GRAVITATIONAL BACKGROUND IN CYCLIC UNIVERSE A.N. Serdyukov Francisk Skaryna Gomel State University...

GRAVITATIONAL BACKGROUND

IN CYCLIC UNIVERSE

A.N. SerdyukovFrancisk Skaryna Gomel State University

A. SERDYUKOVA. SERDYUKOV

XIII International School-conferenceTHE ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF MICROWORLD

PHYSICS

Belarus, Gomel region, Joly 27 – August 7, 2015

GRAVITATIONAL BACKGROUND

IN CYCLIC UNIVERSE

A.N. SerdyukovFrancisk Skaryna Gomel State University


I believe that the geometrical approach has driven a wedge between general relativity and the theory of elementary particles. The passage of time has taught us not to expect that the strong, weak, and electromagnetic interactions can be understood in geometrical terms, and too great an emphasis on geometry can only obscure the deep connections between gravitation and the rest of physics.

Steven Weinberg 1972

Я считаю, что геометрический подход вбил клин между общей теорией относительности и теорией элементарных частиц. Время склоняет нас к […] мысли, что слишком большой упор на геометрию может только затемнить глубокую связь, существующую между гравитацией и остальной физикой.

Стивен Вайнберг 1972

Gravitation and cosmology (Preface, p. Vii )

1 INTRODUCTION

1 Introduction

Hence the convincing discovery of deviation from linearity in the Hubble diagram of high-redshift Type Ia

• All the known models of expanding dust-filled universe indicate the existence of the deceleration of its expansion through the gravitational retarding force.

Supernovae, opposite to that associated with gravitation, was a complete surprise from the standpoint of standard cosmology formed on the basis of the general relativity in its classical form, i.e. without cosmological constant.

1 Introduction

• This feature of the cosmological redshift is confidently interpreted from very start (in 1998) as the evidence of acceleration of cosmic expansion which arises, as considered, because of so-called dark energy uniformly distributed in space. But the identification of the physical nature of this new form of matter still remains the topical problem.

1 Introduction

• The precise information about the relation between the redshift and the luminosity of very distant SNe Ia clearly indicates that in the cosmic evolution the physics which is still not fully understood is hidden, and this surprising discovery is quite rightly assessed as the most important development in observational cosmology at the turn of the Millennium.

1 Introduction

• This experimental discovery actually has challenged the existing fundamental physical theories, and first of all the standard cosmology with general relativity as a theory of gravity on the largest scales. To some extent, this discovery poses a problem also in standard model of particles and fields.

1 Introduction• Moreover, the detection of dark energy greatly

complicate one already existing but hidden problem in cosmology which is closely associated with questionable status of the law of energy conservation in general relativity.

As is well known, at one time even David Hilbert noticed that in general relativity the law of conservation of energy does not exist at all, and he has characterized this fact as the feature which is inherent in this theory.

1 Introduction

• At last three decades, largely through the persistent efforts of Anatoliy Logunov, the clear understanding of the source of this problem has returned in connection with Noether’s theorem. The point is that the lack of Poincare group symmetry in the curved space-time of general relativity leads in the general case to the loss of ten fundamental integrals of motion of special relativity, connected with ten continuous parameters of this group.

1 Introduction

• It does not make sense to talk about energy (including energy of the gravitational field) of the entire Universe; there is no such an integral of motion in General Relativity.

Gorbunov D., Rubakov V. 2008

• Говорить об энергии во всей Вселенной (с учетом энергии гравитационного поля) смысла не имеет: такого интеграла движения в общей теории относительности нет.

Горбунов Д., Рубаков В. 2008• Введение в теорию ранней вселенной. Теория

горячего Большого взрыва. Стр. 102.

Unfortunately, this sad circumstance spoils the confidence in reliability of the general relativity, despite the known attractiveness of this theory in other respects.

1 Introduction• Among plausible carriers of dark energy the hypothesis

of a smooth classical field, varying slowly during a Hubble time, was independently introduced by Wetterich and Ratra and Peebles ten years before obtaining the epoch-making information from SNeIa. This hypothetic field, thanks to Steingardt at all, now widely known as a quintessence. In a simplest version which is especially attractive and actively discussed, it represents a some classical scalar dynamical field, coupled generally to gravitation.

The direct interaction between matter and the scalar field of quintessence, including the exchange of energy between them, has been considered also some authors, but mainly within the dark sector.

1 Introduction• However, despite the best efforts to identify the physical

nature of this hypothetical field, the problem remains still unsolved. Even now, more than fifteen years after the discovery of anomalous redshift, we can not be sure that this cryptic field really exists, or, on the contrary, the problem is in the imperfection of conventional theory of gravity and can be solved by the modification of Einstein’s equation. And if all the same, this field is real, we can not say with certainty, whether this phenomenon itself is a cosmological manifestation of a new kind of fundamental interaction, something like the previously unknown fifth essence beyond the standard model of particle physics, or it fits nevertheless into the framework of standard physics.

