independent Variable =Types of Minerals• Dependent Variable = Time in minutes• Constants= Same size ice, temperature acts the
same on all of them.
• A student wants to find out what minerals melt ice the fastest. So the student places halite, calcite, hematite, and pyrite on equal sized cubes of ice on her counter in the kitchen. The student times how long it takes each mineral to melt completely through the ice cube. She records the minutes it takes for each one to melt in her science journal.
• Problem? = What minerals melt ice quickly?• Independent Variable =Types of Minerals• Dependent Variable = Time in minutes• Constants = Same size ice, temperature acts the
same on all of them.
• A student wants to find out what minerals melt ice the fastest. So the student places halite, calcite, hematite, and pyrite on equal sized cubes of ice on her counter in the kitchen. The student times how long it takes each mineral to melt completely through the ice cube. She records the minutes it takes for each one to melt in her science journal.
• Problem? = What minerals melt ice quickly?• Independent Variable =Types of Minerals• Dependent Variable = Time in minutes• Constants= Same size ice, temperature acts the
same on all of them.
• A student wants to find out what minerals melt ice the fastest. So the student places halite, calcite, hematite, and pyrite on equal sized cubes of ice on her counter in the kitchen. The student times how long it takes each mineral to melt completely through the ice cube. She records the minutes it takes for each one to melt in her science journal.
• Problem? = What minerals melt ice quickly?• Independent Variable =Types of Minerals• Dependent Variable = Time in minutes• Constants = Same size ice, temperature acts the
same on all of them.
• A student wants to find out what minerals melt ice the fastest. So the student places halite, calcite, hematite, and pyrite on equal sized cubes of ice on her counter in the kitchen. The student times how long it takes each mineral to melt completely through the ice cube. She records the minutes it takes for each one to melt in her science journal.
• Problem? = What minerals melt ice quickly?• Independent Variable =Types of Minerals• Dependent Variable = Time in minutes• Constants = Same size ice, temperature acts the
same on all of them.
• A student wants to find out what minerals melt ice the fastest. So the student places halite, calcite, hematite, and pyrite on equal sized cubes of ice on her counter in the kitchen. The student times how long it takes each mineral to melt completely through the ice cube. She records the minutes it takes for each one to melt in her science journal.
• Problem? = What minerals melt ice quickly?• Independent Variable =Types of Minerals• Dependent Variable = Time in minutes• Constants = Same size ice, temperature acts the
same on all of them.
• A student wants to find out what minerals melt ice the fastest. So the student places halite, calcite, hematite, and pyrite on equal sized cubes of ice on her counter in the kitchen. The student times how long it takes each mineral to melt completely through the ice cube. She records the minutes it takes for each one to melt in her science journal.
• Problem? = What minerals melt ice quickly?• Independent Variable =Types of Minerals• Dependent Variable = Time in minutes• Constants = Same size ice, temperature acts the
same on all of them.– Everything is the same except for the minerals
• A student wants to find out what minerals melt ice the fastest. So the student places halite, calcite, hematite, and pyrite on equal sized cubes of ice on her counter in the kitchen. The student times how long it takes each mineral to melt completely through the ice cube. She records the minutes it takes for each one to melt in her science journal.
• Experimental groups:
ice with mineral on top• Control Group:
ice with no minerals on top
• A student wants to find out how cigarette smoke blown into a small greenhouse of plants damages the plant. The student grows two small plants in separate clear plastic soda bottles. The students injects one with cigarette smoke periodically. Both are watered and given the same light conditions. The students records the height, number of leaves, and flowers of both plants everyday for one month.
• Problem? = Does cigarette smoke damage plants?• Independent Variable = Cigarette Smoke• Dependent Variable = Height of plants, leaves,
flowers• Control = Both containers were identical except one
was given cigarette smoke (independent variable).
• A student wants to find out how cigarette smoke blown into a small greenhouse of plants damages the plant. The student grows two small plants in separate clear plastic soda bottles. The student injects one with cigarette smoke periodically. Both are watered and given the same light conditions. The students records the height, number of leaves, and flowers of both plants everyday for one month.
• Problem? = Does cigarette smoke damage plants?• Independent Variable = Cigarette Smoke• Dependent Variable = Height of plants, leaves,
flowers• Control = Both containers were identical except one
was given cigarette smoke (independent variable).
