Grayslake Central High School

Human Body SystemsThis slide presentation is meant to help you study the major systems of the human body.

Use it as an introduction or as a review. Follow the instructions as you move along to explore and learn. You can go through the entire program slide by slide, or you skip to focus on any one system.

Believe it or not, you are

organized!

http://www.parentingpress.com/pics/sock_cvr.jpg

The main levels of organization are…

Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, and You (the Organism).

Can you identify

& label the 3 levels of

organization shown here?

Well, at least your body is!Cell

Tissue

Organ

Levels of Organization The Human Body has several “layers” of organization beginning with the simplest and becoming more complex.

http://www.bmb.psu.edu/courses/bisci004a/chem/levels.jpg

Here They Are: Your Body Systems (Part 1).

http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_19/147a.gif

http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_19/lect_19.htm

And Your Body Systems (Part 2)

Overview of Systems:• Musculoskeletal: Gives structure to the body

– Bones and Muscles• Circulatory: Circulates blood and nutrients to the body

– Heart, veins, arteries • Respiratory: Breathing sends oxygen to our blood, discards

carbon dioxide– Lungs

• Digestive: Eating sends nutrients to our body– Mouth, stomach, intestines

• Nervous: Interprets how our body perceives its stimulus – Brain, spinal cord

• Reproductive: Responsible for procreation– Penis, Vagina, uterus, testicles

So Let’s Begin!

Your Muscular System

Types of Muscles

Your body has three types of muscle tissue—skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle.

Skeletal MuscleSkeletal muscles are attached to the bones of your skeleton. Because you have conscious control of skeletal muscles, they are classified as voluntary muscles. These muscles provide the force that moves your bones. Skeletal muscles react quickly and tire quickly. At the end of a skeletal muscle is a tendon. A tendon is a strong connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone. Note- ligaments connect bones together.

Smooth Muscle

Smooth muscles are called involuntary muscles because they work with your conscious effort.

Cardiac Muscle

Cardiac muscles are involuntary muscles found only in the heart. Cardiac muscles do not get tired.

A Cardiac Muscle Cell

Voluntary Muscles

The muscles that are under your direct control are called voluntary muscles. Smiling and turning the pages in a book are actions of voluntary muscles

Involuntary Muscle Action

The muscles that are not under your conscious control are called involuntary muscles. Your colon (left) is lined with smooth muscle, and your heart (right) is comprised of cardiac muscle which works automatically pumping blood around your body.

How Do Muscles Work?

Muscles work by contracting, or becoming shorter and thicker. Because muscle cells can only contract, not extend, skeletal muscles must work in pairs. While one muscle contracts, the other muscle in the pair returns to its original length. For example, in order to move the lower arm, the biceps muscle on the front of the upper arm contracts to bend the elbow. This lifts the forearm and hand. As the biceps contracts, the triceps on the back of the upper arm returns to its original length. To straighten the elbow, the triceps muscle contracts while the biceps returns to its original length.

Anatomy Of A Muscle

Can You Name the Major Muscles of your Body. Try It!

Some Major Voluntary Muscles

Some Really Big Muscles!

Your Skeletal System

Your Skeleton’s Functions

Your skeleton has five major functions. It provides shape and support, enables you to move, protects your internal organs, produces blood cells, and stores certain materials until your body needs them

The Structure of Bone

Many bones have the same basic structure. A thin, tough membrane covers all of a bone except the ends. Blood vessels and nerves enter and leave the bone through the membrane. Beneath the membrane is a layer of compact bone, which is hard and dense, but not solid. Small canals run through the compact bone, carrying blood vessels and nerves from the bone’s surface to the living cells within the bone. Just inside the compact bone is a layer of spongy bone, which has many small spaces within it.

Bone Anatomy

Cartilage

Cartilage provides a smooth surface between bones or sometimes a more flexible extension of bone, as in the tip of your nose. As an infant, much of your skeleton was cartilage. By the time you stop growing, most of the cartilage will have been replaced with hard bone tissue.

