Greece & Rise of MacedonGreece & Rise of Macedon

Aftermath of Peloponnesian WarAftermath of Peloponnesian War– Sparta installs Thirty Tyrants in Sparta installs Thirty Tyrants in

Athens (404-403 B.C.)Athens (404-403 B.C.)– Oligarchy overthrown, general Oligarchy overthrown, general

amnesty amnesty – Sparta attempts to control all of Sparta attempts to control all of

GreeceGreece Makes alliance with Persia: Sparta has Makes alliance with Persia: Sparta has

free hand in Greece; Persia has authority free hand in Greece; Persia has authority over Ionian citiesover Ionian cities

King’s Peace 386 B.C.King’s Peace 386 B.C.

Rise of ThebesRise of Thebes Thebes challenges Spartan hegemonyThebes challenges Spartan hegemony

– Defeats Sparta at Leuctra in 371 B.C.Defeats Sparta at Leuctra in 371 B.C. Tactics of EpaminondasTactics of Epaminondas Sacred Band: 150 pairsSacred Band: 150 pairs

– Thebes invades Laconia, frees HelotsThebes invades Laconia, frees Helots Thebes emerges as leading military powerThebes emerges as leading military power

– Athens rebuilds military and naval powerAthens rebuilds military and naval power– Sparta and Athens challenge Thebes; Sparta and Athens challenge Thebes;

defeated at Mantinea in 362defeated at Mantinea in 362 Epaminondas killedEpaminondas killed

Plato, Plato, 429-347 B.C.429-347 B.C.

Contributed to the study of Western Contributed to the study of Western psychology, philosophy, logic, & psychology, philosophy, logic, & politicspolitics– Realism (Idea of ideal forms)Realism (Idea of ideal forms)

Dialogues of SocratesDialogues of Socrates The RepublicThe Republic

– Central Themes:: Nature of JusticeNature of Justice Political CommunityPolitical Community Reason as the basis of human institutionsReason as the basis of human institutions

Plato on the PolisPlato on the Polis

Supported the Supported the polispolis, but had no love , but had no love for contemporary Athenian for contemporary Athenian democracydemocracy

Convinced that individuals were not Convinced that individuals were not capable of rising above their own capable of rising above their own narrow self-interestsnarrow self-interests

Preferred an enlightened oligarchyPreferred an enlightened oligarchy

Aristotle, Aristotle, 384-322 B.C.384-322 B.C.

Contributed to the study of philosophy, Contributed to the study of philosophy, logic, physical & biological sciences, logic, physical & biological sciences, ethics, politics, & constitutional ethics, politics, & constitutional governmentgovernment

Philosophy based on the application of Philosophy based on the application of reason: Rationality is the way to achieve reason: Rationality is the way to achieve knowledgeknowledge

Aristotelian Ethics:Aristotelian Ethics: Pursuit of happiness Pursuit of happiness is the main goal in life. But an is the main goal in life. But an individual’s happiness can be achieved individual’s happiness can be achieved only through virtuous actsonly through virtuous acts

Aristotle on PoliticsAristotle on Politics Humans are naturally disposed to form Humans are naturally disposed to form

political associationspolitical associations The The polispolis was the natural outcome of was the natural outcome of

human naturehuman nature Criticized Athenian democracy because Criticized Athenian democracy because

it allowed uneducated people to control it allowed uneducated people to control politicspolitics

Believed that only certain people were Believed that only certain people were bestowed with the capability to bestowed with the capability to undertake the responsibilities of undertake the responsibilities of citizenscitizens

The Rise of MacedonThe Rise of Macedon

Philip II of Macedon (359-336 B.C.)Philip II of Macedon (359-336 B.C.) Vying interests with Athens Vying interests with Athens

– Seizes Amphipolis, gold mines make him Seizes Amphipolis, gold mines make him rich and independentrich and independent

– President of Delphic amphictyonyPresident of Delphic amphictyony– PhilippicsPhilippics of Demosthenes of Demosthenes

Invasion of Greece (339 B.C.)Invasion of Greece (339 B.C.)– Battle of Chaeronea (338 B.C.)Battle of Chaeronea (338 B.C.)

