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Motivation
Aim and focus
Composition of consortium
Requested positions versus aim
Coherence and added value
Outline
Einstein gravity :
Gravity as a geometrySpace and time are physical objects
8G T
Gravitation– Least understood interaction
– Large world-wide intellectual activity
– Theoretical: ART + QM, Cosmology
– Experimental: Interferometers on Earth and in space
Gravitational waves– Dynamical part of gravitation, all space is filled
– Very large energy, almost no interaction
– Ideal information carrier, almost no scattering or attenuation
– The entire universe has been transparent for GWs, all the way back to the Big Bang
Motivation
Aim and focus
Scientific promise– Direct discovery of gravitational waves
– Signals from the early Universe
– Towards gravitational wave observatories
Bundle existing strengths– (astro)particle physics: experiment and theory
– Astrophysics, astronomy and cosmology
Multi-disciplinary physics program
To achieve deep understanding of gravitation and spacetime
Focus on 3 activities
R.A. Hulse and J.H. Taylor Jr (1993)
The horizon (best orientation) for a binary system of two 10 solar mass black holes is 63 Mpc
Compare to square root of Planck time: 1445 Hz105/ cGclt NPP
For capability to study details at Planck scaleHz103.2 22 Pth
Interferometers – sensitivity
6
100 million light years
Enhanced LIGO ~2009
Advanced LIGO ~2014
LIGO today
Credit: R.Powell, B.Berger
Nikhef contributions to Virgo+ :
– Automatic Alignment electronics
– Thermal compensation simulations
– Input Mode Cleaner optics
1 ev/week –
1 ev/day expect
ed
Activity 1 - towards discovery
Probable sources
– Binary neutron star coalescence
– Binary black holes mergers, supernovae, pulsars
Horizon (Virgo+)
– BNS: 150 Mpc (optimal orientation)
– BBH: 750 Mpc (optimal orientation)
BNS Rates: (most likely and 95% interval)
– Initial Virgo (30Mpc) 1/100yr (1/500 - 1/25 yr)
– Enhanced LIGO (60Mpc) 1/10yr (1/50 - 1/2.5yr)
– 2009: Virgo+ limit (150Mpc) 1.2/yr (1/4 - 5/yr)
– 2014: Advanced detectors (350Mpc) 40/yr (8 - 160/yr)
Kalogera et al; astro-ph/0312101; Model 6
BBH and other sources rates are more difficult to predict
Astronomy: we know GW sources exist!
Activity 1 - direct discovery of GW
Design Study Proposal approved by EU within FP7Large part of the European GW community involved
EGO, INFN, MPI, CNRS, NIKHEF, Univ. Birmingham, Cardiff, Glasgow
Recommended in Aspera / Appec roadmap
– 3 spacecraft in Earth-trailing solar orbit separated by 5 x106 km.
– Measure changes in distance between fiducial masses in each spacecraft
– Partnership between NASA and ESA
– Launch date ~2018+
GW roadmap: Golden Age of Gravitational Physics
Activity 2 - GW antenna in space - LISA
RotatingNeutron Stars
Difference of 104 in wavelength:Like difference between X-rays and IR!
VIRGOLIGO
LISA
LISA will see all the compact white-dwarf and neutron-star binaries in the Galaxy (Schutz)
Complementarities of GW detectors
Is Einstein’s theory still right in these conditions of extreme gravity? Or is new
physics awaiting us?
Chandra - Each point of x-ray
light is a Black Hole!
What happens at the edge of a Black Hole?
Science goals
Dark energy and matter interact through gravity
We do not know what 95% of the
universe is made of!
What is the mysterious Dark Energy pulling the Universe apart?
Science goals
Gravitational Waves Can Escape from Earliest Moments of the Big Bang
Inflation(Big Bang plus 10-34 Seconds)
Big Bang plus 380,000 Years
gravitational waves
Big Bang plus 14 Billion Years
light
Now
What powered the Big Bang?
Science goals
Theoretical (astro)particle physics community
– GW, inflation, string theory, cosmic defects
– Jan Willem van Holten et al. (Nikhef, Leiden)
Provide templates, spectra, etc.
– Participate in Virgo – LIGO analysis Galluccio et al; Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 (970)
Activity 2: Signals from inflation and phase transitions
G. Koekoek
SRON
– LISA Pathfinder
Theoretical (astro)particle physics community
– GW, inflation, string theory, cosmic defects
Westerbork
– EPTA
NOVA
– Leiden Univ.: PTA (Levin)
– UvA: GW emission NS (Watts)
ESA – Noordwijk
– LISA coordination (Jennrich)
Leiden Univ.