2 MASSIVE SCALAR FIELD COUPLED

TO MATTER

• The next simplest possibility is to investigate the cosmological consequences of the hypothesis of a coupling of massive scalar field of quintessence to ordinary matter. As a result of this assumption we refer this field to the gravitational sector, because the field directly interacting with matter through the mass has the characteristics of gravity. We suppose also that the universe is spatially flat, homogeneous, isotropic, and quiet, that is, without expansion or contraction. It is clear that the flat Minkowski background metric satisfies to all these restrictions.

2 Scalar field coupled to matter

2.1 The total lagrangian


2.2 A particle in a scalar field



2.3 Field equations in the presence of matter



One historical remark …

Richard FEYNMAN said:


«The spin-zero theory would predict that the attraction between masses of hot gas would be smaller than for cool gas… Thus, the spin-0 theory is out.»

F. E. Low. Classical Field Theory: Electromagnetismand Gravitation. Weinheim: Wiley (2004).

3 ENERGY CONSERVATION


3 Energy conservation

4 CONCEPT OF VARIABLE MASS


Vector field Scalar field

---------------------------

4 Concept of variable mass





5 THE POSITIVITY OF ENERGY DENCITY

OF NEWTONIAN FIELD


Negative pseudo-energy of Newtonian field

H. Weyl. Space, Time and Matter. New York: Dover (1951).

N. V. Mitskevich. The Physical Fields in General Relativity. Moskow: Nauka (1969).

L. Brillouin. Relativity Reexamined. New York: Academic Press (1970).

G. ’t Hooft. Introduction to General Relativity. Utrecht, Netherlands: Utrecht University. (2012).

L. D. Landau & E. M. Lifsitz. The Classical theory of fields. Volume 2 of Course of Theoretical Physics. Oxford: Butterworth–Heinemann (1987).

5 Positivity of energy of Newtonian field


One more historical remark

James Clark MAXWELL said:

«As energy is essentially positive, it is impossible for any part of space to have negative intrinsic energy».

« … The assumption, therefore, that gravitation arises from the action of the surrounding medium in the way pointed out, leads to the conclusion that every part of this medium possesses, when undisturbed, an enormous intrinsic energy, and that the presence of dense bodies influences the medium so as to diminish this energy wherever there is a resultant attraction. As I am unable to understand in what way a medium can possess such properties, I cannot go any further in this direction in searching for the cause of gravitation ».

J. C. Maxwell. A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field. Eugene, Oregon: Vipf and Stock Publishers (1996). A. SERDYUKOVA. SERDYUKOV


5 Positivity of energy of Newtonian field

6 GRAVITATIONAL BACKGROUND AND

DARK ENERGY


6 Gravitational background and dark energy







7 COSMOLOGICAL REDSHIFT

IN NON-EXPANDING UNIVERSE



7 Cosmological redshift








8 THE PRESENT PARAMETERS OF UNIVERSE


8 Present parameters of Universe


* Landau L.D. & Lifshiz E.M. The Classical Theory of Fields (1990). P. 398

Present energy distribution in the Universe








9 THE HYPOTHESIS ON THE NATURE

OF QUASARS AND GAMMA-RAY BURSTS



9 Hypothesis on the nature of Quasars

and Gamma-ray bursts


10 SUMMARY








THANK S!


1. The cosmological red shift, including modern observational data of distant SN 1a, may be explained without ‘‘new physics’’. «The creation of universes from nothing» is farfetched and irrational.

2. The representation about a gravitational origin of dark energy leads to re-examined cosmology within a new cosmological paradigm.


DISCUSSION DISCUSSION

3. On the basis of developed theory it is arguable that dark energy really exists, but its destination consists not in acceleration of the universe. 4. We propose a singularity-free model of universe, evolving without expansion or contraction.



5. In the light of developed model of universe evolution the all matter of the universe forms the mass of each body separately through the quintessence as intermediary, exactly in the spirit of Mach’s principle of cosmic origin of the inertia of material bodies [*]


* Mach E. The Science of Mechanics: A Critical and Historical Account of Its Development. Chicago, USA: Court Publishing (1919), pp. 235–236.


8. The field–theoretical model of gravitation extended here has demonstrated the viability in cosmological scale. 9. This theory is not here presented as an alternative to general relativity. On the contrary, we find pertinent to bring to mind here the fine experience of coexisting in the physics of thermodynamic systems even of triplet of theories with different base concepts, scientific methods and mathematical tools. We mean the Thompson – Clausius phenomenological thermodynamics, the Maxwell – Boltzmann kinetic theory, and the Gibbs statistical mechanics.

10. We believe also that the general relativity, built on heuristic equivalence principle, is a remarkable sample of the phenomenological theory which however is not obliged to remain exclusive too.



Date post:	01-Jan-2016
Category:	Documents
Upload:	kellie-gray
View:	219 times
Download:	0 times

GRAVITATIONAL BACKGROUND IN CYCLIC UNIVERSE A.N. Serdyukov Francisk Skaryna Gomel State University...

Documents