Gravity Control through the Application of Time Varying Magnetic Fields and Acoustic Vibrations

Abstract

The natural forces of gravity and electromagnetism have long been suggested to be coupled due to the

similarities of the field equations used to describe them. Despite the orders of magnitude difference in the

strength of these forces, they are both subject to the inverse square law that governs the range at which

these forces interact with nature. New theories into the quantum state of matter propose an artificial state

of transition can be achieved if a given mass is mechanically vibrated at a given frequency. It is at this

frequency where electromagnetic energy can be used to increase or decrease the influence of gravity upon

the mass. This research aims to experimentally create the necessary conditions for direct manipulation

and control of gravity by subjecting a given mass to an external electromagnetic field generated by a

small magnetic loop antenna while being mechanically vibrated by an external source. Through

observation of the weight of a mass under the influence of gravity, a trial and error approach will be

conducted in which a certain configuration of applied environmental effects will be found to produce a

fluctuation in weight. Radically new innovative technologies can be developed as a result in which

massive objects can be manipulated and moved with relative ease by the operator.

Introduction

Humanity has made enormous technological strides based upon the understanding of the

fundamental forces of nature. Many of these strides have come about incrementally in which technology

is continuously improved through small adjustments of prevailing theories. While these adjustments are

necessary to keep us moving forward, it is also necessary that new ideas be considered when prevailing

theories fail to answer the fundamental questions about the forces themselves. These breakthrough ideas

provide a foundation for radically new advancements in technology to emerge. Breakthrough ideas

require a curiosity to explore the unknown and a willingness to pursue theories which may have otherwise

been ridiculed or ignored by much of the scientific community. It is through these breakthroughs that

barriers can be overcome thereby propelling our species into new heights of innovation and wonder.

The theory of gravity is one such area of study where our current understanding fails to answer

the underlying mechanism of the force itself. The classical Newtonian theory of gravity shows that this

force arises from the interaction between two or more masses which vary inversely according to the

square of the distances between these masses (Giancoli, 2000). This understanding allowed humanity to

develop more sophisticated knowledge into topics such as orbital mechanics that led to technological

advancements in space travel and satellite communications. However, the physical process by which

gravity manifests was still unknown and we were only able to describe the effects it had on other bodies.

Another of the main limitations of this theory lies in describing the anomalous behavior of massive

astronomical objects with light, as well as the interactions between subatomic particles at the quantum

level. Thus, a more complete model was needed to reconcile these issues.

Einstein’s general theory of relativity proved to be the next step in attempting to paint the

complete the picture of what gravity is. He showed that the gravitational force arises due to the warping

of spacetime around a body of matter (Beiser, 2003). This meant that objects near a massive body would

generally follow a curved path rather than a straight one. It is only when these objects are at vast distances

from a massive body and traveling at a small fraction of light speed that the classical Newtonian approach

to gravity can be applied. General relativity yielded a new set of field equations in which gravity behaved

similarly to electromagnetism with its own electric and magnetic components. This expanded

mathematical framework solved numerous problems in astronomy such as the precession of the perihelion

of Mercury’s orbit. As complete of a theory general relativity seems to be, it still has its own set of

limitations when dealing with infinities, namely, when examining the center of black holes and

electromagnetic interactions on the Planck scale. These limitations show there still remains an incomplete

theory of gravity and leads one to consider a deeper understanding of its true nature.

As eloquently stated by Smolin, “The mind calls out for a third theory to unify all of physics, and

for a simple reason. Nature is in an obvious sense ‘unified’. The universe we find ourselves in is

interconnected, in that everything interacts with everything else.” (Smolin, 2007). This leads to a new

realm of investigation which aims to unify general relativity and quantum theory known as a theory of

quantum gravity. At the forefront of investigation into quantum gravity is string theory. To summarize,

string theory attempts to unify all the natural forces and fundamental particles by describing them as

manifestations of 1-dimensional objects called strings. Variations in these string vibrations give rise to

each of the forces and particles found in nature. While this theory provides a complete mathematical

framework to explain quantum gravity, it does have its own set of limitations. One of these limitations is

the vast quantity of possible universes that can be constructed from the adjustable parameters in the