– MiniGrail (Frossati)
Nikhef
– Strategic plan, Review 2007
2006GW in the Netherlands
Periodic sources analysis – GRID– VU – Nikhef – RU
Coalescing binaries – BNS, BBH– Nikhef – VU – RU
Advanced Virgo upgrade– Nikhef – VU
Early Universe – theory and analysis– Nikhef - VU
Source populations ET and LISA – RU – Nikhef – VU
All members bring in relevant experience
Consortium
Discovery
ET, LISAEarly Universe
H.J. Bulten Analysis, LISA
T. Ketel Optics
J. van den Brand Coordinator
D. Rabeling (postdoc) Discovery, ET
G. Koekoek (PhD) Theory
T. Bauer Optics
H. van der Graaf Suspension
J.W. van Holten Theory
New staff member Analysis
M. Beker (PhD) ET
S. van der putten (PhD) Analysis
J. Kuipers Sources
G. Nelemans LISA
LISA
Periodic sources analysis – GRID– H.J. Bulten (VU), S. van der Putten (PhD)
Coalescing binaries – BNS, BBH– JvdB, Nikhef staff, pd1 (3 yr), PhD1, PhD2
Advanced Virgo upgrade– T. Bauer (Nikhef), T. Ketel (VU), JvdB, M. Beker (PhD), all PhD and pd
Early Universe – theory and analysis– J.W. van Holten (Nikhef), M. Postma (Nikhef), G. Koekoek (PhD), PhD3, pd1 (3 yr)
Source populations ET and LISA – J. Kuipers (RU), G. Nelemans (RU), D. Rabeling (VU), pd2 (5 yr), PhD4
Multi-messenger analysis (Lofar, optical, UC binaries)– G. Nelemans (RU), H.J. Bulten, PhD5
Running budget– Annual contribution to Virgo
Investment budget: 500 k€ (Nikhef NWO MG 1.5 M€)– Advanced Virgo: Cryo links, seismic isolation, optical systems
6 year program6 PhDs, 2 postdocs
Requested resources – projects
Ambitious program
– Combines resources from universities and research institute
Strong position at international forefront
– Program provides focus, collaboration and coherence
– Timing: Advanced Virgo and LIGO decided now
Attractive context for advanced research
– Excellent environment for postdocs, students, guests
– High quality training
Broadening of scientific experience
– Experimental physics, analysis, GRID computing, astronomy, astrophysics, cosmology, theory
Organize national GW community
– Annual Dutch GW meeting through Nikhef
Links to other programs
– Multi-messenger astroparticle physics (with KM3Net)
Added value of FOM program
Backup slides
LISA
Theoretical Astroparticle physics
LISA
LIGO The largest single enterprise undertaken by NSF. Total capital investment about $ 300 million. Exploitatie about M$ 30/jaar. Enhanced LIGO (2008) is approved, financed and installed. Advanced LIGO (2012) is approved, financed (for M$ 210). LIGO Science Collaboration (LSC) consists of >600 physicists and astronomers; > 45 institutes. Quality of participants is excellent (MIT, Caltech, Stanford, etc.). Three interferometers (ITF): 2 with 4 km arms, 1 with 2 km arms. All ITFs achieved design sensitivity.
Virgo Investment about MEuro 100 by France and Italy. Exploitation about MEuro 10/yr Virgo+ (2008) is approved and financed. Advanced Virgo (2012) approval in 2009. 1 ITF with 3 km arms. ITF sensitivity at design value for f > 700 Hz.
LISA Lisa Pathfinder cost about MEuro 240. Lancering is scheduled for 2010. LISA 3 satellites costs about Euro 1.5 miljard. Highest scientific priority of the 11 Beyond Einstein missions. Decadel review ongoing in USA.
GW fact sheet
Einstein Telescope CDS approved in FP7 for 3M€ Highest scientific priority of 51 proposals JvdB leads WG1 on site selection Appears on ASPERA roadmap as 1 of
Magnificent Seven GW physics
APS Topical group (>1000 members) Future APS division? NL part of EGO consortium?
NRC
De Volkskrant
Technisch weekbladKijk
Intermediair
Teleac Radio5
Civiele Techniek
Outreach – 2008
GW Program Management
Management Structure
– Clear structure established to realize Mass and Focus
– Initial MT composition: GN, JWvH and JvdB (chair)
MT tasks
– Monitor progress in various scientific activities
– Allocation of resources (re-discuss annually)
– Provide steering
– New scientific developments
– Note: 1 PhD not allocated
– Monitor finances
– Outreach
Work towards a national GW community
– Nikhef has a role here (annual and quarterly meetings)
Links to other programs
– Multi-messenger astroparticle physics (e.g. with KM3Net)