• A student wants to find out how cigarette smoke blown into a small greenhouse of plants damages the plant. The student grows two small plants in separate clear plastic soda bottles. The student injects one with cigarette smoke periodically. Both are watered and given the same light conditions. The students records the height, number of leaves, and flowers of both plants everyday for one month.
• Problem? = Does cigarette smoke damage plants?• Independent Variable = Cigarette Smoke• Dependent Variable = Height of plants, leaves,
flowers• Control = Both containers were identical except one
was given cigarette smoke (independent variable).
• A student wants to find out how cigarette smoke blown into a small greenhouse of plants damages the plant. The student grows two small plants in separate clear plastic soda bottles. The student injects one with cigarette smoke periodically. Both are watered and given the same light conditions. The student records the height, number of leaves, and flowers of both plants everyday for one month.
• Problem? = Does cigarette smoke damage plants?• Independent Variable = Cigarette Smoke• Dependent Variable = Height of plants, leaves,
flowers• Control = Both containers were identical except one
was given cigarette smoke (independent variable).
• A student wants to find out how cigarette smoke blown into a small greenhouse of plants damages the plant. The student grows two small plants in separate clear plastic soda bottles. The student injects one with cigarette smoke periodically. Both are watered and given the same light conditions. The student records the height, number of leaves, and flowers of both plants everyday for one month.
• Problem? = Does cigarette smoke damage plants?• Independent Variable = Cigarette Smoke• Dependent Variable = Height of plants, leavflowers• Constants =• Control group= • Experimental group= Both containers were identical
except one was given cigarette smoke (independent variable).
• A student wants to find out how cigarette smoke blown into a small greenhouse of plants damages the plant. The student grows two small plants in separate clear plastic soda bottles. The student injects one with cigarette smoke periodically. Both are watered and given the same light conditions. The student records the height, number of leaves, and flowers of both plants everyday for one month.
• Problem? = Does cigarette smoke damage plants?• Independent Variable = Cigarette Smoke• Dependent Variable = Height of plants, leaves,
flowers• Constants=Both containers were identical except
one was given cigarette smoke (independent variable).
• A student wants to find out how cigarette smoke blown into a small greenhouse of plants damages the plant. The student grows two small plants in separate clear plastic soda bottles. The student injects one with cigarette smoke periodically. Both are watered and given the same light conditions. The student records the height, number of leaves, and flowers of both plants everyday for one month.
• Problem? = Does cigarette smoke damage plants?• Independent Variable = Cigarette Smoke• Dependent Variable = Height of plants, leaves,
flowers• Constants = Both containers were identical except
one was given cigarette smoke (independent variable).
• A student wants to find out how cigarette smoke blown into a small greenhouse of plants damages the plant. The student grows two small plants in separate clear plastic soda bottles. The student injects one with cigarette smoke periodically. Both are watered and given the same light conditions. The student records the height, number of leaves, and flowers of both plants everyday for one month.
• Problem? = Does cigarette smoke damage plants?• Independent Variable = Cigarette Smoke• Dependent Variable = Height of plants, leaves,
flowers• Constants = Both containers were identical except
one was given cigarette smoke (independent variable).
• A student wants to find out how cigarette smoke blown into a small greenhouse of plants damages the plant. The student grows two small plants in separate clear plastic soda bottles. The student injects one with cigarette smoke periodically. Both are watered and given the same light conditions. The student records the height, number of leaves, and flowers of both plants everyday for one month.
• Problem? = Does cigarette smoke damage plants?• Independent Variable = Cigarette Smoke• Dependent Variable = Height of plants, leaves,
flowers• Constants = Both containers were identical except
one was given cigarette smoke (independent variable).
• A student wants to find out how cigarette smoke blown into a small greenhouse of plants damages the plant. The student grows two small plants in separate clear plastic soda bottles. The student injects one with cigarette smoke periodically. Both are watered and given the same light conditions. The student records the height, number of leaves, and flowers of both plants everyday for one month.
• Problem? = Does cigarette smoke damage plants?• Independent Variable = Cigarette Smoke• Dependent Variable = Height of plants, leaves,
flowers• Constants = Both containers were identical except
one was given cigarette smoke (independent variable).
• A student wants to find out how cigarette smoke blown into a small greenhouse of plants damages the plant. The student grows two small plants in separate clear plastic soda bottles. The student injects one with cigarette smoke periodically. Both are watered and given the same light conditions. The student records the height, number of leaves, and flowers of both plants everyday for one month.