JointsA joint is a place in the body where two bones come together. Joints allow bones to move in different ways. Immovable joints connect bones in a way that allows little or no movement. Movable joints allow the body to make a wide range of movements. Movable joints include ball-and- socket joints, pivot joints, hinge joints, and gliding joints. The bones in movable joints are held together by a strong connective tissue called a ligament.

Do You Know Your Bones?

Fill in the blanks on the next slide or on your handout, and check the following slide for the answers.

How Did You Do?

Take Care of Your Bones!

A combination of a balanced diet and regular exercise can start you on the way to a lifetime of healthy bones. As people become older, their bones begin to lose some minerals. Mineral loss can lead to osteoporosis, a condition in which the body’s bones become weak and break easily. Regular exercise and a diet rich in calcium can help prevent osteoporosis.

Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a disease in which bones become fragile and more likely to break. If not prevented or if left untreated, osteoporosis can progress painlessly until a bone breaks.

Your Circulatory System

Web Sources and Resources Usborne Human Body: Quicklinks

Your Circulatory System is Responsible for Delivering and Removing Materials from Every Cell in Your Body

lungs

head & arms

liver

digestive system

kidneys

legs

pulmonary artery

aorta

pulmonary vein

main vein

Left Right

How does this system work?

Circulatory System

Lungs

Body cells

Our circulatory system is a double circulatory system.

This means it has two parts parts.

the right side of the

system

deals with

deoxygenated blood.

the left side of the

system

deals with

oxygenated blood.

The Heart

These are arteries. They carry blood away from the heart.

This is a vein. It brings blood from the body, except the lungs.

Coronary arteries, the hearts own blood supply

The heart has four chambers

2 atria

2 ventricles

now lets look inside the heart

Veins and Arteries

Arteries= Carry oxygenated blood AWAY from the heart

Veins= Carry deoxygenated blood BACK TOWARDS the heart

So, veins are BLUE right?

• WRONG!! Many times you will see veins colored as BLUE in diagrams to show that the blood in them is DEOXYGENATED, but veins and the blood in them are always RED!!

• Veins appear blue because light, penetrating the skin, is absorbed and reflected back to the eye. Since only the higher energy wavelengths can do this (lower energy wavelengths just don't have the ‘oomph’), only higher energy wavelengths are seen. And higher energy wavelengths are what we call "blue."

The Heart

Left Ventricle

Left AtriumRight Atrium

Right Ventricle

valve

Vein from Lungs

Artery to Head and BodyArtery to Lungs

Vein from Head and Body

valve

The Heart

How does the Heart work?

blood from the body

blood from the lungs

The heart beat begins when the

heart muscles relax and blood

flows into the atria.

STEP ONE

The atria then contract and

the valves open to allow blood

into the ventricles.

How does the Heart work?

STEP TWO

How does the Heart work?

The valves close to stop blood

flowing backwards.

The ventricles contract forcing

the blood to leave the heart.

At the same time, the atria are

relaxing and once again filling with

blood.

The cycle then repeats itself.

STEP THREE

blood from the heart gets around

the body through blood vessels

There are 3 types of blood vessels

a. ARTERY

b. VEIN

c. CAPILLARY

The ARTERY

thick muscle and elastic fibres

Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

the elastic fibres allow the artery to stretch under pressure

the thick muscle can contract to push the blood along.

The VEINVeins carry blood towards from the heart.

thin muscle and elastic fibres

veins have valves which act to stop the blood from going in the wrong direction.

body muscles surround the veins so that when they contract to move the body, they also squeeze the veins and push the blood along the vessel.

The CAPILLARYCapillaries link Arteries with Veins

the wall of a capillaryis only one cell thick

they exchange materials between the blood and other body cells.

