Greek Architecture -1

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Greek Architecture


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Origins

Our word architecturecomes from the Greekarchitecton, whichmeans master

carpenter. Early Greek architecture

therefore employedwood, not stone.

These early structures,as well as those of mud-brick, have notsurvived.


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Wood Features in Stone

By the 6th Century BC,

stone replaced wood

in the construction ofimportant temples.

Designs still reflected

their origins in wood,

however.


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Origins

The trigyph, which alternates with the

metapes, began as wooden beam ends.


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Origins In moving from wood to stone,

builders had to adapt to thediffering properties of theirbuilding materials.

Stone has greater compressive(resistance to crushing) strengththan wood, but lacks tensilestrength (resistance to bendingor twisting). Therefore, while

columns/posts might berelatively thin, theentablature/beams, must bequite thick.


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Origins

Greek temples, like

Egyptian temples,

used basic post-and-

beam construction.

This is sometimes

referred to as

trabeated.


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Origins

Early temples had

massive pillars as

architects worriedabout their ability to

support the weight

above.

Later temples appearmore elegant.

Temple of Hera, Paestum

Hephaistion, Athens


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Origins

Some experts feel thatthe entasis, the outwardbulging in the middle of

Greek columns, mayoriginally have been animitation of the effect ofgreat compression inwooden posts.

It also serves as a kind ofcorrection to an opticalillusion, however.


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Entasis

Entasis counteracts the tendency ofthe eye to reach upward, forcing it

to travel up and down the shaft.

Columns that are straight appear

thinner in the middle when seen

against light, making the supports

appear flimsy.

The middle bulge counteracts this.

The upper 2/3 of the shafts to the

right are tapered.
http://www.columnbuilder.com/images/plane_and_fluted.jpg


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Temples - Purpose Unlike modern churches or

mosques, Greek templeswere not meant to bemeeting places forcongregations.

They were homes for thecommunitys god or

goddess and a place tokeep offerings

A cult image was centrallylocated within a naos, orchapel.


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Temples - Purpose

In the mild climate of Greece, ceremoniesgenerally took place outdoors.

Even the alter, upon which sacrifices were made,

were outside the temple structure.


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Temple Forms Greek temples, like

Egyptian ones, tendedto follow set patterns,which were regardedas ideal forms.

Variations are few inany given period,tending to reflect thechoice of a particularclassical order, ratherthan new and noveldesign.


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The Classical Orders

The three

classical orders

are: Doric

Ionic

Corinthian


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The Doric Order

Doric columns are the

heaviest in

appearance The capital is plain.

The shaft is thick

though it loses some

of its mass over time.

There is no base.


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The Ionic Order

These have greater

elegance.

The capital hasdistinctive volutes.

The shaft is thinner

than its Doric

equivalent.

A base is apparent.


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The Corinthian Order

This is also a tall,

elegant form.

The capital hasdistinctive acanthus

leaf decoration.

A base is also

employed.


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Parts of a Greek Temple

There are four

distinct parts to a

greek temple. The bottom,

horizontal part is the

steps. Most Greek

temples had three of

them.

This part is called the

stylobate.


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The next section is

vertical and is the

column.

Most columns had a

base (though not the

Doric), at the bottom, a

shaftin the middle, anda capitalat the top.

The shaft may be

smooth or fluted.


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Parts of a Greek Temple Above the column is

the entablature. Ifthe column is the leg,

think of this as thetabletop.

It has 3 parts: thearchitrave, a kind of

base. Thefrieze, a

decorated part

The cornice the top.


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The top section is angled

and is called thepediment.

The sloping top part is

called the sloping cornice.

The triangular part belowis called the tympanum.

This is often carved and

decorated.

Sometimes there arecaved features sticking up

from the room. These are

called antifixae or

acroterions.
http://bp3.blogger.com/_MWWjgLqMBII/RoCpAdDYp3I/AAAAAAAAABU/-9WWD_wyJAc/s1600-h/Parthenon+Pediment+A+and+P.jpg


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Plans of Greek Temples

The grandeur andevident expense of atemple can be seen inthe number of columnsemployed.

Simple tempes haveblank walls around anaos, or chapel. Withan open area or porch

in front, called apronaos, with two orfour supportingcolumns.

D i f G k T l


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Designs of Greek Temples


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Grander temples, like

the Parthenon, had

both a front and backporch, as well as a

colonnade

surrounding the entire

structure. This is called a

peripteraltemple.Reconstruction of the Parthenon

in Nashville.


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Grander still, andgenerally from

the Hellenisticage, are dipteraltemples.

They have a

doublecolonnadesurroundingthem.

Artists reconstruction of the Temple

of Artemis, Ephesus, Turkey


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Important Structures The


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Important Structures The

Acropolis

The mostfamous Greekbuildingstopped the

AthenianAcropolis.

These include:the Propylaea,

the Temple ofAthena Nike,the Parthenon,and theErectheum.


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The Propylaea

This is the

monumental

entry point to

the acropolis.


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Temple of Athena Nike

This is a small temple

dedicated to the

victorious Athena. The ratio of height to

diameter of the

columns is 7:1 and not

the 9:1 or 10:1generally found in

Ionic temples.


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The Parthenon

This is the most

important and

perfectly formedtemple on the

acropolis.

Dedicated to Athena,

it housed anenormous cult image.


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Parthenon

This building is theculmination ofClassical Greek

architecture.

Optical refinementsare many, and theresult is a building

reflecting the Greekconcept ofarete,perfection.

Click here to see a NOVA video clip on the Parthenons optical refinements.
http://video.google.ca/videoplay?docid=-4667909686567853582&ei=_NvWSL-5MKO2qAPgssWuAg&q=NOVA++Parthenon&vt=lf&hl=enhttp://video.google.ca/videoplay?docid=-4667909686567853582&ei=_NvWSL-5MKO2qAPgssWuAg&q=NOVA++Parthenon&vt=lf&hl=en


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The Parthenon One of the Parthenons

most impressive featureswas not seen by mostworshippers the great

frieze showing thePanathenaic Procession.

The colour of thisreconstruction is indicative

of what much of thestructure would havelooked like before beingbleached by centuries of

Mediterranean sun.


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The Erechtheum

This is a complex

building of up to four

distinct spaces. It is also built on a

slope, so its walls are

of differing heights.

It is dedicated toAthena Polias and

Poseidon Erechtheus.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Erechtheum1.JPG


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The Erechtheum

The most distinctive element of this building is the

Porch of the Maidens.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Erechtheum_porch.jpg


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Important Structures The Great

Altar of Pergamum This Hellenistic

building brokecompletely with

traditional style.

The frieze was broughtdown to the level ofoutside observers.

The colonnade wasraised above it.


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The Greek Heritage

Greek architecture

had a lasting

impact on the

world.

The Romans

adopted it as an

ideal, but modifiedit to meet their

practical needs.


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The Greek Heritage

Today, elements of

Greek architecture

surround us

everywhere, from the

Doric columns gracing

local homes to the

great Ionic capitals ofthe Vancouver Art

Gallery.


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The Greek Heritage

Greek forms

have become

an integral part

of the

vocabulary of

world

architecture

The Supreme Court of the United States

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Greek Architecture -1

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