theory’s model. Woit explains how this hinders any attempt at verification by experiment due to the ease

of the model to account for any potentially observed phenomena (Woit, 2006). This sets up a situation

where the theory cannot be proven false since it can be adjusted to produce new predictions that have not

yet been tested for validity. This point also exposes one of the theory’s other main criticisms being the

inherent difficulty to experimentally test its predictions. Not only are there seemingly an infinite number

of possible unique theories to test, but to prove the existence of the strings themselves, properly

constructed experiments would have to probe at extremely high energies. String theory estimates that the

length scale for a single string is on the order of the Planck scale ~ 10-33

cm (Becker, Becker, & Schwarz,

2007). Current technology prohibits investigation at this scale with the leading contender being the Large

Hadron Collider which has reached collision energies of ~ 1015

eV (CERN Bulletin, 2015), still well

below the required energy to examine the strings if they exist.

Alongside string theory as a possible explanation to unite general relativity and quantum

mechanics is loop quantum gravity (LQG). This theory proposes to quantize spacetime into discrete units

with a fundamental size of the Planck length. This quantization forms a mesh of finite loops called “spin

networks” which gives rise to the elementary particles and forces described in quantum field theories

(Perez, 2004). One of the fundamental differences between LQG and string theory is regarding

background independence. This property describes a condition in which the physical interactions between

events do not depend upon a fixed background geometry. It is the governing equations themselves that

define the geometry which in the case of quantum gravity is spacetime itself. This property applies to

LQG and is consistent with general relativity, but it contrasts with string theory which is fundamentally a

background dependent theory. However, LQG is similar to string theory in that it has a problem in being

experimentally verified due the current technological difficulty in probing the Planck scale physics that

the theory predicts (Rovelli, 2008).

The lack of experimental investigation into quantum gravity produces a hindrance to scientific

progression. This means that until there is physical evidence pointing to a link between general relativity

and quantum mechanics, all the scientific community can do is wait and conjecture about alternative

theories. A theory developed by Frank Znidarsic shows that a classical approach can be used to explain

the many phenomena found in quantum mechanics. As will be discussed in detail in later sections, this

theory aims to provide evidence of quantum gravity by modeling the quantum condition as a classical

impedance matched system where the speed of light within the electronic structure of an atom equals the

speed of sound within its nuclear structure (Znidarsic, 2011). This theory allows for an easier approach to

experimental investigation at lower energies compared to high energy experiments using particle

accelerators at a fraction of the cost.

Statement of the Problem

There currently exists a lack of experimental evidence into proving the existence of quantum

gravity. This largely stems from the fact that the predictions set forth by mainstream theories require high

energy collisions to probe quantum interactions on the Planck scale. Current technology prohibits

investigation into this scale which forces experimentalists to pursue alternative theories. The scientific

community in this area of research is therefore stunted due to the lack of experimental investigation. To

keep progressing and moving forward, there needs to be more effort into pursuing alternative theories that

offer a way to be experimentally verified.

Purpose of the Study

The purpose of this proposed research is to experimentally show that there exists a link between

gravity and the quantum realm. More specifically, it aims to prove that gravity can be unified with the

other fundamental forces of nature through direct control the force of gravity by applying a combination

of mechanical and electromagnetic excitations of varying amplitudes and frequencies upon a test mass. A

secondary focus regarding practical application of the proposed gravity control mechanism is also

necessary to facilitate breakthrough technological advancements.

Significance of the Study

If a mechanism of quantum gravity can be shown to exist, a radically new area of research and

development would be opened that would inevitably give rise to a new technological revolution. By

controlling gravity, the weight of massive objects would be of no consequence allowing for drastically

more efficient construction techniques. A new burst of space exploration and travel would be introduced

due to the ease of transporting heavy payloads into orbit. Countless other technological systems could

also be improved as well. Theoretical physicists who are currently investigating quantum gravity would

then have a new direction to pursue that is founded upon hard physical evidence. Even if this research

fails to show any proof of quantum gravity, it would still be significant in steering theorists into other

directions and providing results into an area of research with an already limited experimental database.