• Problem? = Does cigarette smoke damage plants?• Independent Variable = Cigarette Smoke• Dependent Variable = Height of plants, leaves,
flowers.• Constants = Both containers were identical except
one was given cigarette smoke (independent variable).
• A student wants to find out how cigarette smoke blown into a small greenhouse of plants damages the plant. The student grows two small plants in separate clear plastic soda bottles. The student injects one with cigarette smoke periodically. Both are watered and given the same light conditions. The student records the height, number of leaves, and flowers of both plants everyday for one month.
• Problem? = Does cigarette smoke damage plants?• Independent Variable = Cigarette Smoke• Dependent Variable = Height of plants, leaves,
flowers.• Constants = Both containers were identical except
one was given cigarette smoke (independent variable).
• A student wants to find out how cigarette smoke blown into a small greenhouse of plants damages the plant. The student grows two small plants in separate clear plastic soda bottles. The student injects one with cigarette smoke periodically. Both are watered and given the same light conditions. The student records the height, number of leaves, and flowers of both plants everyday for one month.
• Problem? = Does cigarette smoke damage plants?• Independent Variable = Cigarette Smoke• Dependent Variable = Height of plants, leaves,
flowers.• Constants = Both containers were identical except
one was given cigarette smoke (independent variable).
• A student wants to find out how cigarette smoke blown into a small greenhouse of plants damages the plant. The student grows two small plants in separate clear plastic soda bottles. The student injects one with cigarette smoke periodically. Both are watered and given the same light conditions. The student records the height, number of leaves, and flowers of both plants everyday for one month.
• Experimental group:
plants receiving smoke
• Control Group:
plants receiving no smoke
• A student wants to find out if an egg will crush more easily standing straight-up or on its side. The student creates a chamber that allows weights to be placed on a board that lies on top of the egg. The student places weights in grams on the board with an egg standing straight, and then on its side. The student records the total weight that was on the board when the egg crushed.
• Problem? = What side of the egg is strongest?• Independent Variable = Egg straight or on side.• Dependent Variable = Weights in grams• Control = Similar brand of egg, similar size, same
temp, everything is the same.
• A student wants to find out if an egg will crush more easily standing straight-up or on its side. The student creates a chamber that allows weights to be placed on a board that lies on top of the egg. The student places weights in grams on the board with an egg standing straight, and then on its side. The student records the total weight that was on the board when the egg crushed.
• Problem? = What side of the egg is strongest?• Independent Variable = Egg straight or on side.• Dependent Variable = Weights in grams• Control = Similar brand of egg, similar size, same
temp, everything is the same.
• A student wants to find out if an egg will crush more easily standing straight-up or on its side. The student creates a chamber that allows weights to be placed on a board that lies on top of the egg. The student places weights in grams on the board with an egg standing straight, and then on its side. The student records the total weight that was on the board when the egg crushed.
• Problem? = What side of the egg is strongest?• Independent Variable = Egg straight or on side.• Dependent Variable = Weights in grams• Control = Similar brand of egg, similar size, same
temp, everything is the same.
• A student wants to find out if an egg will crush more easily standing straight-up or on its side. The student creates a chamber that allows weights to be placed on a board that lies on top of the egg. The student places weights in grams on the board with an egg standing straight, and then on its side. The student records the total weight that was on the board when the egg crushed.
• Problem? = What side of the egg is strongest?• Independent Variable = Egg straight or on side.• Dependent Variable = Weights in grams• Control = Similar brand of egg, similar size, same
temp, everything is the same.
• A student wants to find out if an egg will crush more easily standing straight-up or on its side. The student creates a chamber that allows weights to be placed on a board that lies on top of the egg. The student places weights in grams on the board with an egg standing straight, and then on its side. The student records the total weight that was on the board when the egg crushed.
• Problem? = What side of the egg is strongest?• Independent Variable = Egg straight or on side.• Dependent Variable = Weights in grams• Control = Similar brand of egg, similar size, same
temp, everything is the same.
• A student wants to find out if an egg will crush more easily standing straight-up or on its side. The student creates a chamber that allows weights to be placed on a board that lies on top of the egg. The student places weights in grams on the board with an egg standing straight, and then on its side. The student records the total weight that was on the board when the egg crushed.
• Problem? = What side of the egg is strongest?• Independent Variable = Egg straight or on side.• Dependent Variable = Weights in grams• Constants = Similar brand of egg, similar size, same
temp, everything is the same.