The exchange of materials between the blood and the body can only occur through capillaries.

what’s in

red blood cells white blood cells

platelets

plasma

carbon dioxide

digested food

waste (urea)

hormones

oxygen

The Blood

plasma

red blood cell white blood cell

platelets

Red Blood Cells

contain haemoglobin, a molecule specially designed to hold oxygen and carry it to cells that need it.

can change shape to an amazing extent, without breaking, as it squeezes single file through the capillaries.

a biconcave disc that is round and flat without a nucleus

White Blood Cells

there are many different types and all contain a big nucleus.

the two main ones are the lymphocytes and the macrophages.

some lymphocytes fight disease by making antibodies to destroy invaders by dissolving them.

other lymphocytes make antitoxins to break down poisons.

macrophages ‘eat’ and digest micro-organisms .

Plasma

A straw-coloured liquid that carries the cells and the platelets which help blood clot.

• carbon dioxide

• glucose

• amino acids

• proteins

• minerals

• vitamins

• hormones

• waste materials like urea.

It also contains useful things like;

Your Respiratory System

The Functions of Your Respiratory System

Your lungs are complex organs, but what they do is take a gas that your body needs to get rid of (carbon dioxide) and exchange it for a gas that your body can use (oxygen).

The Path of Air

Please label the parts of your respiratory system on your handout. Can you describe the path that air takes as it enters and leaves your body?

Word Bank: •Nasal Cavity•Throat (Pharynx)•Mouth•Windpipe (trachea)•Bronchus• Lung•Avoelli •Diaphragm

Check Your Answers Here.

How You Breathe 1: The Diaphragm

How You Breathe 2: The Alveoli

The Respiratory and Circulatory Systems: Working Together.

Working together the respiratory and circulatory systems form the cardio-pulmonary system, which is an integral connection between the heart and lungs.

Focus on: The Lungs

How our Lungs Work• Once the air reaches the lungs, it flows into

increasingly narrow bronchioles until it reaches the alveoli (tiny, thin-walled sacks). Once in the alveoli, the oxygen in the air passes through the thin membrane walls and into the pulmonary capillary. From there, the oxygen binds to the hemoglobin in red blood cells. The red blood cells give back carbon dioxide, which then goes back through the membrane, into the alveoli, through the bronchioles, into the lungs and - woosh - is exhaled back out of your body. The oxygen that was passed off to the red blood cells is then circulated around your body..

Respiratory Disease: Pneumonia

Pneumonia is an inflammation or infection of the lungs most commonly caused by a bacteria or virus that gets into the mucous membranes. Pneumonia can also be caused by inhaling vomit or other foreign substances.

Web Sources and Resourceswww.medimagery.com/Respiration/ lungs.html

Respiratory Disease: Lung Cancer

The cancerous lung (right) shows how much damage smoking can do over time to your respiratory system.

Web Sources and Resources:

Usborne Science Encyclopedia pgs. and Quicklink Images

Please Take Care of Your Lungs and Don’t Smoke

Your Digestive System

Your digestive system is like a complicated

chemical processing plant, and

performs many functions.

What major tasks does your digestive system help you accomplish?

Your Digestive System……breaks down food into molecules the body can absorb.…passes these molecules into the blood to be carried throughout the body.…works to eliminate solid wastes from the body.

The Parts of

Your Digestive System

How well do you know them?

Label the parts of your digestive system on your handout; then correct them using the next slide.

Word Bank: •Anus•Rectum•Esophagus•Small Intestine•Liver •Gall Bladder•Stomach•Large Intestine•Pancreas •Appendix•Tongue

Parts of Your Digestive System

                                         

Now for the Digestive Journey

The Digestive Journey

Digestion begins in your mouth with action of your teeth and tongue (mechanical digestion) and your salivary glands (chemical digestion).

The salivary glands produce enzymes that are mixed with the food, breaking down the starches. Peristalsis is the muscular action that moves the food through the esophagus and into your stomach after you swallow.