Theoretical Framework

The foundation of this research is based on the theory of the transitional quantum state of matter

which defines a new constant called the velocity of transition Vt, and has a value of 1,094,000 m/s

(Znidarsic, 2012). This velocity is described as the speed of sound within the nucleus of an atom. It was

empirically formulated from observations of the transmutation of heavy elements in experiments that

involved Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR) (Miley, 1996; Mosier-Boss, 2007; Storms, 1995). This

same velocity was also independently observed in experiments that involved electromagnetic stimulation

of a superconducting disk which were reported to produce gravitational anomalies (Li, 1992; Reiss, 2002;

Tajmar M., 2000; Podkletnov E., 1992). Znidarsic investigated this constant further by reformulating

Coulomb’s Equation, which defines the energy produced between two charges, into the form of a spring

equation. The resulting equation expressed the electric field as a sort of “rubber band” in which the elastic

constant Ke-, can actally vary according to displacement. By applying this reformulation to the nucleus of

an atom, Znidarsic was able to show that Vt emerged as a product of the harmonic motion of the nucleons

at a displacement equal to twice the Fermi spacing of the nucleons (Modarres, 1987).

Znidarsic then applied Vt to explain the quantized energy of a photon by defining Vt in terms of

the transitional frequency ft, and the transitional wavelength λt. He showed how this relationship

reconciles the fact that the frequency of an emitted photon is not representative of any stationary atomic

state through representing it as the frequency of transition. The photon’s energy emerges as an effect of λt

and electrical charge. By modeling the geometry of the transitional photon as a capacitance, Znidarsic

was able show that Planck’s constant, which sets the scale for quantum interactions, emerged when he

substituted the capacitance expression into the energy equation of an electrical charge. The resulting

equation produced Einstein’s photoelectric effect and explained the energy of a photon as a classical

function of its amplitude. He then extended these ideas to other areas of quantum mechanics such as the

energy of levels of the hydrogen atom, intensity of spectral emissions, and deBroglie matter waves, all of

which were expressed in terms of Vt.

To summarize, a classical approach has been developed to explain many of the fundamental

questions in quantum mechanics. The transitional quantum state of matter can be viewed as an impedance

match of light and sound. When the speed of sound within the nucleus equals the speed of light within the

electronic structure of the atom, the entire atom is set into a transitional state. It is in this state where the

magnetic components of the fundamental forces such as gravitomagnetism can be modified through

simultaneously vibrating a mass and exposing it to an electromagnetic field at a certain frequency.

Research Hypothesis

There exists a combination of electromagnetic and mechanical excitations that when exposed to a

test mass will produce a change in the gravitomagnetic field. Specifically, a test mass can be artificially

induced into a state of quantum transition upon which electromagnetic energy can be used to extend the

range and strength of gravity. The frequency, amplitude, and direction of the excitations will vary and

depend upon the test mass under investigation due to differences in molecular geometry and composition

between various types of matter.

Literature Review

This section will cover many of the recent experimental and theoretical attempts at gravity

control. A thorough review of these approaches is covered in Frontiers of Propulsion Science (Millis &

Davis, 2009). This section will be heavily referencing that book to summarize these approaches but will

also introduce others that were not mentioned. It needs to be stated that the focus of this research is to

directly control gravity, not to simply overcome it. This means that while there are approaches that aim to

negate the effects of gravity (Forward, 1988; Forward, 1995), they are fundamentally only an indirect

means such as arranging sets of counter masses to produce a counter gravitational force. Therefore, the

scope of this review deals with work related to direct gravity control based on theoretical exploitation and

experimental evidence.

General Relativistic Approach to Gravity Control

In the early developments of general relativity, it was shown that it was theoretically possible to

generate non-Newtonian gravitational forces (Heaviside, 1893; Thirring, 1918; Thirring, 1921; Thirring

and Lense, 1918). This was accomplished through splitting gravitation into electric and magnetic

components analogous to classical electromagnetic theory (Mashhoon et al., 1984). This allowed for

predictions in general relativity where a moving source of mass-energy is able to produce forces on a test

body that are independent of the mass of the test body itself. By linearizing Einstein’s field equations,

Forward was then able to develop a set of dynamical field equations similar to Maxwell’s equations

(Forward, 1961). In this case, a moving source of mass-energy can be seen to represent a flow of electric

charge, and the gravitational field would then represent the electric field. In a similar fashion, the

magnetic component of the gravitational field can be represented as the magnetic field produced due to

electric current. Thus, a gravitomagnetic field is present due to mass current. It is only when an observer

is moving along with the mass current that the gravitomagetic field is seen as the traditional gravtiational

field. This is called the Lense-Thirring effect, or more generally, rotational frame dragging. This effect

has been recently observed by NASA through the Gravity Probe B experiment (Everitt, 2011).

