Welcome

Prof Dr Abdur RahmanChairman,

Livestock Management Department, The University of Agriculture Peshawaremail: abdur_rahman@aup.edu.pk

Grazier types and their sustainable utilization of pastures and

rangeland resources

Types of grazier

1 Nomads or Kuchis or Kochians or jugars Or some people called them pawendas

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Nomads

Nomads characteristics

No land of their own Constantly in movement Where ever they find water and fodder,

they install their tent and leaves the place when resources are completely depleted.

This types of Grazier is Dangerous for Forest, Agricultural land, wild life and carrier of diseases for domestic livestock

Nomads characteristics

Complete depend upon rearing of animals for livelihood

Their herd/ flock size is +100 animals Clever Mostly illetrate, however Well Market oriented

Types of Grazier:

Transhumant

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High pasture

s

Village

Spring Autumn

Transhumance characteristics

1. Do have some agricultural land

2. A permanent place to live

3. Not completely dependent of livestock for their livelihood

4. Cyclic movement from village to pasture and back seasonally

5. Relatively less market oriented

Transhumance characteristics

1. Relatively more resources full

2. Might have their own/ tribe communal rangeland which they utilized

3. More planned in storing roughages for winters

4. However less planned in pasture utilization and improvement in range/pasture management.

Transhumance characteristics

1. Such families do have few members literate/ educated

2. Flock or herd size is < 100 animals

3. Do have other sources of income

4. less dangerous for Forest, agricultural land and wild life.

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Lucerne hay stored at the top of the roof

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Rains and snow has decayed their stored roughages, photo taken from Kojal valley Northern areas

Yasin valley northern areas, Photo taken by A Rahman,

When nothing to eat, animal will eat bark of a tree, Upper Kalam valley Swat

At the end of sever winter, their animals are weak and emaciated

Types of Grazier

Sedentary

Sedentary

1. Graze their animals within or near by their villages.

2. Not go beyond 15km radius

3. Bank of river, Graveyard, village meadow and communal land is mostly used by this type of Grazier

4. Small herd or flock size <50

5. Livestock is not the main sources of their earning.

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Range land/ pastures

Forest dept

Livestock owners

PFI/ University research

Livestock dept

Eco tourism

Wild life

Govt policy/ Budget allocation

Must adopt integrated approach to improved sustainable use of resources. Model presented by Prof. A. Rahman

Agriculture dept

Change the perception from

mine

to

our

How could optimize the sustainable utilization of

pastures/ rangeland

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Principles of R.M.;livestock

Selection of suitable Livestock species Proper Stocking rate( #.of ani/unit area/yr) Regular culling Supplementary feeding Drinking water Shelter Controlled grazing system should be

adopted

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Annual rainfall (mm)

Dry matter (kg/ha)

TDN (Kg/ha)

125-225 90 36

226- 300 225 90

326-425 561 225

425-600 900 360

> 600 1350 540

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Principles of R.M.;vegetation

• Protecting vegetation (by avoiding excessive grazing/ cutting)

• Proper range use intensity• Frequency of grazing (light grz 4 longer period or heavy

grz 4 shorter period).

• Suitable grazing season with respect to stage of growth in vegetation

• Force grazing• Natural seeding• Weeding & cleaning• Controlled burning• Topping of shrubs & trees

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Improvement

1. Water DevelopmentA. Springs B. toba C. small dams D. Wells2. Grass reseeding e.g.Cenchrus ciliaris3. Defer grazing if reasonable cover present4. What r the chances of establishing a

stand of grass? (reseeding fails if< 250mm rainfall)

5. Plantation of trees and shrubs6. Fencing

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Local name Kikar

Bot. name Acacia nilotica

Genus: Acacia

Family: Fabaceae

Order: Fabales

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Local Name; tagha

Eng. Name Sugarbeery

Bot. Name Celtis australis

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Woman’s Tongue (english)

Albizzia lebbek (Bot. name)

Sirin, siris (urdu)

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Tree leaves DM ranges between 30-45%, CP value

is also very high for most of the plants.

Crude fiber in the TL is highly complex & lignified.

Not a good source of energy

Calcium is high in TL 2-3 time higher of crop

Phosphorus content is low.

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Neem Tree leaves

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Kikar :Acacia

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Willow tree

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Albizia lebbeck (woman’s tangue/Siris" )•Best suitable for semi-arid area,

•High protein content (20%)

•Tree that reaches 30 m in height in rain forests.

•Trees will annually produce an abundance of seed from papery pods about 20 cm long and 3 cm wide.

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Ailanthus altissima (heaven tree)

Seedpods are reddish brown, produced in late summer.

Each is between 1 ½ to 2 ½ inches long and twisted like a propeller, each with one seed.