• A student wants to find out if an egg will crush more easily standing straight-up or on its side. The student creates a chamber that allows weights to be placed on a board that lies on top of the egg. The student places weights in grams on the board with an egg standing straight, and then on its side. The student records the total weight that was on the board when the egg crushed.
• Problem? = What side of the egg is strongest?• Independent Variable = Egg straight or on side.• Dependent Variable = Weights in grams• Constants = Similar brand of egg, similar size, same
temp, everything is the same.
• A student wants to find out if an egg will crush more easily standing straight-up or on its side. The student creates a chamber that allows weights to be placed on a board that lies on top of the egg. The student places weights in grams on the board with an egg standing straight, and then on its side. The student records the total weight that was on the board when the egg crushed.
• Problem? = What side of the egg is strongest?• Independent Variable = Egg straight or on side.• Dependent Variable = Weights in grams• Constants = Similar brand of egg, similar size, same
temp, everything is the same.
• A student wants to find out if an egg will crush more easily standing straight-up or on its side. The student creates a chamber that allows weights to be placed on a board that lies on top of the egg. The student places weights in grams on the board with an egg standing straight, and then on its side. The student records the total weight that was on the board when the egg crushed.
• Problem? = What side of the egg is strongest?• Independent Variable = Egg straight or on side.• Dependent Variable = Weights in grams• Constants = Similar brand of egg, similar size, same
temp, everything is the same.
• A student wants to find out if an egg will crush more easily standing straight-up or on its side. The student creates a chamber that allows weights to be placed on a board that lies on top of the egg. The student places weights in grams on the board with an egg standing straight, and then on its side. The student records the total weight that was on the board when the egg crushed.
• Problem? = What side of the egg is strongest?• Independent Variable = Egg straight or on side.• Dependent Variable = Weights in grams• Constants = Similar brand of egg, similar size, same
temp, everything is the same.
• A student wants to find out if an egg will crush more easily standing straight-up or on its side. The student creates a chamber that allows weights to be placed on a board that lies on top of the egg. The student places weights in grams on the board with an egg standing straight, and then on its side. The student records the total weight that was on the board when the egg crushed.
• Problem? = What side of the egg is strongest?• Independent Variable = Egg straight or on side.• Dependent Variable = Weights in grams• Constants = Similar brand of egg, similar size, same
temp, everything is the same.
• A student wants to find out if an egg will crush more easily standing straight-up or on its side. The student creates a chamber that allows weights to be placed on a board that lies on top of the egg. The student places weights in grams on the board with an egg standing straight, and then on its side. The student records the total weight that was on the board when the egg crushed.
• Problem? = What side of the egg is strongest?• Independent Variable = Egg straight or on side.• Dependent Variable = Weights in grams• Constants = Similar brand of egg, similar size, same
temp, everything is the same.
• A student wants to find out if an egg will crush more easily standing straight-up or on its side. The student creates a chamber that allows weights to be placed on a board that lies on top of the egg. The student places weights in grams on the board with an egg standing straight, and then on its side. The student records the total weight that was on the board when the egg crushed.
• Problem? = What side of the egg is strongest?• Independent Variable = Egg straight or on side.• Dependent Variable = Weights in grams• Constants = Similar brand of egg, similar size, same
temp, everything is the same.
• A student wants to find out if an egg will crush more easily standing straight-up or on its side. The student creates a chamber that allows weights to be placed on a board that lies on top of the egg. The student places weights in grams on the board with an egg standing straight, and then on its side. The student records the total weight that was on the board when the egg crushed.
• Problem? = What side of the egg is strongest?• Independent Variable = Egg straight or on side.• Dependent Variable = Weights in grams• Constants = Similar brand of egg, similar size, same
temp, everything is the same.
• A student wants to find out if an egg will crush more easily standing straight-up or on its side. The student creates a chamber that allows weights to be placed on a board that lies on top of the egg. The student places weights in grams on the board with an egg standing straight, and then on its side. The student records the total weight that was on the board when the egg crushed.
• Experimental group :
on its side (experimenter selected)• Control group:
straight up
Observation – Anything you can see, hear, smell, touch, taste, (Using your senses).
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Inference: a reasonable conclusion based on your observations
Hypothesis: An educated guess to your problem / question that is testable.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Activity! (Optional) Times Have Changed.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Activity Sheet Available, Times have changed, Trials, Average. (Optional)– Variance and Standard Deviation Extension
• Note- The learning today will only partly be about variations in sound.
