Green Building Draft Report

8/8/2019 Green Building Draft Report

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THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

ProposedWestern Engineering Green Building

Preliminary information and design concepts

http://www.engga.uwo.ca/

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THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Proposed Western Engineering

Green Building

“Designed by Students for Students”

Preliminary Research Report and Proposal

July 2004

Prepared by

Rebecca Brownstone

Co-op Student, A.B. Lucas Secondary School [email protected]

Patricia Medina

Volunteer Architect [email protected]

Jon Schlemmer

Second Year Civil and Environmental Engineering StudentThe University Of Western Ontario

[email protected]

James Skutezky

Third Year Civil and Environmental Engineering StudentThe University Of Western Ontario

[email protected]

Faculty Advisor and Project Supervisor

Dr. Ernest K. Yanful, P.Eng.

Professor and Chair, Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringThe University Of Western Ontario

[email protected]

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mailto:[email protected]












Table of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION

2. THE CONCEPT OF “GREEN”

2.1 Overview of The “Green Concept” of Building Design

2.2 Examples of Existing Green BuildingChicago Center for Green TechnologyYork University Computer Science BuildingMountain Equipment Co-op

2.3 Incentives - Commercial Building Incentive Program (CBIP)

2.4 LEED and C2000 Rating Systems

3. REVIEW OF GREEN TECHNOLOGIES AND BUILDING FEATURES

3.1 Displacement Ventilation

3.2 Green House

3.3 Radiant / Passive Heating

3.4 Day Lighting / Passive Lighting

3.5 Computerized Windows

3.6 Smart Lighting/ Power Saving Electronics

3.7 Photo Voltaic and solar panel system

3.8 Wind Turbine

3.9 Green Roof

3.10 Water Use Reduction

3.11 Rainwater Collection System

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Table of Contents Cont’d

4. PROPOSED WESTERN GREEN BUILDING

4.1 Introduction

4.2 The Proposed Biosphere

4.3 Students Designed and Engineered

4.4 Advantages of a Western Engineering Green Building

4.5 Envisioned Features of the Proposed Green Building

4.6 Proposed Location of Green Building

4.7 Summary of Building Use

4.8 Possible Students’ Design and Research Topics

5. PLAN FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF GREEN BUILDING

5.1 Waste Recycling

5.2 Recycled Materials

5.3 Preliminary Budget Estimates

6. FUNDING

7. CONCLUSIONS

8. BIBLIOGRAPHY AND RESOURCES

9. LISTING OF SOFTWARE FOR ANALYZING GREEN BUILDINGS

10. CONTACTS

11. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

12. APPENDICES

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1. INTRODUCTION

This is an exciting time in the life of Western (The University of WesternOntario). While in the 125

thyear of the University’s existence, it is not only a time to

celebrate how far the institution has come, but it is also a time to look ahead to whereWestern might be 50 years from now. It is also an exciting time for the Faculty of Engineering, because the year 2004 is the 50

thyear of existence. During this period, the

Faculty has grown from a non-departmentalized engineering school to a full-fledgedengineering institution with six accredited programs in Chemical, Civil, Electrical,Integrated, Mechanical, and Software Engineering. The current student population standsat 1560 full-time undergraduate students and 380 graduate students. The number of faculty has also grown exponentially.

During the last 125 years Western has grown into a large university withnumerous buildings that provide the institution with the necessary and state-of –art

facilities for teaching, and research.

In the future there will be a need for more spaces tomeet the increasing number of students. Space is particularly a major problem for theFaculty of Engineering, because of the growth mentioned above.

The Bio-Engineering Building, located behind the current Spencer Engineering building (shown in Figure 1), was built some 30 years ago to provide temporarily housing(three years) for Western Engineering’s large wind tunnel units while the permanentBoundary Layer Wind Tunnel was built. After the wind tunnel units were moved to their current location the building was not torn down, but was converted into laboratory spaceand office accommodation for faculty and students engaged in research in biochemicalengineering.

The Bio-Engineering Building is a one-storey building that was originallyexpected to be in use for only three years. Since it was originally only intended to lastthree years, the Bio-Engineering Building was not built to the same standard as other buildings at Western. Over the years, the building deteriorated further and currently hasmany problems associated with its operation, including a leaky roof and poor insulationand hence poor energy efficiency. As a result, the building is in constant repair, whichhas inevitably contributed to increasingly high maintenance and operational costs.However, given the current pressure on space dues to the unprecedented growth in theFaculty of Engineering in the last five years, it has become necessary to tear down the building and replace it with a new, but environmentally friendly, state-of-the art building,or a Green Building.

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(Figure 1) – Bio-Engineering Building behind the Spencer Engineering Building,Proposed site for a Western Engineering Green Building

2. THE CONCEPT OF “GREEN”

2.1 Overview of “Green Concept” in Building Design

There are large amounts of materials used and energy consumed during theconstruction and operation of an average building. One of the growing areas of interestfor many North American universities and colleges is the implementation of greentechnologies when constructing new facilities in order to produce buildings that are moreenergy efficient and have less impact on the natural environmentally during operation.

The world’s population has grown exponentially since the second world war, andthere is currently pressure on available land and natural resources. As a society, we willeventually be faced with the depletion of our most widely used source of energy, the non-renewable fossil fuels. Many people and organizations are coming to the conclusion thatthe average person’s daily energy consumption in North America will not be sustainablein the future. There are many ways in which these organizations are taking steps toreduce consumption such as developing new types of vehicles, energy sources, recycledmaterials, and designing environmentally friendly buildings. These environmentallyfriendly buildings are also known as “green” buildings and have been in use for over 30years in North America since the birth of the environmentalists’ movement in the 1960s.

As leaders of innovation and knowledge dissemination, Canadian Universities areone of the most logical places to start researching, developing and implementing new practices that will help to alleviate the burden on our planet. We can reduce our

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dependence on fossil fuels and other resources by constructing buildings that use recycledmaterials in their construction, are more energy efficient, produce oxygen, purify pollutants, and generate energy on site using environmentally friendly means.

The University Of Western Ontario has much to gain from exploring green

concepts in the design and construction of new buildings with the goal of decreasing theUniversity’s demand on energy and non-renewable resources. One of the major benefitsof green buildings is that they require less energy to operate. This has the effect of lowering energy costs and reducing dependence on the local utility. Some technologiesmay have a higher initial cost than the conventional alternatives, but the increasedefficiency of a green building can offset this cost over the lifetime of the building.

2.2 Examples of Existing Green Buildings

To illustrate the benefits of integrating green concepts in building design,

construction and operation, a few examples of green buildings are provided. Theseexamples also help to answer the question “what is a green building?” These buildingexamples are relatively close to London, Ontario, so they experience similar climates.

