Great Lakes Shipwreck Facts

• More than 6,000 shipwrecks have occurred on the Great Lakes.

• Approximately 25,000 people have lost their lives due to Great Lakes shipping related accidents.

• 70 percent of the ships that sailed the Great Lakes in the 1800s wrecked.

• The Great Lakes claim the highest concentration of shipwrecks on the planet.

• Lake Erie claims the most wrecks, followed by Huron, Michigan, Ontario, and Superior.

Shipwrecks by Lake

Lake Superior

11% Lake Ontario 11%

Unknown 2%

Lake Michigan

24%

Lake Erie 27%

Lake Huron 25%

Where Ships Wreck • Shipwrecks are primarily

located in common shipping lanes where traffic is high.

• Many shipping lanes are narrow making collisions more likely.

• Shoals and sand bars often tightly border shipping lanes making navigation treacherous.

Whitefish Point

Manitou Passage

Saginaw Bay

Chicago Bay

Thunder Bay

Port Hope Underwater Preserve

Lake Ontario 1000 Islands Region

Reasons Ships Wreck

• Storm

• Fire or Explosion

• Collision

• Ice

• Other

Percent of Shipwrecks Attributed to Each Cause

Storm- 51.2%

Fire or Explosion-22.8%

Collision- 12.7%

Ice- .01%

Other- 10.3%

The Witch of November• Unpredictable and often violent late fall weather creates

dangerous sailing conditions for Great Lakes ships.

• October and November weather is responsible for most of the Great Lakes shipwrecks that have occurred due to storms.

• Weather in November has been known to produce wave heights up to 30 feet.

• These storms are also commonly referred to as the Gales of November.

Number of Ships that have Wrecked each Month due to Storm

3 1 864 88 97

64

156199

622 633

90

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

The Griffi

n

• 70 foot sailing brig.

• Built by LaSalle for exploration and fur trading.

• Regarded as the first decked ship to sail the Great Lakes.

• Sank in August of 1679 probably near the Straits of Mackinaw.

• Entire crew of 6 lost.

Probable Location of the Griffin Wreck

The Regina

• 296 foot steel package freighter.• Sank on November 10, 1913 in Lake Huron

near Port Sanilac.• Entire crew of 20 lost.• Overwhelmed by the famous “Big Storm of

1913” which sank 71 vessels and killed 248 people.

The Wreck of the Regina

The Carl D. Bradley

• 623 foot, steel, self unloading limestone freighter.

• Lost on Lake Michigan, 12 miles southwest of Gull Island, November 18, 1958.

• The Bradley broke in two after fighting 30 foot waves and 65 mph winds.

• 33 of 35 crew members lost.

• 27 of the 35 crew resided in Rogers City, MI.

The Wreck of the Bradley

The Edmund Fitzgerald

• 729 foot, steel, self unloading, iron ore carrier.

• The Edmund Fitzgerald was the Flag Ship of the Oglebay Norton shipping company.

• On November 10, 1975, after fighting 80 mph winds, 30 foot waves, and sustaining significant damage, the Ed Fitz sank near Lake Superior’s Whitefish Point.

• All 29 crew members were lost.

• The longest and most capacious ship ever to sink on the Great Lakes

The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald

Fires and Explosions

• Fuel leaks are the greatest cause of boat and ship fires.

• Faulty electrical systems can spark a fire.• Careless human activity and arson have also

caused a number of nautical fires.• Explosions are often due to boiler failures or cargo

related issues.

The G.P. Griffith

• 193 foot wood sidewinder passenger ship.

• Lost in Lake Erie near Cleveland, June 17, 1850.

• 200 to 325 lives lost.

• Fire may have ignited from an illegal load of matches and turpentine.

The Wreck of the G.P. Griffith

The Noronic

• 362 foot steel passenger ship

• Burned on Lake Ontario while tied up in Toronto Harbor.

• 119 passengers died.

• The cause of the fire is believed to be arson.

• The ship burned to a shell and was later scuttled in deep water.

The Wreck of the Noronic

Collisions• Heavy traffic areas such as bays and narrow

shipping lanes contain a disproportionately large number of wrecks due to collision.

• Many collisions can be attributed to fog which reduces visibility.

The Pewabic• 200 foot wood passenger ship.

• Sank in Lake Huron’s Thunder Bay on August 9, 1865.

• 100 lives lost.• Collided almost bows-on with her sister ship

the Meteor while trying to pass messages and mail from one ship to the other.

The Wreck of the Pewabic

The Cedarville

• 588 foot steel, self-unloading, iron ore freighter.• Sank on May 7, 1965 in Lake Huron. The wreck lies 3 miles

east of the Mackinaw Bridge.• Collided with a Norwegian freighter while underway in fog.• 10 of 31 crew lost.

The Wreck of the Cedarville

Ice• Ships can become trapped in ice and have their hull crushed or run

into drifting ice gouging their hull open.• Ice would also freeze parts of ships such as the rudder, or weigh down

the deck of a ship, causing it to sink.• 75% of ice related shipwrecks have occurred in the spring.

• Almost all of the ships that sank due to ice were made of wood.

The Aurania• 352 foot steel bulk freighter

• Sank on April 29, 1909 in Lake Superior near Parisienne Island.

• No loss of life. The crew walked to another ship.

• Got trapped in pack ice and the hull was slowly crushed

The Wreck of the Aurania

Unusual and Freak Accidents

• Many ships have been lost for reasons not known or due to freak and unusual occurrences.

• Some rare occurrences that have been documented include hull failures, capsizing in calm seas or at dock, and strandings.

The Eastland

• 296 foot steel passenger vessel.

• Sank on July 24, 1915 in Chicago Harbor.

The Wreck of the Eastland

• The Eastland capsized while tied up at dock as passengers were boarding.

• The capsizing was attributed to the fact that the ship was top heavy and the ballast tanks that distribute the ships weight were mismanaged.

• Eventually the Eastland rolled completely over trapping many below and within the ship.

• In all, 844 people were lost due to the accident. Only 3 were crew.

The Onoko

• 287 foot, four-masted, steel, steam powered, cargo vessel.

• Lost on Lake Superior near Duluth Minnesota, September 15, 1915.

• Was the largest ship on the Great Lakes when built in 1882.

• Was the first metal bulk carrier on the Great Lakes.

• While traveling on Lake Superior, she lost a hull plate under the engine room

• The ship immediately began to sink• The rush of cold water caused the boiler to explode.

The Wreck of the Onoko

• All 18 crew and the ship mascot, a bulldog, survived.

• As the Onoko sank, she rolled and now lays upside down under 220 feet of water.

The Mesquite

• 180 foot steel Coast Guard Cutter• Wrecked on December 9, 1989 near Lake Superior’s

Keweenaw Peninsula.

The Wreck of the Mesquite

• With the end of the shipping season near, the Mesquite was retrieving the remaining navigational buoys from Lake Superior

• A series of navigational errors caused the ship to drift off course and run aground becoming stranded.

• Believing that the Mesquite would weather the winter, the Coast Guard waited until spring to salvage the cutter.

• When spring came, significant ice and weather related damage was discovered.

• She was later stripped of her superstructure, towed into deep water, and sunk to become part of a new underwater preserve

The End