League of Corinth (338 B.C.) unites Greece League of Corinth (338 B.C.) unites Greece Philip forbids war without permissionPhilip forbids war without permission– No tribute, but must support MacedonNo tribute, but must support Macedon

The Rise of Macedonia and the The Rise of Macedonia and the Hellenistic WorldHellenistic World

Philip II of Macedon (359-336 B.C.)Philip II of Macedon (359-336 B.C.)– Military innovations: combined armsMilitary innovations: combined arms– Conflict with Athens Conflict with Athens – Invasion of Greece (339 B.C.)Invasion of Greece (339 B.C.)– Battle of Chaeronea (338 B.C.)Battle of Chaeronea (338 B.C.)– League of Corinth (338 B.C.) League of Corinth (338 B.C.)

Philip plans invasion of PersiaPhilip plans invasion of Persia Philip assassinated (336 B.C.)Philip assassinated (336 B.C.) Alexander III (the Great) becomes kingAlexander III (the Great) becomes king

The Macedonian Phalanx: Philip‘s innovation to overawe and dominate the

traditional Greek phalanx Use of the sarissa, the long spear, to present an

impenetrable front Use of cavalry to protect flanks

Alexander the GreatAlexander the Greatand the War on Persiaand the War on Persia

Rise of Alexander III Rise of Alexander III (356-323 B.C.)(356-323 B.C.)

Macedonia’s War Macedonia’s War with Persia: 334 B.C.with Persia: 334 B.C.– Use of companion Use of companion

cavalry & cavalry & Macedonian Macedonian phalanxphalanx

– Granicus 334Granicus 334– Issus 333Issus 333– Gaugamela 331Gaugamela 331

Death of DariusDeath of Darius

The Conquests of Alexander the Great

Alexander the GreatAlexander the Greatat the Battle of Issus, 333 B.C.at the Battle of Issus, 333 B.C.

•Alexander’s March to Persepolis in 330

•Effective End of Persian Empire

•Macedonian Empire: Asia Minor, Egypt, Mesopotamia, India

•Death in Babylon in 323 BC

After AlexanderAfter Alexander End of Persian empireEnd of Persian empire Leadership vacuum in MacedoniaLeadership vacuum in Macedonia

– Murder of wife Roxane and son in 310 Murder of wife Roxane and son in 310 Division of conquestsDivision of conquests

– Egypt: PtolemyEgypt: Ptolemy– Mesopotamia: the SeleucidsMesopotamia: the Seleucids– Greece & Macedon: the AntigonidsGreece & Macedon: the Antigonids

Effective end of Greek polis as complete Effective end of Greek polis as complete expression of Greek lifeexpression of Greek life

Greek culture dominates Eastern Greek culture dominates Eastern MediterraneanMediterranean– Emergence of common Greek language: Emergence of common Greek language:

koinekoine

Hellenistic Kingdoms, ca. 240 B.C.

Greek ArtGreek Art

Transition from classic style to Transition from classic style to HellenisticHellenistic– Realism rather than idealismRealism rather than idealism– High level of skill in sculpture and High level of skill in sculpture and

architecturearchitecture– Advances in engineering and warfareAdvances in engineering and warfare

Catapults and quinqueremesCatapults and quinqueremes

– Emergence of monarchies rather than Emergence of monarchies rather than democratic ruledemocratic rule

Statue of Zeus at OlympiaStatue of Zeus at Olympia

Statue of AthenaStatue of Athena Combines realism and Combines realism and

symbolic elementssymbolic elements Religious function not Religious function not

artart

Bronze Charioteer (c. 475)

Myron, Diskobolus (c. 460 B.C.)

Pythokritos, The Winged Victory of Samothrace (ca. 200 B.C.)

The Laocoon: Roman copy of a masterpiece of Hellenistic sculpture

Dying Celts: Sculpture for the King of Pergamun, ca. 230 B.C.

Contemporary Artist‘s Sketch of a Catapult Designed by Hero ca. 270 B.C.