Bark is gray, smooth to bumpy and it becomes fissured with age.

325,000 seeds per tree per year.

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Dalbergia sissoo is best known internationally as a premier timber species.However, sissoo is also an important fodder tree fuelwood, shade, shelter With its multiple products, tolerance of light frosts and long dry seasons, this species deserves greater consideration for agro forestry applications.

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On a dry weight basis, Sissoo leaves contain 12.6-24.1% crude protein, with young leaves having the higher values,

and 12.3-26.1% crude fiber. Dry matter digestibility is about 56%

Sissoo silage contained 14% crude protein and 30% crude fiber

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Prosopis cineraria 

(Jand) is a versatile species, providing fodder, fuel for timber, and shade, as well as affecting soil improvement and sand dune stabilization. It is commonly used in dryland agroforestry Pakistan.

It is a small thorny, irregularly branched tree, 5-10 in high. Evergreen or nearly so, it forms an open crown and has thick, rough gray bark with deep fissures.

Extreme dry condition ( 100-400 mm annual rainfall

Leaves contain 13.8% crude protein, 20% crude fiber, and 18% calcium

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Ipil-ipil tree

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Zizipus Jujuba (Beri leave)

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Zizipus Jujuba (Beri leave)

Contain 18.9% Protein, but it digestiblity is poor because of the presence of tannins.

Pipal Leaves (Ficus Religiosa)

Grown all over Pakistan, Sacred for Hindu and Buddha

5.5% CP, 39.5% TDN

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Best suitable for semi-arid area,

•High protein content (20%)

•Tree that reaches 30 m in height in rain forests.

•Trees will annually produce an abundance of seed from papery pods about 20 cm long and 3 cm wide.

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(heaven tree)

Seedpods are reddish brown, produced in late summer.

Each is between 1 ½ to 2 ½ inches long and twisted like a propeller, each with one seed.

Bark is gray, smooth to bumpy and it becomes fissured with age.

325,000 seeds per tree per year.

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This is a versatile species, providing fodder, fuel for timber, and shade, as well as affecting soil improvement and sand dune stabilization. It is commonly used in dryland agroforestry Pakistan.

It is a small thorny, irregularly branched tree, 5-10 in high. Evergreen or nearly so, it forms an open crown and has thick, rough gray bark with deep fissures.

Extreme dry condition ( 100-400 mm annual rainfall

Leaves contain 13.8% crude protein, 20% crude fiber, and 18% calcium

Potential fodder species - LegumeLABLAB (Dolichos Lablab) Ideal summer forage legume Produces long climbing branched-

stems Removing leaves enables re-growth

can be annual to perennial Lablab can replace cowpeas due to

superior growth and root rot resistance

Seed rate 30 kg ha-1, inoculated seeds perform better,

Grow best under > 600 mm rainfall Drought tolerance & planted also on

water-logged soils Ideal companion with maize DM yields >2000 kg ha-1

Potential fodder species - Legume

Lucerne (Alfalfa) (Medicago sativa) Perennial legume fodder with

high palatability Good for quality hay making Planted mix with oats, barley

and ryegrass Longer term stands than native

clovers, can supply round the year green forage

Handle drought and tough conditions

Cost effective fodder (DM, CGR >4 g m-2 d-1)

Potential fodder species - Legume

Vetch (Vicia villosa) Winter annual legume Palatable fodder crop Higher drought tolerant Very good crop of rainfed

agriculture (>300 mm rainfall) Flowers 100–120 DAS Seed rate 50 - 60 kg ha-1

Effectively grow on rainfed land and acidic soil under high Phosphorus

Potential fodder species - Grasses

Orchard grass

(D. glomerata) Perennial nature, good quality

forage grass with relatively degree drought tolerance

Actively growth observed at low temperature in cooler months (Nov. Jan.)

Kentucky Blue grass (Poa pratensis) Also perennial, good quality

forage grass of spring season growth

Drought & temperature sensitive with highest nutritive value

Potential fodder species - Grasses

Splenda (Setaria sphacelata) Perennial type, leafy forage grass

with 2 m height Palatable but has thick stem &

more leaves & tillers Adaptive to high rainfall area Can be heavily grazed Seed rate 5 kg ha-1 Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) Grass of pastures reclamation Plant grows from crown enabling

soil cover under severely eroded conditions

Strong rooting system provides drought tolerance

Potential fodder species - GrassesColumbus grass

(Sorghum almum) Perennial type, 4.5 m tall, has

large waxy leaves with excellent summer growth in kpk

Adoptive to all soil types with 500-800 mm rainfall

A fast-growing, high-yielding, short-term crop

Withstands drought & salts than maize

Very palatable and high in nutritive value at young stage