Forward applied the linearized equations to develop applications for generating methods of

gravity control (Forward, 1961; Forward, 1963). One of these applications involved the design of a dipole

gravitational field generator in which a pipe is wound about a torus structure so that when a mass flows

through the pipe, a gravitomagnetic field would be induced within the torus. By accelerating the mass

flow, the gravitomagnetic field would increase with time, which in turn would generate a dipole

gravitational field parallel with the axis of the torus. The strength of this field at the center would be

proportional to the number of turns of the pipe, the time rate-of-change of the mass flow, the radius of the

pipe, and inversely proporitional to the radius of the torus.

The problem with Forward’s approach is that to construct such devices require astronomical

scales of mass density. To generate an acceleration greater than 1-g, which would be necessary in any sort

of useful application to send payloads into orbit, one would need a mass density on the order of a dwarf

star. This density would then have to be confined into a pipe with a width comparable to a football field

and wound about a torus with dimensions on the order of kilometers. It would also have to be acclerated

to ~1011

m/s2 (Millis & Davis, 2009). These requirements are clearly impractical and well beyond the

reach of our current technology. One way to overcome these limitations would be to utilize materials

which a have a relatively large, nonlinear gravitational permeability. This is similar to the magnetic

permeability of materials such as iron, which allows construction of small, highly efficient

electromagnetic field generators (Millis & Davis, 2009). However, materials with this property have yet

to be discovered.

Also within the scope of general relativty to control gravity is through the production of

gravitational waves. These waves can be considered as ripples in the geometry of spacetime and are

generated by natural astronomical occurences such as supernovae, binary star systems, and gravitational

collapse. They have been recently observed by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory

(LIGO) from the merging of two black holes (Abbott et al., 2016). Several designs were reviewed by

Baker that enabled the production of gravitational waves in the lab for use in rocket propulsion (Baker,

2000). These designs are operated by rapidly accelerating small, sub-millimeter scale active elements

such as piezoelectric crystals. Through the application of high-frequency excitations upon these elements

from electrical, magnetic, and electromechanical driving forces, it would be possible to generate a

quadrupole moment which would in turn emit gravitaional waves (Millis & Davis, 2009). Another

method of wave generation involves utilization of the Gertsenshtein effect which is described as the

coupling of an electromagnetic wave to a transverse background electromagnetic field that yields a

resultant gravitational wave (Gertsenshtein, 1962). However, to achieve any meaningful use out of these

methods require astronomical-sized objects and ultra-high electromagnetic field intensities (Millis &

Davis, 2009).

It is worth mentioning that there are still other approaches within general relativity that allow for

indirect gravity control. These include mathematical exploits within Einstein’s field equations that

produce a negative energy density which acts to produce a pressure to counteract gravity. Similarly,

utilization of dark energy, which drives the expansion of the universe, offers a way to counteract gravity

through cosmological inflation. There are very few methods to harness this energy (White & Davis, 2006)

but again, these concepts suffer from the problem of requiring astronomical amounts of energy in order to

be viable for any useful application (Millis & Davis, 2009).

Gravity Control within Quantum Theory

The attempts at gravity control within quantum theory involve repulsive gravity terms that act to

correct the classical Netwonian law at the quantum level. These terms are derived through the

quantization of Einstein’s field equations as well as working backwards from certain quantum field

theories such as supersymmetric field theory and superstring/D-Brane theory (Millis & Davis, 2009). An

expression for the corrected gravitational potential between two masses can be derived by applying

Feynman’s quantization procedure (Feynman & Hibbs, 1965; Feynman et al., 1995; Zee, 2003) to the

linearized Einstein field equation in the nonrelativistic limit (Millis & Davis, 2009). This expression is

based on the quatnum interaction between the masses and the yet to be observed graviton, which is the

force carrying particle of gravity. The important item of note is that the corrective terms are extremely

weak and only affect the associated quantum states which means there are no useful macroscopic

applications from these results (Millis & Davis, 2009).

