Green Algae and Land Plants

Bacteria

Archaea

Lobose amoebae

Cellular slime molds

Plasmodial slime molds

Fungi

Choanoflagellates

Animals

Parabasilids

Diplomonads

Euglenids

Kinetoplastids

Glaucophyte algae

Red algae

Green algae

Land plantsGreenplants

Foraminifera

Chlorarachniophytes

Ciliates

Dinoflagellates

Apicomplexa

Oomycetes

Diatoms

Brown algae

STRAMENOPILA

ALVEOLATA

RHIZARIA

PLANTAE

EXCAVATA

BIK

ON

TA

CH

RO

MA

LVEOLATA

UN

IKO

NTAOPISTHOKONTA

AMOEBOZOA

All eukaryotesare protistsexcept for thefungi, animals,and land plantsEUKARYOTES

7 lineages of eukaryotes

Chlamydomonas

Volvox

Volvox reproduction

Ulva

Vascular tissue

Red algae

ANGIOSPERMS

GYMNOSPERMS

SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS

NON-VASCULAR PLANTS

GREEN ALGAEUlvophytes

Coleochaetes

Stoneworts

Liverworts

Hornworts

Mosses

Lycophytes

Whisk ferns

Horsetails

Ferns

Early vascular plants(fossils only)

Ginkgo

Cycads

Redwoods et al.

Pines et al.

Gnetophytes

Angiosperms

Roots, tracheids

True leaves

Wood

Vessel elements

Vessel elements

Stomata

Cuticle, pores

Spores orzygotes encasedin tough coat ofsporopollenin

Most keyinnovationsfor living onland evolvedonly once

LAN

D PLA

NTS

Vessel elementsevolved morethan once

Vascular tissue

Hepaticophyta

(a) Simple water-conducting cells

(b) First vascular tissue (c) Tracheids (d) Vessel elements

Primary wall(with cellulose)

Primary wall(with cellulose)

Primary wall(with cellulose)

Ends have pitsin secondarycell wall (inside)

Primary wall(with cellulose)

Secondary wall(with lignin)

Secondary wall(with lignin)

Lignin

Little structural support.Found in fossils andpresent-day mosses

Some structuralsupport. Foundin fossils

Increased structuralsupport. Found inall vascular plants

Found in gnetophytesand angiosperms

Ends have gapsthrough primary andsecondary cell walls

Lycophyta

Equisetophyta

Pteridophyta

gymnosperms

Maturesporophyte (2n)

Developingsporophyte Seed (disperses

via wind or animals)

Embryo(2n)

Pollen producessperm

Eggs (n)Archegonia

Femalegametophyte (n)

Ovules (containmegasporangia)

Mothercell (2n)

Megasporangium

Pollengrain

Pollen grain(male gametophyte)

MEIOS SI

MITOS SIFERTILIZATION

Microspore (n)forms pollen

grainCones withmicrosporangia

Ovulate cone

POL IL NATION

MITOS SIMEIOS SI

Zygote(2n)

MITOS SIMEIOS SI

Seed (dispersesvia wind or animals)

Developingsporophyte

Maturesporophyteflower (2n)

Bottom ofcarpel Megasporangium

Nutritive tissue (3n)

Embryo (2n)

Endosperm (3n)forms nutritivetissue in seed

Megaspore(n: retainedin ovary)

Ovary

MITOS SI

DOUBL E

FERTILIZ

ATIO

N

EggFemale gametophyte(n: retained in ovary)

Pollen grain(male gametophyte)

Microspore (n)forms pollen grain

SSIOTIMM SSIOIE

Ovule

Top ofstamen

AntherPOLLINATION