The Chicago Centre For Green Technology (CCGT), Chicago, U.S.A.

Figure 2 - The Chicago Centre for Green Technology(http://www.ci.chi.il.us/Environment/GreenTech/sub/about.html)

In 1999 the Chicago Department of Environment embarked on an ambitious project known as The Chicago Centre for Green Technology (CCGT). The Departmentgathered a team of architects and engineers who produced the final designs and oversawthe construction of a building that would serve as an example for companies and

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homeowners all over North America. An amount of $5.4 million was spent renovating anexisting two-storey, 40 000 ft

2building, that was to be converted into a green building.

The project team incorporated many of the most advanced green technologiesavailable at the time in the design of the CCGT. The idea was to design a building that

would reduce the demand on natural resources and energy while decreasing the production of pollution and waste. The building was to do this without forcing occupantsto change their habits drastically. The teams design focuses on four major areas:lighting, water, earth, and air.

The following is a brief summary of the compilation of green technologies used inChicago.

Lighting

Figure 3 - Solar Panels on CCGT

(http://www.ci.chi.il.us/Environment/GreenTech/sub/about.html)

Purpose: to reduce fossil fuel emissions released when electricity is produced.

CCGT design includes:

●

Photovoltaic cells.● Passive light designs including a green house with heat absorbing tiles and

skylights.● Smart lighting, which adjusts the electrical lights according to the

available natural light, thus lowering electricity requirements.● Motion-sensitive lights that turn themselves off when the room is empty.

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Water

Figure 4 - Green roof (http://www.ci.chi.il.us/Environment/GreenTech/sub/about.html)

Rain Water Run Off Cistern (figure 6)

Purpose: To reduce pollution due to stormwater run off water and to reduce the demand

on the municipal sewer system.


● Green roof (with succulent plant stores water in its roots and leaves andtherefore does not need to be watered during drought)

● Cisterns (holding tanks used to collect rain water)● Disconnected downspouts (drain to soil not sewer)

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● Bioswales (ditches with water-loving plants which filter pollutants)

Earth

Purpose: To reduce the demand on natural resources provided by such as oil, wood, andminerals.

CCGT Design includes:

● Promotion of alternate forms of transportation by providing bike racks,showers, electrical outlets in the parking lot for electric cars, and close tomajor bus routes.

● Demolition waste was recycled when possible.● Use of recycled materials in the furnishings in the building

Air

Figure 6 - Ground Source Heat Pump

(http://www.ci.chi.il.us/Environment/GreenTech/sub/about.html)

Purpose: Reduce air pollution and the need for heating and cooling using non-renewableresources.

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● A ground source heat pump and pipe system that carries a (non-toxic)liquid similar to antifreeze through a series of looped pipes 200 feet (61m) below ground level. The liquid is used to regulate the temperature in

the building.● Highly effective insulation, including the green roof, that lowers heating

and cooling costs.● Use of natural gas to heat the building● Use of local materials in the construction and operation of the building.

This reduces pollution related to transportation and helps the localeconomy.

● Use of less harmful chemical products both for the construction and for the maintenance of the building.

● The green roof atmospheric carbon dioxide to oxygen through the natural process (photosynthesis) of the plant life. The roof also absorbs rainwater

and thus reduces the amount of water released into the city’s sewer system.

Farr Associates was the leading architectural firm involved in the design of the ChicagoCenter for Green Technology construction and design.

Further information about the Chicago Center for Green Technology can be found athttp://www.ci.chi.il.us/Environment/GreenTech/sub/about.html

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http://www.ci.chi.il.us/Environment/GreenTech/sub/about.html

http://www.ci.chi.il.us/Environment/GreenTech/sub/about.html



The York University Computer Science Building, Toronto

The York Computer Science Building, located in Toronto Ontario, is a goodexample of what can be done with a university building in Ontario’s extremely variableclimate. The , three-story 9,282m2 building designed mainly for energy efficiency, has anumber of additional “green” features.

Green Features of Note:

The building was designed to be energy efficient in the winter and summer by being highly insulated and having lots of natural light. As a result the temperature can bemaintained more easily and the natural light lessens the need for electric lighting in themiddle of the day.

The architects who designed the York computer sciences building wanted toreduce the reliance on the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system (HVAC) asmuch as possible. To do this end, they used an open concept design with a central atriumand exhaust columns to allow natural venting and natural lighting. This type of naturalventilation is possible because of the “thermal chimney effect”, produced by rising hotair. As the air in the building warms during the day, it naturally floats up to the ceiling if there is other cooler air available to take its place. At the ceiling the warm air is siphonedoff using fans at the top of the exhaust columns and by computerized windows at the topof the atrium. The hot air is replaced by fresh air, which is collected at ground level onthe shaded north side of the building. This efficient design allows the building operators

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to turn off the HVAC system during most of the spring and fall days, when the externaltemperatures are relatively moderate. The designers’ attention to the climate control hasresulted in an energy consumption rating that is 50% less than the ASHRAErequirements of 600 MJ/m2/yr, for a building of its size.

This image shows one of the halls in the York University Computer Science Building.The lit oval area in the ceiling is one of the exhaust columns that vents hot air and letsnatural light into the building.

Additional Building Features:

● The York Computer Science Building’s roof is almost completely covered withnatural vegetation that requires very little maintenance and is irrigated withcollected rainwater. This green roof is used by faculty and students as a

recreational area.● Substantial perimeter glazing on the windows makes it easier to control the heat

in the building in warm seasons.● HVAC system is 50% smaller than is typically required for this size of building.● Natural lighting accesses many parts of the building● There are manually operable windows throughout the building.● A large atrium in the centre of the building brings light into the centre of the

building and houses tropical plants which flourish all year.

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● Computer-controlled wind and temperature sensors control the windows, whichare programmed for efficiency but can also be adjusted manually.

● The building is acoustically sealed to diminish echoes and noise. (This is an issuefor an open concept design with an atrium or large lecture halls)

● To promote alternate transportation, covered bicycle racks and shower rooms are

provided.● 50% fly ash concrete was used instead of standard concrete. York has

subsequently decided that all future construction on campus will be done using50% fly ash concrete.

Personal communication with York University tour guides and a computer science student during a visit indicated that there have been a few problems with theoperation of the building. These include:

● Workers find maintenance of the building challenging because many of the building’s operational mechanisms are unique and require extra attention.

●

The building’s temperature varies greatly depending on what side of the buildinga reading is taken. The south side is very warm and the north side is very cold, because of the large amounts of glass.