There has also been much effort into developing methods of acessing the zero-point energy (ZPE)

of the vaccum. This energy is described as the quantum field flucations that still remain even at a

temperature of absolute zero (Puthoff et al., 2002). The idea that the gravitational force arose as an

induced effect due to changes in the ZPE from the presence of matter was first proposed by Sakharov

(Sakharov, 1968). From this view, the gravitational force can be seen as similar to van der Waals and

Casimir forces which manifest between closely spaced structures from an unbalanced ZPE radiation

pressure (Milonni et al., 1988). Prescision measurements have been made that confirm the existence of

these forces (Lamoreaux, 1997; Mohideen & Roy, 1998). This drove theorists into further developing

mathematics to describe quantum fluctation induced gravity (Puthoff, 1989). It showed that gravity, and

similarly intertial mass could be controlled through control of vacuum fluctuations. An investigation to

verify the equivalence principle for ZPE was conducted and proved that indeed, the vacuum fluctuations

do gravitate as a result of a redshift of the electromagnetic vacuum state (Calloni et al., 2002). Progress is

currently limited however, due to the lack of any definitive method to access the fluctations to control

gravity at the macroscopic level (Millis & Davis, 2009).

Another method of gravity control was proposed by Alzofon in which the weight of an aluminum

isotope that had been imbedded with iron inclusions could be decreased to the point of levitation

(Alzofon, 1981). This could be accomplished by placing the alloy within a static magnetic field and

subjecting it to pulsed microwave excitations. The interactions between the pulsed polarization of the

magnetic moments of nucleons and polarized electron spins produces the effect. Specifically, a reduction

of inertial mass results from the modifications of the interactions between nucleons and spacetime

fluctuations caused by resonance of pulsed dynamic nuclear magnetic orientation within the sample

(Millis & Davis, 2009). A complete theoretical model is for this effect is lacking and as a result, current

efforts are emperically driven.

Experimental Evidence of Gravity Control

The majority of experimental evidence surrounds the potential connection between

superconducting materials, gravity, and electromagnetism. Interest in these materials such as yttrium

barium copper oxide (YBCO) ceramics arose from theoretical work by DeWitt (DeWitt, 1966) and Ross

(Ross, 1983). They showed that non-zero currents would be produced on the surface of a superconductor

due to the presence of nearby gravitomagnetic fields and could be explained from a modified set of

London equations. A resulting theoretical framework was then developed to allow for experimental

investigation in which gravitational fields could be generated inside of a superconductor via electrical

induction (Li and Torr, 1992).

One of the first publications regarding possible experimental proof of gravity control invovled

spinning a superconducting YBCO disk that was simultaneouslty irradted by radio frequencies

(Podkletnov, 1992). The disk was cooled and levitated via Meissner flux expulsion above a toroidal

electromagnet. A nonconducting test mass was suspended from an analytical balance and poistioned

about 15 mm from the top of the YBCO disk. This combination of enviromental conditions were reported

to cause a 0.3% loss in weight of the test mass. Podkletnov also described other experiments which

claimed to generate a “gravity beam” that was produced when a high voltage source was discharged from

a superconducting plate to a grounded metal annular disk which was able to knock over a pencil in an

adjoining, physically sparated room. A paper on this experiment was published with enough detail to

allow for validation of the setup, however due to unresolved technical concerns no attempts at

reproduction were conducted (Podkletnov, 2001).