Your Stomach

The food moves into your stomach, which contains chemicals such as hydrochloric acid and pepsin. Pepsin breaks proteins, and other enzymes break down fat. Your stomach gradually releases these materials into the upper small intestine (duodenum), where digestion is completed. Your stomach also has a thick coating of mucus to protect it form the acids and to keep it from digesting itself!

By the way, your stomach really does look like a muscular bag!

Your Liver, Pancreas, and Gall Bladder

Located in the upper portion of your abdomen, your liver is the largest and heaviest organ of your body. It is like a busy chemical factory that plays many roles. For example, your liver breaks down many substances and toxins, and produces bile- a substance that helps break down fat. The bile flows from the liver into the gall bladder, where it is stored until needed. The pancreas lies between the stomach and the small intestine and produces enzymes that flow into the small intestines, helping to break up complex starches, proteins, and fats.

Your Small & Large Intestines

After the solid food has been digested the fluid remaining is called chyme When it is thoroughly digested it passes through an opening (called the pylorus sphincter) into the small intestines. In the small intestines all the nutrients are absorbed leaving undigestible wastes. These wastes pass into the large intestines, where water is removed. Then the wastes are stored in the rectum until they are released by the anus.

Cross Section of Your Intestines

The Villi add surface area to increase absorption of food and nutrients. On the left you see how the villi line your small

intestines, and on the left you see 1 villi with its capillaries.

It’s a (Intestinal) Gas, Baby!The human large intestine, or colon, is home to many microorganisms, such as the bacterium Escherischia coli (E. coli). Certain foods contain large amounts of carbohydrates that our digestive enzymes cannot break down. When these carbohydrates reach the large intestine, our gut microbes respond by "having a party“ (reproducing rapidly, giving off gases such as methane and hydrogen sulfide as natural by-products of their activities). This is the cause of the discomfort and flatulence associated with eating beans, cabbage, and other gas-promoting foods. Fortunately for gas sufferers, the enzymes that enable our microbes to break down complex carbohydrates are now available in pill form. If these are taken before a meal, the enzymes break down the carbohydrates in the small intestine so that they can be absorbed by the body before they reach the hungry throngs of bacteria living in the colon.

Web Sources and Resources: http://www.colorado.edu/epob/academics/web_resources/cartoons/gas.html

Your Nervous System

Your nervous system receives information about what is happening both inside and outside your body. It also directs the way in which your body responds to this information. In addition, the nervous system helps maintain homeostasis. A stimulus is any change or signal in the environment that can make an organism react

Your Nervous SystemYour nervous system consists of the central and peripheral systems. The central nervous system (CNS), includes the brain and spinal cord; the peripheral system includes the nerves to the rest of the body.

What Is Homeostasis?• Homeostasis is one of the fundamental

characteristics of all living things. It refers to the maintenance of your internal environment. All sorts of factors affect our internal environment such as properties like temperature, salinity, acidity, and the concentrations of nutrients and wastes. Because these properties affect the chemical reactions that keep us alive, we have built-in physiological mechanisms to maintain them.

• Each of your body organs is controlled subconsciously by your nervous system in order to maintain homeostasis

Neurons

The cells that carry information through your nervous system are called neurons, or nerve cells. The message that a neuron carries is called a nerve impulse. A neuron has a large cell body that contains the nucleus. The cell body has threadlike extensions. One kind of extension, a dendrite, carries impulses toward the cell body. An axon carries impulses away from the cell body. Axons and dendrites are sometimes called nerve fibers. A bundle of nerve fibers is called a nerve.

The Anatomy of a Neuron

A NEURON viewed under a electron microscope. Can you locate the cell

body, axon, and dendrites?

Your Central Nervous System- The Brain and

Spinal Cord

cerebrum

cerebellum

brain stem

Central & Peripheral Nervous Systems Working Together

The yellow parts are CNS parts and the purple are parts of your peripheral nervous system.Together, they tell your body which way to move and how to react to its environment!

Reflexes: Some nerve signals go only to the spinal cord and back.