● The basement was reportedly “very musky” when the building was first opened,however the moisture levels have since been reduced.

The York University green building may have a few minor problems with isoperation but, overall, the university has taken many large steps towards sustainability.

Architect: Busby and Associates Architects and Van Nostrand di Castri ArchitectsEngineers: KEEN Engineering (Mechanical), Yolles (Structural), Carinci Burt Rogers(Electrical)

York Computer Science Building green roof

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York University Computer Science Building atrium

Mountain Equipment Co-op

The Mountain Equipment Co-op (MEC) was founded in 1971 by a group in B.C.and was set up as a non-profit, Co-operative organization that provides products andservices to customers interested in wilderness oriented recreation. Most of the Co-op’sowners believe that, although building an environmentally friendly building may notalways be have a low initial capital cost, it is an ethical endeavour because green buildings are good for the community’s heath and preservation of resources. The ownersof MEC decided that they would like to house their stores in environmentally friendly

buildings, so they began constructing new stores one after the other.

Located at 400 King Street in Toronto, the MEC retail store is built from 50%recycled materials and has a green roof. The outdoor enthusiast’s equipment chain isworking to ensure all their stores are located in green buildings. The Toronto store wasthe first of MEC’s green buildings; MEC has since built green buildings in Ottawa,Montreal, and Vancouver. The store chain is a demonstration that green technologies can be unobtrusive.

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The Toronto MEC green building features include a green roof, environmentallyfriendly large buildings, thermal siphoning, solar panels, and a computerized buildingmanagement system.

The MEC building’s green roof has 4” of soil, consisting mostly of volcanic ash,

moss, and topsoil because these growing mediums are light. The green roof is not open tothe public, allowing the company to save materials by using a lightweight roof. The roof top garden promotes wildlife such as ducks, insects and birds. The green roof’stemperature is 20 – 30˚C in the summer, compared to a normal tar roofs temperature of 30-50˚C. In the winter the layer of soil on the roof helps to insulate the building.

Vegetation and soil help to filter rainwater runoff and to increase the amount of time taken to reach storm sewers. Finally the roof top garden converts carbon dioxideinto oxygen and reduces the heat in the city, reducing the “Heat Island” effect.

Material Considerations

Constructed from 50% recycled material, MEC building stairs are made fromrecycled car metal and the wooden beams were reclaimed from waterlogged and sunk logs from the Ottawa River. The carpet is made from recycled carpet that can be sold back to the manufacturer when it becomes worn out. The concrete aggregate is madefrom recycled concrete. Below the poured concrete of the underground parking garage isa gravel bed that was made from the previous foundation, which was crushed on site.

Every effort is made to reduce the amount of materials used in construction. The building mechanics ventilation pipes, structures, wires, and lights are all exposed. Theinterior, for the most part, is left unpainted because many paints emit harmful compounds(for example, Volatile Organic Compounds or VOCs) while drying.

Additional Building Features:

● A small solar panel mounted on the roof is used to run lights in the store or chargea large battery when the lights are not in use.

● A computerized building management system (BMS) is in use.● The building is Canada 2000 or C2000 compliant. This is a Canadian green

building rating system discussed in Section 2.4.

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Toronto MEC building green roof Toronto MEC building interior

401 Richmond

This building in Toronto is not a green building but it may be worth mentioning

because of its roof top garden that serves as a public eating area. It includes tables, benches, and a small green house.

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401 Richmond roof top garden

401 Richmond composting tumbler

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Further Case Study resources are available in the resources section

2.3 Incentives

The Canadian Government offers tax incentives designed to encourage the use of green technology in new buildings. Investors can write-off costs associated withsustainable building practices. The Government allows an accelerated write-off rate for expenditures related to green technologies. The cost of the equipment is up to 30% taxdeductible. Certain expenses, such as the cost of site analysis, cost of negotiations andcost of site approval may also be eligible for these tax benefits. Additional informationmay be found at:

http://www.energyalternatives.ca/PDF/NRCAN_tax_incentives.pdf

Commercial Building Incentive Program (CBIP)

The CBIP is a program run by National Resources Canada. The program willaward up to $60 000 to any building project that meets certain requirements. The program will began in April of 1998 and will run until March of 2007. The followingweb link provides additional information:

http://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/newbuildings/cbip-pebc/index_e.cfm?PrintView=N&Text=N

2.4 LEED and C2000 Rating systems

LEED Accreditation

http://www.cagbc.ca/building_rating_systems/leed_project_registration.php

In the United States the most prominent green building accreditation program is theLeadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating system. This is a program defining and rating green buildings. A Canadian equivalent rating system iscurrently under development. It is expected to focus on the same major areas that theLEED rating system does.

These areas are:

● Sustainable Site Planning● Safeguarding Water and Water Efficiency● Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy● Conservation of Materials and Resources● Indoor Environmental Quality

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The LEED rating system awards points for how a building’s design deals withspecific solutions for the above-mentioned issues. The checklist and rating systeminformation for the American LEED program can be found athttps://www.usgbc.org/Docs/LEEDdocs/LEED-NC_checklist-v2.1.xls

The United States Green Building Council (USGBC) uses the LEED checklist torate a building. Depending on the total points achieved for solutions related to the aboveareas, a rating for the building is awarded as follows:

Certified 26-32 pointsSilver 33-38 pointsGold 39-51 pointsPlatinum 52-60 points

Benefits

The benefits of receiving a rating from LEED include increased publicity and promotion of high quality design. The rating also gives designers’ a method of comparing new designs to old designs in order to determine their success.

Drawback

Application for a LEED assessment costs the builder extra money and it does notchange the building once it is built. Additional information on the LEED, USGBC andCanada 2000 (C2000) programs may be found at:

https://www.usgbc.org/Docs/Resources/usgbc_intro.ppt

http://www.greenbuilding.ca/C2000/abc-2kpd.htm

https://www.usgbc.org/LEED/Project/certprocess.asp#cert

www.ashrae-mtl.org/text_pdf/pope.pdf

http://www.greenbuilding.ca/C2000/abc-2kpd.htm#PERF-REQ

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https://www.usgbc.org/LEED/Project/certprocess.asp




http://www.ashrae-mtl.org/text_pdf/pope.pdf



http://www.ashrae-mtl.org/text_pdf/pope.pdf







3. REVIEW OF GREEN BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES

3.1 Displacement Ventilation

A displacement ventilation system uses 100% outdoor air to ventilate the building. Introducing fresh air at floor level, the air rises as it warms until it reachesexhaust ducts at the ceiling. Air moves slowly enough that it does not displace dirt fromthe floors. Any air pollutants that are produced within the building are not re-circulated.Heat is transferred from outgoing air to incoming air, and so that very little energy iswasted.