This claim of such a significant change in weight prompted much criticism and other attempts at

reproduction by the scientific community. One of the major criticisms of the work was that the change in

weight was a result of buoyancy effects from air currents that were produced from the boiling of liquid

helium used to cool the YBCO disk. It was shown that these currents would be so violent that any proper

measurement of the test mass’ weight at the stated conditions would be virtually impossible (de Podesta

& Bull, 1995). Attempts at replication involved either fixed or rotating permanent magnets, and relatively

small commercially available superconducting disks compared to the one specified in the originial

experiment. Some of the attempts observed a slight change in the apparent weight of the test mass

(Woods et al., 2001) but most cases resulted in observation of effects that could be explained by inherent

noise of the system itself. It was later claimed by Podkletnov that the gravitational anomalies could not be

reproduced unless the exact disk formulations and test specifications were followed (Millis & Davis,

2009). A significant effort was also conducted by a team at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center to

reproduce the original Podkletnov experiment but failed to produce any noticiable effects (Noever &

Koczor, 1998). After further consultation with Podkletnov, another investigation detected a small increase

in the test mass’ weight that was later determined to be an artifact of the instrumentation (Noever et al.,

1998). The NASA team later pursued construction of an exact reprouction of the original YBCO disk but

were forced to stop futher research due to budgetary constraints. Investigation into these anomalies

continued with emphasis on exact experimental reproduction and produced a null result (Hathaway et al.,

2003). Other results involving precise measurements of the weights of superconducting and non-

superconducting samples found a ~0.5% increase in weight while the superconductors were transitioning

to the superconductive state and was the first investigation shown to be repeatable (Reiss, 2003).

Additional work into the nature of these observed effects by Tajmar and De Matos showed that

every electromagnetic field is coupled to a gravitoelectric and gravitomagnetic field (Tajmar & De Matos,

2001). They suggested that the coupling does not require superconductivity and that the derived strength

of the coupling coefficient is relatively small but could be increased by moving or rotating a mass and

aligning electron and nuclear spins. Further development of these ideas showed that any substance set into

roatation would generate a uniform intrinsic gravitomagnetic field (De Matos & Tajmar, 2001). This work

formed the basis of an experiment which proposed to explain the Cooper pair mass discrepancy that had

been previously measured (Tate et al., 1989). They predicted that this discrepancy was the result of a

relatively large gravitomagnetic field which could be measured in the laboratory (Tajmar & De Matos,

2003). The experiment involved accelerometers and laser gyroscopes to measure the gravitomagnetic

field produced when the superconducting ring was angularly decelerated. It is important to note that this

experiment did not inlvolve electromagnetic excitation but the results showed an effect comparable to

their theoretical prediction (Tajmar et al., 2006). However, further investigations with improved

experiments showed no match with the predictions but still produced evidence of coupling effect between

the observed acceleration and applied angular velocity (Tajmar et al., 2007). Further work expanded on

these experiments in an effort at reproduction as well as pursue similar experimental setups which

propsed to genereate these seemingly anomalous effects but were unable to indicate a possible source

(Graham et al., 2007).

Research Methodology

The previous sections show that it is theoretically possible to directly modify the gravitational

force, however such a method would require astronomically scaled structures and mass. This prevents any

practical application within current technological capabilities. The available experimental evidence

suggests that gravitational anomalies can be generated by some combination of intrinsic mass

characteristics that are exposed to environmental effects involving rapid acceleration and radio frequency

stimulation. The exact “formula” seems to be unclear and given the limited amount of experimental

reference, any future investigator would be inclined to test as many configurations as possible as to

provide a solid database of what may or may not work. Therefore, this research proposes to not only

investigate a unique theory of quantum gravity, but to also produce a database of test conditions and

results for a given mass based on previous work. To facilitate such an investigation, an experiment will be

designed that is nearly identical to a radiated immunity test. A test setup of this nature can be found

within electromagnetic compatibility departments of companies who must meet certain performance

requirements for their products as regulated by both national and international committees. The next

sections will go into further detail about this type of test as well as some of the technical concerns

regarding possible sources of error and how to minimize them. A discussion on the instrumentation and

the type of data that will be measured is also necessary.

Experimental Design

This experiment will be modeled after the test setup and procedure outlined in the IEC-61000-4-3

standard regarding radiated RF immunity. To summarize, the equipment under test (EUT) is placed

within an anechoic chamber and irradiated by a sweep of radio frequencies to test for nominal

performance within acceptable limits. To test for gravitational anomalies based on previous research and

produce conditions for artificial transition, this setup will be slightly modified to allow for additional

excitations upon the EUT involving mechanical vibrations through transference of sound and direct

stimulation. In this case, the EUT will be a test mass that is non-conductive and homogenous in nature.