The knee jerk reflex (seen in the figure to the above) is called a monosynaptic reflex. This means that there is only 1 synapse in the neural circuit needed to complete the reflex. It only takes about 50 milliseconds of time between the tap and the start of the leg kick...that is fast. The tap below the knee causes the thigh muscle to stretch. Information is sent to the spinal cord. After one synapse in the ventral horn of the spinal cord, the information is sent back out to the muscle...and there you have the reflex.

Your Brain- The Command Center

The human brain is a complex organ that allows us to think, move, feel, see, hear, taste, and smell. It controls our body, receives information, analyzes information, and stores information (our memories).

The brain produces electrical signals, which, together with chemical reactions, let the parts of the body communicate. Nerves send these signals throughout the body.

The average human brain weighs about 3 pounds. At birth, the human brain weighs less than a pound. As a child grows, the number of cell remains relatively stable, but the cells grow in size and the number of connections increases. The human brain reaches its full size at about 6 years of age.

Your Brain Has Very Complicated Anatomy All Its Own!

The Lobes of the Brain

FRONTAL LOBEConcerned with reasoning, planning, parts of speech and movement (motor cortex), emotions, and problem-solving.PARIETAL LOBEConcerned with perception of stimuli related to touch, pressure, temperature and pain.TEMPORAL LOBEConcerned with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli (hearing) and memory (hippocampus).OCCIPITAL LOBEConcerned with many aspects of vision.

The Stroop Effect- Your Brain Can Get Confused!

TRY IT!- The famous "Stroop Effect" is named after J. Ridley Stroop who discovered this strange phenomenon in the 1930s. Here is your job: name the colors of the following words. Do NOT read the words...rather, say the color of the words. For example, for the word BLUE, you should say "RED". Say the colors as fast as you can. It is not as easy as you might think!

Alzheimer’s DiseaseAlzheimer's disease attacks the brain; it is not a normal part of aging. People with AD have a gradual memory loss and difficulties with language and emotions.

The progressive loss of intellectual abilities is termed dementia. As the disease advances, the person may need help in all aspects of life: bathing, eating, and using the restroom.

Because of this round-the-clock care, families and friends of people with AD are greatly affected. The disease is irreversible and there is currently no cure.

Your Senses Are Your Nervous System’s Bridge to the Outside World

Web Sources and Resources: Usborne Science Encyclopedia pgs. 370-375 and Quicklink Images

Sight, Taste, Touch, Hearing, Smell

Your Reproductive System

The Female Reproductive System

The role of the female reproductive system is to produce eggs, and if an egg is fertilized, to nourish a developing baby until birth.

The Menstrual CycleDuring the menstrual cycle, an egg develops in an ovary. At the same time, the uterus prepares for the arrival of the fertilized egg. Once the egg is released, it can be fertilized for the next few days if sperm are present in the oviduct. If the egg is not fertilized, it begins to break down, and it passes out of the vagina along with some tissue from the lining of the uterus in a process called menstruation.

Female Reproductive System

Male Reproductive System

Fertilization

Takes place when sperm & egg merge.

Human Development

The fertilized egg, or zygote, is about the size of a period in your textbook. The zygote develops into an embryo, and then into a developing fetus, which results in....

You!

www.ajwrb.org/images/ fetus.jpg

Try These Sites for More InfoNote if they don’t work by clicking on them,

just type the address into your browser.

• A Look Inside the Human Body http://www4.tpgi.com.au/users/amcgann/body/

• MY BODY FOR KIDS http://www.kidshealth.org/kid/body/mybody.html

• Find out how your body works! http://yucky.kids.discovery.com/noflash/body/index.html

• Take and Anatomy Quiz at the Smithsonian http://americanhistory.si.edu/anatomy/bodyparts/nma03_bodyparts.html

• Hillendale Health Site- Learn About Your Body http://hes.ucf.k12.pa.us/gclaypo/health_index.html