Benefits: Excess heat is removed from the building efficiently. Air pollutants areremoved from the environment. Fresh air is circulated through the building making for amore comfortable working environment.

Drawbacks: This system is fairly complicated to install and may be difficult toincorporate with other systems. The incoming air must be maintained at approximatelythe same temperature as the room to avoid excessive cooling/heating.

Resources:Advanced Buildings, Technology and Practises Web PageCanadian Architect Web PageHealthy Buildings International Web Page

3.2 Atrium

A greenhouse atrium may be incorporated in a green building. The atrium housesgrowing plants and water features. The glass ceiling allows daylight to filter downthrough the levels of the building. The atrium also acts as a route for air within the building. Stale, hot air flows into the atrium, rises to the ceiling level, where it is readilyexhausted. The atrium allows natural light to penetrate the core of the building, reducinglighting expenses. An example of a green building with a greenhouse atrium is the York University Computer Science Building.

Resources:York Computer Sciences Building

3.3 Radiant / Passive Heating

Radiant solar heating is a way to save on heating costs within a building. In thissystem dense tiles or concrete are used as flooring or as wall paneling. During the day thefloors and walls absorb heat produced by the sun. As the building cools at night, the tilesrelease the heat energy retained from the day.

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A passive heating system would greatly reduce heating expenses within the building for a little extra initial cost. This system increases the building’s temperature inthe summer, and therefore slightly increases air conditioning expenses. However, this is aminor concern because the heat is released at night when the building is cooler, andduring the summer the building is not as extensively used as in winter. Also, shades can

be put into place during the summer to block direct sunlight and reduce heat into the building.

Resources:Square One http://www.squ1.com/ Chicago Centre for Green Technology

3.4 Day lighting / Passive Lighting

A green building would typically have many large windows that maximize the

amount of light admitted into the building. Passive lighting works well with smartlighting; the two systems work together to reduce energy consumption while providingample light to the occupants of the building. This reduces the building’s demand onnatural resources and save money.

Benefits: Daylighting reduces reliance on electric lighting, reducing the cost of electricityin the long run. Daylighting also improved the light quality within the building; electriclights only produce a partial light spectrum, while daylight brings the full light spectruminto the building giving better illumination of spaces. Also studies are available that showincreased productivity for people working in naturally lit buildings.

Drawbacks:Shades will need to be installed to reduce direct sunlight penetrating the building in thesummer causing the building to heat up. Also shades will be needed so that rooms can bemade dark for presentations. If cheaper windows are installed the building will not be asenergy efficient because windows may allow in extra heat. Large amounts of natural lightalso produce glare that may be uncomfortable to the building’s occupants, steps need to be taken to reduce glare.

Expense Estimate: Inert Gas filled windows (Argon/Krypton) cost CAN $3-5/m

2of window.

Costs for blinds vary by material, style and size. Blinds can be purchased for CAN $30-100/m2.

Resources:Advanced Buildings, Technology and Practises Web PageLower Manhattan Development CorporationMountain Equipment Co-op StoreYork Computer Sciences Building

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http://www.squ1.com/

http://www.squ1.com/



3.5 Smart Lighting/ Power Saving Electronics

Smart lighting and power saving electronics are a simple way to save energy.These devices are designed to shut down when not in use. Smart lights have photo

sensors that read how much natural light is in the building and dim electric lights whenthere is substantial natural light. Smart lights are often equipped with motion sensors sothat when there is no one in a room the lights automatically shut off. Power savingelectronics shut down after not being used for a set amount of time.The major benefit to smart lighting and power saving electronics is the reduction inenergy consumption. The reduction in energy implies reduced electricity costs. Also thesensors may increase security in the building.

Drawback: increased initial cost of the devices.

Expenses:

Infrared occupancy sensors cost CAN $75-200. The cost of the sensors can be expectedto payback in approximately two years.

Resources:Douglas Lighting Controlshttp://www.douglaslightingcontrol.com/ Pass & Seymour, Wiring Devices and Accessorieshttp://www.passandseymour.com/ Advanced Buildings, Technology and Practises Web PageMountain Equipment Co-op Store

3.6 Computerized Windows

Computerized windows add to the HVAC system by opening automatically whenthe building reaches extreme temperatures. Computerized windows are often installedabove large atriums and open to allow hot air to escape from the top of the building. Fansare not needed to push the air out because this system takes advantage of the naturalmotion of air within the building.

Benefits: Computerized windows reduce air conditioning costs as the windows openautomatically when the building becomes too hot.Drawbacks: Computerized window systems have slightly high initial costs. Also thissystem is not yet standard and can be a challenge for maintenance personnel, as they mustlearn how the new system operates.

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http://www.douglaslightingcontrol.com/

http://www.passandseymour.com/


http://www.douglaslightingcontrol.com/



Expenses: cost of heat sensors, mechanical window openers and computer system.

Resources:Mountain Equipment Co-op StoreYork University Computer Sciences Building

3.7 Photo Voltaic (PV) Cells, Battery system, and solar panels

Energy efficiency in photovoltaic system means using the building's individualcomponents to do the same job as less efficient components for less money over the long-term. Energy-efficiency applies to everything from the building skin or shell, whichincludes energy efficient windows, lighting, insulation, foundation, and the roof, toequipment that have built-in power management features. It also applies to space heatingand cooling systems, whose efficiency may be improved by automated controls,

ventilation, improved duct systems, and other advanced technologies.

Energy efficiency can also apply to water heating, which can be improved usingsolar panels, combined with water-efficient appliances.

Benefits of Photovoltaics

Unlike any other known forms of electricity production, photovoltaics, or PV hasno moving parts, is noiseless, produces no emissions during use and is completelyscaleable from very small to very large electrical generators in a totally modular way. It istherefore the only form of electrical energy generation that has the potential to be placedat the far end of the electricity distribution chain.

Mounting photovoltaic cells on buildings means there are is additional cost for installation, unlike solar generators. Nearly all photovoltaics in buildings (PVIB) systemsare grid-connected. The dc electricity from the photovoltaic array is converted intomains-compatible ac by a special inverter, and the ac electricity is fed into the building'smain electricity supply. Any excess not used within the building is exported to theelectrical supply network (grid). As the electricity is generated where it is consumed,transmission and distribution losses are avoided, which reduces the utility's capital andmaintenance costs. The value of the photovoltaic-generated electricity is equal to theavoided cost per kWh of the grid electricity that is saved (i.e. higher than the normal buying price of a utility).

The greatest challenge to all energy production is its impact on the environment.Solar power is one of the friendliest ways of producing electricity. In grid-connectedsystems, solar power has no effect on the environment, because the system does notinclude batteries that would need to be replaced.