The standardized radiated immunity test calls for specific antenna geometries such as biconical,

log-periodic, and horn which are used to generate electromagnetic fields at frequencies that an electronic

device would commonly encounter in the environment. For this experiment, an electrically small

magnetic loop antenna will be used. The rationale for this geometry is founded upon the experimental

work by Forward who attempted to find materials with a large gravitational permeability (Forward, 1963).

Based on the mathematical similarities between gravitational and electromagnetic field equations

described previously, Forward described a torus structure that would generate a dipole gravitational field

when mass current flowed in a coil around the torus. Given that the magnetic and inertial moments are

combined in an atom via coupling of quantum angular and spin momentum within the atom (Millis &

Davis, 2009), it is of interest to modify the intertial moment by applying a dipole magnetic field to a test

mass as opposed to a dipole electric/gravitoelectric field. This is consistent with Znidarsic’s theory of

quantum transition which supposes the gravitomagnetic field can be modified through electromagnetsim.

A dipole magnetic field can be generated by a small magnetic loop antenna. When alternating current is

passed through a conducting loop with a circumference that is less than ~0.2λ of the supplied wavelength,

the loop is considered to be electrically small (Carr & Hippisley, 2012). This particular antenna geometry

produces a uniform toroidal radiation pattern with a strong magnetic component in the near field.

To minizmize potential sources of interference both internally and externally, this experiment will

be conducted within an anechoic chamber. This particular anechoic chamber will be constructed to handle

both RF and acoustical vibrations. The exact dimensions and materials used are dependent upon the test

frequencies that will be used. In this case, RF radiation will be swept between 1-30 MHz to cover the

range of frequencies used in experiments which produced graviational anomalies (Noever & Koczor,

1998; Podkletnov & Levi, 1992). In order to absorb this range of RF and to prevent reflections within the

chamber, ferrite tiles will be mounted on the inner walls as opposed to the long pyramidal abosrbers

conventionally used for higher frequencies (Shimada et al., 2006). Due to much conjecture regarding

proper mechanical stimulation frequency (Podkletnov & Levi, 1992; Hathaway et al, 2003; Graham et al.,

2007), this expeiriment will excite the test mass within the range of human hearing (~20 Hz – 20 kHz).

This will ensure the widest possible range of test conditions while maintaining ease of implementation.

Sound interfence will be minimized using conventional sound absorbing panels that will be mounted on

the inside of the chamber directly on top of the ferrite tiles. The entire chamber itself will be shielded

from external interference by enclosing it entirely in sheet metal commonly known as a Faraday cage.

The test mass as previously described will be non-conductive to prevent any induced Lorentz

forces from masking potential gravitomagnetic forces in the measurement of the mass’ weight. Similarly,

the mass will also have to be weakly diamagnetic to prevent strong interaction with the incident magnetic

field. Referring again to the research hypothesis, this proposed work intends to show that a

gravitomagnetic effect can be generated using a combination of sound and electromagnetism, to a degree

that can be measured within the laboratory. Many questions regarding the source of any potential

generated effects can be handled if the test mass under investigation has very little inherent response

solely to an applied electromagnetic field. To induce a state of quantum transition within the test mass,

the molecular composition will need to be homogenous, with structural regularity. Therefore, this

experiment will test a variety of diamagnetic crystalline minerals such as calcite, halite, and celestite

(Hunt et al., 1995).

Instrumentation & Measurement

The primary data set of this investigation will be the weight of the test mass as it may vary with a

specified test condition while keeping other test conditions constant. These test conditions include:

frequency of incident electromagnetic field, frequency of incident sound, intensity of incident

electromagnetic field, intensity of incident sound, and position of test mass relative to center of the

toroidal field geometry of the magnetic loop antenna. While each of these conditions need to be

accurately measured and monitored independently, more focus will be placed on precise measurement of

the mass under the influence of gravity. More importantly, if a significant change in weight is measured,

it will be necessary to determine if the change is a result of a change in acceleration due to gravity, a

change in inertial mass, or some combination of the two. This will be accomplished by having two

separate measurements of mass, the first being a static measurement of mass using a triple beam balance,

and the second being a measurement calculated from the force the mass exerts upon a load cell and the

acceleration from an accelerometer attached to the mass per Newton’s second law. Both measurements

will be recorded for a set of calibrated masses free of any external excitations to determine any potential

discrepancies and to apply a correction if necessary. Measurements from the load cell and accelerometer

will then be recorded while the test mass is subject to each of the described conditions.