• Note- The learning today will only partly be about variations in sound.– Learning how to conduct trials is an important
skill that will occur in this activity.
• We must use the scientific method to gather empirical and measurable evidence.
• We must use the scientific method to gather empirical and measurable evidence.– The sample size should be large.
• We must use the scientific method to gather empirical and measurable evidence.– The sample size should be large.– Random sampling techniques should be used.
• We must use the scientific method to gather empirical and measurable evidence.– The sample size should be large.– Random sampling techniques should be used.– All biases should be avoided and poorly
collected data should be thrown out.
• Please create the following spreadsheet.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Trials
Old
New
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Trials
Old
New
Tester
Listener
• Please create the following spreadsheet.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Trials
Old
New
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Trials
Old
New
Tester
Listener
Keep this hidden
• Problem: Can you determine an old penny from a new penny by the sound it makes when dropped?
• Problem: Can you determine an old penny from a new penny by the sound it makes when dropped?– Old = Made before 1982– New = Made after 1982
• Problem: Can you determine an old penny from a new penny by the sound it makes when dropped?– Old = Made before 1982– New = Made after 1982
• Activity! (Optional) Times Have Changed.– Pennies have changed in composition over
the years. (Background Information)• 1793–1857 100% copper• 1857–1864 88% copper, 12% nickel • 1864–1962 bronze (95% copper, 5% tin
and zinc)• 1943 zinc-coated steel • 1944–1946 brass (95% copper, 5% zinc)• 1962–1982 brass (95% copper, 5% zinc)• 1982–present 97.5% zinc, 2.5% copper
• Activity! (Optional) Times Have Changed.– Pennies have changed in composition over
the years. (Background Information)• 1793–1857 100% copper• 1857–1864 88% copper, 12% nickel • 1864–1962 bronze (95% copper, 5% tin
and zinc)• 1943 zinc-coated steel • 1944–1946 brass (95% copper, 5% zinc)• 1962–1982 brass (95% copper, 5% zinc)• 1982–present 97.5% zinc, 2.5% copper
• Make an educated guess called a hypothesis for the problem.– Problem: Can you determine an old penny
from a new penny by the sound it makes when dropped?
• Please drop an old penny and a new penny 15 times each from a height of 30 cm onto a hard surface and listen to the sound it makes.
• Example of tester organizing trials.Tester – Make Random
• Example of tester organizing trials.Tester – Make random order 50/50 old and
new
Keep hidden from listener
X X X X X
X X X X
• Tester gets results from listener, then switch.
ListenerTester
No PaperworkPaperwork
Tester looks at their order sheet to determine if each drop will be an old or new penny.
• Tester gets results from listener, then switch.
ListenerTester
No PaperworkPaperwork
Tester looks at their order sheet to determine if each drop will be an old or new penny.
“Dropping Penny”
• Tester gets results from listener, then switch.
ListenerTester
No PaperworkPaperwork
Tester looks at their order sheet to determine if each drop will be an old or new penny.
“Dropping Penny”
“Drop away”
• Tester gets results from listener, then switch.
ListenerTester
No PaperworkPaperwork
Tester looks at their order sheet to determine if each drop will be an old or new penny.
“Dropping Penny”
“Drop away”
• Tester gets results from listener, then switch.
ListenerTester
No PaperworkPaperwork
Tester looks at their order sheet to determine if each drop will be an old or new penny.
“Drop away”
“Old Penny”
• Tester gets results from listener, then switch.
ListenerTester
No PaperworkPaperwork
Tester looks at their order sheet to determine if each drop will be an old or new penny.
“Drop away”
“Old Penny”
• Activity! Times Have Changed– Choose a partner for this project that was not
next to you during random order collection.– Keep your random test order hidden from your
new partner / listener.– Listener should keep eyes closed during each
drop and until pennies have been collected.• Old and new pennies look differently.
– Tester and listener must communicate for each drop. Tester says “dropping” and listener says “drop away.” Listener can open eyes when tester says pennies have been collected and mark should mark their guess on the listener spreadsheet.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Eyes are closedfor listener as they can
observe aold penny from a new one
• Problem: Can you determine an old penny from a new penny by the sound it makes when dropped?–Score your own sheet out of 100%
• (10 pts for each correct response) –Gather the entire classes scores to obtain
average / mean.• Add all of the scores and divide by the number of
students to find the mean / average.
– What was the average grade (%)• Do our results answer the problem?