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Use of photovoltaics on buildings

Modern architecture increasingly attempts to combine aesthetic, ecological andtechnical issues. Architecturally well-executed and integrated photovoltaic systems lendthemselves ideally for this purpose, especially with the new thin photovoltaic films,

which can be attached to the facades or be part of windows.

Designing photovoltaics as architectural features into new buildings often presents a challenge. Here the photovoltaic elements are required to fit into the buildingskin itself (i.e true building integration) and the need to fit into closely defineddimensions often means that special size photovoltaic modules are required.

Examples of situations where photovoltaic elements can be incorporated into anew building are:

● Non-transparent facades forming the wall structure of a new building.●

Glazed atria / daylighting areas of new buildings which require sometransparency.● Sloping roofs of new buildings, where the photovoltaics are required to form part

of the weatherproof roof.● As part of windows.● Sun shading over windows.

Mounting methods:

Photovoltaics are normally mounted over walls using standard module sizes andspecially developed mounting structures. This reduces the module operating temperature

and increases the working efficiency. Sloping roofs can be fitted with standard sizeframed photovoltaic modules and with a special mounting profile. An air gap is provided between the modules and the roof to aid module cooling.

Roofs may have an area where the normal roofing material is replaced by photovoltaic modules. Normally this involves modules with special frames and matchingmounting profiles, or special laminates that are mounted on standard building profiles.Wiring options for a facade are inside or outside wiring, while for a roof, outside wiringis preferred. Cell spacing is normally between 10 and 100 mm.

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Integration of special glazed roofs and atria into new buildings require large glass-glass laminates that fit into standard building profiles. They may also include aninsulating air gap and/or laminated back glass. Normally the cells are spaced more widelythan in normal photovoltaic modules, to provide increased light transmission. Attention isneeded to avoid profiles that can build up dust, snow, water, at the edges.

Film Photovoltaics Solar Electric Modules

Film photovoltaics solar electric modules were born with the idea of creatingstructures in which the same surface would both provide shelter and power. Toaccomplish this, the buildings should integrate photovoltaic (PV) panels into their design.

Borrowing a technique developed in the production of silicon chips for thecomputer industry, manufacturers began producing a new breed of PV panels thatemployed a thin film of silicon and lightweight conductors fused onto materials such assheet metal or glass, which can withstand the high temperature necessary to prepare the

silicon coating.

As an example of this new technology, the first pavilion in the Cooper-HewittGarden in the United States, takes advantage of a thin-film PV on a flexible metalsubstrate, a combination that, so far, is produced by only one manufacturer (Iowa ThinFilms). Constructed of a polyester mesh in the shape of two hyperbolic paraboloids (oneof the basic building shapes of tensile architecture), the pavilion's membrane bothdiffuses sunlight into a fine, stippled pattern and allows air to vent. The power is produced by thin-film amorphous-silicon panels on a flexible stainless-steel substrate bonded to a PVC coating on the mesh. The near-seamless integration of the PV panelsinto the curvilinear form evinces the versatility of the advancing technology.

The dispersion of the panels over the pavilion's curved surface also represents ashift in philosophy from the days of the flat PV array. Here, orientation of the panels atvarious angles allows the structure to harvest energy from all sunlight, and not just thestrongest rays. This approach has become feasible in part because thin-film PVs are far less expensive than crystal PVs.

Thirty years ago, a single panel cost approximately $1,000, the price of PVs isnow comparable to that of conventional building materials and less than that of a materiallike granite. PVs are also approaching standard building-module size. Improvements inthe technology have also made it more worthwhile to collect even weaker rays of sunlight. PVs will only continue to become cheaper and more efficient.

As sunlight enters its translucent, boxy structure, thin-film PV panels, whichrange in density from opaque to semitransparent, become design elements themselves, blocking, patterning, and filtering light while simultaneously producing electricity to power an air-conditioning unit for example.

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As an alternative, PVs can be used, just as tinted glass is, to filter or deflectsunlight from entering a space, with the obvious advantage of using that same sunlight tocreate energy for the building's systems rather than "wasting" it and relying on energygenerated by outside sources.

PV Systems:

An important first step when considering the purchase of a photovoltaic systemfor an institutional building is whole-building design because it can save time and money.

Whole-building design takes into account the building structure and systems as awhole and examines how these systems work best together to save energy and reduceenvironmental impact. Whole-building design can also be beneficial by improvingcomfort for occupants.

Passive solar features incorporated into a building design can have a significant

impact on a building's energy consumption. Using a lot of natural light reduces electricityand release of thermal energy given off by lighting fixtures, allowing for a smaller air conditioning system. A smaller air-conditioning system needs less electrical power tooperate, and therefore, fewer solar panels will be required for cooling the building, whichtranslates into cost savings.

Benefits:

By designing a building that uses less energy and has less power demand, it is possible to achieve robust of the building as well as power grid for the building.Consequently the dependence on fossil fuels and impact on the environment will belower. Other possible benefits of photovoltaic whole-building design include:

● Reduce energy use by 50% or more.

● Provides thermal insulation on the roof or walls.

● Protects the roof from weather and UV radiation, extending roof life.

● Decreases heating and cooling energy costs.

● Reduces environmental impact.

● Reduces maintenance and capital costs.

If done correctly, whole-building design need not cost more than a buildingdesigned using conventional systems. It can even eliminate or reduce unnecessary building space and reduce construction costs. However, because all the pieces must fittogether, it is essential that the design team be fully integrated from the beginning of thedesign process. The building design team can include architects, engineers, and

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specialists in areas such as indoor air quality, materials, and energy use. For institutional buildings, it is essential to bring energy consultants into the design process from the beginning and keep them involved throughout the process so they can advise howchanges to design will affect a building's energy performance.

Costs

The cost of a simply mounted photovoltaic system using standard photovoltaicmodules (including modules, mounting, cabling and inverter) is approximately US$6,57 per Wp. Per square metre, an a-Si BIPV system costs around US$354 per sq m. This isabout the same cost per sq metre as an expensive over cladding system (e.g. doubleglass). A crystalline silicon grid-connected photovoltaic system costs between US$ 708-1062 per square metre. For comparison, roofing materials sell for about US$23.6-59 per square metre and normal wall materials range from about US$82.6 to US$236 per squaremetre.

Prestige facade materials (e.g. marble or other dressed stone) cost US$708 to

US$1416 per sq m. They could be replaced at about the same price by crystalline silicon photovoltaic. If one considers the avoided cost of the marble, and cladding, and the factthat solar electricity is essentially free of charge, then it is easy to make an economic casefor using photovoltaic systems.