While the measurement of weight is simple and straightforward, much difficulty arises when

introducing external excitations. This difficulty is a result of potential sources of noise caused from both

electromagnetic and mechanical vibrations. Although this investigation aims to produce large

gravitational effects easily discernable from background noise, it is still necessary to outline methods

which can reduce these sources of noise. Reiss and Hathaway published a paper which describes some

guidelines when designing an experiment to measure gravitational effects (Reiss & Hathaway, 2006).

Specifically for this investigation, electromagnetic effects from antenna coupling to nearby signal leads

and associated cables needs to be minimized. In addition to the anechoic chamber previously described,

appropriate shielding of the associated cables, twisting of conductor pairs, and properly matched loads

will help to reduce interference. Mechanical effects introduced from sound vibrations can be mitigated by

loosening the structural support of the test mass using dampers, as well as securing the overall support

structure to the frame of the chamber itself.

There will be much attention given to producing a clean RF signal and uniform electromagnetic

field within the chamber. The radiated immunity standard outlines the necessary equipment to accomplish

this. The RF signal will be produced by a function generator that is then fed into a power amplifier

designed to handle the frequencies of interest. Proper filtering will then need to be used to remove

harmonic content from the amplified signal. An oscilloscope and spectrum analyzer will be used to

qualify the final signal. Upon qualification, it will then be radiated via the small magnetic loop. Field

probes will be placed inside of the anechoic chamber to monitor the radiated field. Proper calibration

procedures will be observed to minimize internal reflections and quantify the field strengths at different

points.

Test Procedure

It is necessary to provide as much experimental data to support the limited amount that is

currently available in this area of research. Therefore, a wide variety of masses that are subject to various

levels and types of excitation will be investigated. This approach inherently yields a relatively large

number of unique data sets, however by automating the data collection and control of test parameters

through software such as LabView, this can easily be accomplished in a reasonable amount of time.

The general test procedure after calibration of sensors and equipment for a given mass under a set

of excitations will be as follows:

1. Measure static mass using balance

2. Place mass on load cell within chamber and align with center axis of loop antenna

3. Measure weight and zero accelerometer

4. Position antenna at max height

5. Apply set of external excitations

6. Allow time for excitations to reach steady state

7. Record weight and accelerometer values

8. Increment height of antenna and repeat 6-7

9. Once entire range of antenna positions has been swept, increment the excitation under focus to

next step and repeat 6-8

10. Repeat 6-9 for each unique excitation type

Summary

The fundamental nature of gravity still eludes the scientific community. Many theoretical

frameworks have been developed but offer very little to no methods of experimental verification. This has

the tendency to produce different trains of thought that are sometimes adhered to almost dogmatically by

various research groups. Without the ability to prove or disprove these theories, scientific progress

remains stagnant. Therefore, to progress forward, experimental work must lead the way by testing

alternative theories which could possibly offer another route to quantum gravity. Many of the past

breakthroughs in areas of physics such as optics, electrodynamics, and quantum theory came about

through observation and empirical evidence. This allowed theorists to focus their efforts to explain the

observed phenomena and develop stronger models.

It is of extreme benefit to the community to produce as much experimental data in line with

previously observed gravitational anomalies to help support the currently limited database. If a null result

is observed, the community can be reoriented to focus on other potential avenues of interest. If a

significant change in weight is measured within materials that are inherently weakly diamagnetic and

non-conductive, there will then be reason to suggest that other force interactions besides

electromagnetism is at play here. Further investigations would then be needed to qualify the magnitude

and exact conditions needed to reproduce the observed effects in other materials and to what degree they

differ, if at all, between each other.

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