Performance

One peak kW of amorphous silicon photovoltaic is about 25 square metres. One peak kW of crystalline silicon photovoltaic is about 8 to 8.5 square metres. A verticalfacade (South facing) will produce around 75-90 kWh/sq m per year (crystalline) or 25-30 kWh/sq m per year (amorphous). These figures apply, more or less, worldwide. Oftenthe East and West facing walls produce nearly as much as the South wall. Tilted arrays(eg roofs at optimum tilt) can produce 100-200 kWh/sq m per year (crystalline) or 30-70kWh/sq m per year (amorphous).

It should be noted that the above ‘maximum’ figures can be quite severelyreduced by shadowing from nearby buildings and trees. Normally, the expected usefullife is at least 20 – 30 years for a crystalline module, and 15 - 20 years for speciallyencapsulated aSi facade module. The useful lifetime of an inverter is probably around 10years.

Energy payback time

How long does it take a photovoltaic system to produce more energy from the sunthan what went into its manufacture? Estimates vary widely, but using averaged published data, the following energy payback times are quite typical for vertical facadesin the Nordic countries:

● 5 to 6 years considering the photovoltaic modules alone.● 6 to 7 years if the other components (mounting structure, cables, and inverters)

are included.

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The above energy payback times would be reduced for sunnier locations at lower

latitude, for photovoltaic systems mounted at more favourable tilt angles, and for futurethin-film photovoltaic technologies.

Reduced emissions

The issue of reduced CO2 emissions due to the use of photovoltaic systems isquite complicated. If the photovoltaic-produced electricity were replacing electricity thatwould be otherwise generated by fossil fuels such as coal or oil, then the ‘CO2 payback time’ for a photovoltaic facade system in the Nordic countries would be approximately 4- 5 years. That takes into account the emissions associated with manufacture of the photovoltaic system. One peak kW of photovoltaics system mounted on a building in a Northern country can result in elimination of CO2 emissions of up to 1 tonne per year.This type of emission reduction projection is probably too simplistic, as there are manyother factors that have to be considered for each system. Thus each installation must be

evaluated on its own merit.

Other examples of Photovoltaics:

New Solar-Powered Window:

Researchers at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute have developed the first solar- powered, integrated window system. Designed to function as a shading system, the

Dynamic Shading Window System (DSWS)uses a newly developed solar-energy technologyto convert sun’s light into storable energy that

can be used to efficiently heat, cool, andartificially light the same office building, and block the harshest solar rays while allowing themost pleasant daylight to stay in a building’sinterior.

The system can be incorporated into new buildings or into existing buildings. This couldsave utility costs and significantly reduce the

need for fossil fuels.

The DSWS system is made of clear plastic panels that fit in between two glass panes. On each panel are dozens of small, pyramid-shaped units, or “modules,” madefrom semi- translucent focusing plastic lenses that track the sun’s motion. Sensors,embedded in the walls or roof, ensure that the units are always facing the sun to captureall incoming rays while at the same time deflecting harsh, unwanted rays from a building’s interior.

Each unit holds a miniature photovoltaic (PV) or solar-cell device used to collectlight and heat that is then transferred into useable energy to run motors, also embedded in

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the building’s interior walls. The remaining energy is used for heating, air conditioning,and artificial lighting. The surplus energy can be directly and automatically distributedthrough wires inside a building’s walls, or can be stored in a group of batteries, for later use.

This solar-powered technology can provide institutional buildings, for example, a

university building, with the superior lighting, that is, natural daylight. It will allow for better views outside the windows, which are no longer hidden by a standard shade or obscured by penetrating glare.

California State University, Hayward, California. A good example of PV use:

An example of beneficial uses of photovoltaic systems is available at theCalifornia State University, Hayward, California. This is the largest solar electric systemat any university in the world and one of the largest solar energy systems in the United

States. The 1.05-megawatt solar electric system will provide a clean, reliable, cost-effective source of electricity, leveraging the area's abundant sunlight. The solar generation system will deliver approximately 30 percent of the campus' peak electricitydemands.

California State Hayward's solar system will cover more than 75,600 square feet,and will feature rooftop arrays on four of the university's largest buildings. The $7.11million project will generate roughly 1,450,000 kilowatt hours annually, producingenough electricity in the daytime to power more than 1,000 homes. A total of 5,260 solar tiles will be laid.

The cost of the new solar energy system to the university will be approximately$3.55 million, which is being financed over 15 years through utility savings from the project. Another $3.55 million will be paid through a rebate from the California PublicUtilities Commission to the university through Pacific Gas and Electric.

With this solar electric installation, California State Hayward will have a cost-effective, reliable, non-polluting system that will reduce their electricity bill by $200,000annually. Solar energy will provide the university with operational flexibility, byenabling it to generate its own power especially during the summer months whenelectricity prices are the highest and the grid is most constrained. The system will givethe university a hedge against the fluctuating costs of energy and related supplies and willlower annual maintenance costs and increase the life of the buildings.

Over the next 25 years, the solar-generated electricity will reduce emissions of carbon dioxide by nearly 8,700 tons. These emission reductions are equivalent to planting2,450 acres of trees or removing 1,700 cars from highways.

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Resources:www.fortum.com“Pv for Buildings”. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). USA.http://www.solarbuzz.com/News/NewsNAPT40.htm http://koulut.etela-karjala.fi/kimppe/pv-system/BIPVwhitepaperENG.pdf

http://www.metropolismag.com/html/content_0598/ma98bd.htm

Solar Panels (water heating)

Solar Water Heating

Solar water heating panels are a system that uses the sun's energy rather thanelectricity or gas to heat water. Water heating accounts for about 7% of institutional

energy use. A solar water heater uses glazed collectors that are roof-mounted andconnected to a preheat storage tank. Fluid is pumped to the collectors where it is warmed by the sun is energy, and returned to a heat exchanger where heat from the fluid is used toheat the water in a preheat storage tank. A backup water heater is installed in series withthe preheat tank to maintain the desired water temperature during extended cloudy periods. A typical system will provide 50 to 75% of the water-heating load.

Benefits

● Provides a large proportion of a building's water heating requirements.● Operates at minimal cost.●

Reduces the use of electricity or fossil fuels.● Reduces energy costs.

Limitations

● A conventional backup system is needed to boost the water temperature duringthe night and/or on cloudy days.

● Storage tank and the pump may need to be replaced after 10 years.● Controllers may require servicing during the life of the system.● Solar collectors should perform well for more than 20 years.

Application

Solar water heaters are best suited to buildings with high hot water loads. Systemscan be easily retrofitted to existing buildings although flat roof buildings will require asupport rack to angle the collectors towards the sun. Ideally collectors are mounted facingsouth and sloped at an angle equal to the location latitude. However, orientations of up to20 degrees away from this optimum have little impact on performance. It is essential thatthe collectors are not shaded, especially between the hours of 9AM and 3PM when thesun's rays are most intense.

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http://koulut.etela-karjala.fi/kimppe/pv-system/BIPVwhitepaperENG.pdf

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As a rough guide, the solar system shouldhave one square metre of collector area for every 50L/day of hot water usage and the storage tank

should have 50 L/m

2

of collector. This correspondsto 4 m2 of collector for every apartment suite inmulti-unit residential buildings and 1 m of collector for every five office workers in an office building.

Experience

Solar water heating systems have been used in a number of institutional buildingsin Canada. In most cases the systems have performed reliably. The systems require anannual maintenance check of the controller and pump operation and the pH level of the

glycol solution (if used).

Example Buildings

The Landmark Condominium in Kingston Ontario has installed a solar hot water system that provides the building's 150 apartments with hot water. Additional tanks have been installed to store excess hot water gathered during particularly sunny days. Theentire system cost $32,000 to install and returns annual energy savings of around $3,600.

Cost

The cost of solar water heating systems has dropped over the past 20 years. Theinstalled cost of commercial systems is about C$500/m

2. The payback on solar heating

systems ranges from 7 to 20 years depending on the cost of fuel displaced and thecomplexity of the system (For example, whether support racks and storage tank areneeded). The REDI program of Natural Resources Canada provides an incentive of 25%to reduce the inital cost of the system. The RETScreen computer program can be used toquickly assess the economics of a proposed installation.

An excellent application for solar energy is producing hot water. Solar hot water has excellent commercial, institutional and industrial applications. Solar energy isenvironmentally friendly, renewable and sustainable. A solar water heating system isefficient, clean, easy to install, friendly and virtually maintenance-free. Hot water countsfor as much as 40% of the energy requirements of an average house. Solar water heatingsystems can drastically cut the costs for heating hot water by 40 to 60%, even 100% for acottage.

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The Canadian solar industry offers a range of systems and configurations, alldesigned to utilize solar energy and to produce hot water at high efficiency and low cost.The closed-loop antifreeze solar heating system has a solar loop containing antifreeze,which provides protection from freezing. The passive solar or thermo siphon systemutilizes the density difference between the warm water in the collector and the cooler

water in the tank mounted above the collector. The solar system ties into the existing hotwater tank to preheat the domestic hot water used for washing dishes, clothes and baths.Financing of solar water heaters can be arranged so the interest costs less than thesavings.

Commercial Solar Hot Water Systems: The solar collectors are located wherethey are exposed to the sun all day, typically on a roof. A fluid is circulated between thecollectors and a heat exchanger or water storage tank where the heat is utilized or stored.The distinction between different systems is in the working fluid, the method of heattransfer, and control strategy resulting in technical terms such as closed loop, drainback,draindown and thermosiphon.

Applications for solar water heating include manufacturing or process heatapplications. Institutional systems are similar to large residential systems in their basicform. The most suitable applications for institutional solar systems are those using lowtemperature water. Many institutional applications have site specific needs that lendthemselves to a good solar application. The roof may be at a suitable angle so the panelscan be installed without the need for a special rack, which keeps the costs down.Generally, the larger the system the less expensive is the unit cost of energy delivered.

Institutional applications that do not really require hot water are the most cost-effective because the solar panels will operate more efficiently. For example, universities

are one of the best potential applications for commercial or institutional solar water heating, primarily because they are a low temperature application. They need warm water somewhere between 90°F (32°C) and 100°F (38°C) and not at 140°F (60°C). The sourceof heat is available when there is a demand for it and there is little requirement for storage. It can even be a direct circulation system with no heat exchangers.

Maintenance:

The collectors may get dusty but rain will wash them off so it is not usually a problem. In the fall if there is not much rain, however as soon as the first snow comesalong in winter, the snow will accumulate on the collectors for a time but will then slidedown and clean off the collectors when the sun comes out. There may be a problem withdirt building up on the collectors in some regions, which may make it necessary to washthem a few times through the summer. A hot solar panel must not be washed with coldwater.

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Expected performance:

There is no well-defined standard performance to be achieved but there are typical performance figures. Generally, the solar fraction of institutional solar hot water systemsis usually between 10 to 35%.

The long-term investment must be considered rather than payback. If a solar hotwater system is installed on a new building and included in the mortgage, it may befinancially attractive. There are also the environmental benefits.

Tax considerations:

The Income Tax Regulations were revised in February 1994 to encourage business and industry to reduce energy waste and to use alternative and renewable energysources. Previously, renewable energy was under Class 34 at 50%; with the half-year rulethis was 25% in year 1, 50% in year 2 and the remaining 25% in year 3. Wind energy and

most other renewable energy technologies are now under Class 43.1 CCA withoutexception and solar energy is sometimes under Class 43.1. Solar heating is includedunder 43.1 CCA of the Income Tax Act for manufacturing and processing (M&P)industries, which means it does not qualify for most applications. There are applicationsfor solar water heating in manufacturing or process heat, but there are many morecommercial, industrial and institutional applications such as car washes, nursing homesor apartment buildings. The same equipment can be used in the latter applications,commercial, industrial or institutional, and have only 4% CCA, because they areconsidered part of the building, but when used in manufacturing or processing have 30%CCA. The lifetime of the equipment will be the same for all these applications.

The Renewable Energy Deployment Initiative (REDI) is a federal government program introduced in 1998 for renewable energy applications that are not eligible under class 43.1 CCA, such as solar air and water heating. Funds have been allocated to NaturalResources Canada (NRCan) to stimulate a domestic market for Canadian solar products.Some of the money will fund a 25% contribution for businesses that invest in solar heating.

Solar water heating is not included under 43.1 CCA for many of the applications.Solar water heating is included under 43.1 CCA for fish processing plants and for milk processing plants or slaughterhouses (manufacturing and processes).

Wind energy and small hydro plants and most other renewable energytechnologies are under Class 43.1 CCA without exception, although most of thesetechnologies produce electricity. Photovoltaic systems are under Class 43.1 at 30% if they are larger than 3 kW but anything less than that is written off under Class 8 CCA at20%.

Solcan installed a solar water heating system at the Royal Ontario Museum inToronto in 1987. The system includes 24 solar panels (72 m2) mounted on the penthouse

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and supplying heated water to the hot water storage tanks nine stories below. The totalcost of equipment and installation was $40,000. It was designed to deliver 210 GJ(58,380 kWh) of energy per year. After commissioning, an independent consultantverified that the system was delivering over 60,000 kWh per year. The annualmaintenance cost is about $150 per year averaged over ten years. The system should last

20 years before it needs a major overhaul, although it may need a new pump during thattime.

Ontario: PST Rebate (Dec 2003). There is a Provincial Sales Tax Rebate on all solar equipment sold in Ontario. More information can be found at www.trd.fin.gov.on.ca.

Grid-Tied PV System

A grid-tied photovoltaic system takes energy produced in solar cells and convertsthe energy into electricity that can be used either within the structure or can be fed into

the electricity grid. An agreement may be made with the local utility provider, sayLondon Hydro, to buy surplus electricity produced by the solar cells. In the London areathe cells would receive 5-6 hours per day of useful sunlight in summer and 1.5 hours per day of useful sunlight in winter. This would provide the user with approximately 8 000kWh/year of electricity.

Benefits:

A building saves electricity costs from producing it’s own electricity(approximately $100/year for a 10 KW system). Also, if the utility company would allow,the system can be grid connected so that the electricity company buys surplus electricitygenerated. A photovoltaic system would also reduce emissions of green house gases. Inthe winter the cooling system would rarely need to be turned on because snow will act asa coolant. Snow melts off the panels quickly because the panels reach high temperatureswhen in use.

Drawbacks:

A photovoltaic system can be rather costly to install initially. Also a coolingsystem would need to be installed so that the panels, which are very hot when in use, donot over heat.

Cost Estimates:

Cost can vary depending on the size of the system, type of photovoltaic cells used,and whether the system is grid connected or has a battery unit to store surplus energy for later use.A 10kW system will cost CAN $100 000 - $300 000. Panels from ARISE Technologiescan supply panels that have a 20 or 25 year warranty, depending on the type of cell. This

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warranty guarantees that the cells will produce at least 80% of original efficiency duringthe aforementioned 20/25-year period. The cells have an expected life of 50 years.

Current electricity rates in London are 4.7 cents/KWhr for < 750 KWhr per month, and5.5 cents/KWhr after that. This rate has been frozen until 2006.

3.8 Wind Turbine

Intro: Wind turbines are powered by the wind to produce energy. They do not use upnatural resources and do not produce greenhouse gases. They are an efficient, clean wayto produce energy.Benefits: Wind turbines are relatively low-cost when compared to other greentechnologies (i.e. PV cells). A 50-kW turbine would not only provide power to the proposed Western Engineering Green Building, but could also send surplus electricityinto the Thompson and Spencer buildings as well.

Drawbacks: Wind turbines are rather site-specific; an extensive site study would need to be performed to determine if winds are constant and strong enough to make a windturbine worthwhile. A wind turbine will increase the insurance costs of the building.Expenses: A new, 50kW wind turbine would cost C$150-161 000, including installation.A cement contractor would need to be hired to pour a platform to mount the turbine on.Conclusions: A site study should be performed to see if a site has enough wind to make aturbine a feasible option. If there is enough wind at the site then a wind turbine is aninexpensive way to produce energy for the building.

3.9 Green Roof

Introduction: An effective green roof system is lightweight, low cost and lowmaintenance. A green roof has low maintenance plants and can be accessible as a rooftopgarden, or can be left inaccessible to the building’s occupants.Benefits: The green roof could serve as a research centre for botany students; the plantsand soil could be used in research. A green roof would save energy because they increasethe insulation of the roof. Green roofs tend to last longer than standard roofing; thecomponents can last up to twice as long as conventional roofing. A green roof alsoimproves air quality around the building, and acts as a habitat for local birds. Also, greenroofs slow storm water run off, taking load off municipal storm sewers during rainyseasons. Green roofs slow the urban heat island effect.

Drawbacks: green roofs have certain maintenance requirements that must be met toinsure a successful green roof. Knowledgeable maintenance staff would need to be hiredto keep it in good condition. Green roofing has a higher initial material cost than the costof a standard roof. A small irrigation system would also need to be installed to ensure thatthe plants get enough water to stay alive. Also, if the green roof is made accessible to theoccupants of the building certain safety precautions need to be taken, for example, the provision of guard rails.

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Expenses: Cost to install a green roof is CAN$80-100/m

2.

Resources:Green Roofs for Healthy Cities:

http://peck.ca/grhcc/ Greenbacks from Green Roofs, Status Report:http://www.greenroofs.ca/grhcc/Greenbacks.pdf Soprema:http://www.soprema.ca/

3.10 - Water Use Reduction

Waterless urinals are urinals designed with a non-stick coating that eliminates theneed to flush after use. The urinal has a trap in the base that contains a light liquid. Theliquid creates a seal between the pipeline and the facility. The seal is designed to prevent

bacterial growth and odours. These urinals require the same daily maintenance as flushurinals.

Benefits: These urinals use no water and therefore result in a 100% savings in water.Within a few years, these fixtures pay back their initial cost in water savings. There areno moving parts in these fixtures, therefore, they breakdown much less often. Also, sincethese urinals do not need to be flushed, there are no handles that can potentially transmit bacteria between users.

Drawbacks: These urinals are slightly more expensive than classic models and so willhave a higher initial cost than lavatories fitted with flush urinals. After approximatelyevery 7,000 uses, the liquid trap must be changed.Expenses: The cost of each urinal is approximately $250-350 per unit. Rental of a urinalcosts approximately $6.50-11.50 per unit per month, based on a five year contract. Theinstallation is optional. Cartridge replacements cost approximately $30-40 eachdepending on how many are bought at a time. The urinals rarely breakdown, so repair costs are negligible.

Resources: No-Flush

TMUrinals:

www.waterless.com Falcon Waterfree Technologies:www.falconwaterfree.com FacilitiesNet:www.facilitiesnet.com/ms/feb04

Dual-Flush Toilets are Australian innovated fixtures that have two buttons, thatrelease different amounts of water for either liquid or solid waste.Benefits:

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http://www.waterless.com/

http://www.falconwaterfree.com/

http://www.facilitiesnet.com/ms/feb04

http://www.facilitiesnet.com/ms/feb04

http://www.falconwaterfree.com/

http://www.waterless.com/

http://www.soprema.ca/

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These toilets use 6L of water for solid waste and only 3L for liquid. This results in anaverage flush volume of approximately 3.8L/flush. This can be compared to older modelsthat can use up to 13L/flush or newer low-flow models that use on average 6L/flush,resulting in up to a 67% savings in water. These fixtures use substantially less water andso, within a few years of installation, they would pay back their cost in water savings.

Drawbacks:These fixtures cost more than traditional models depending on the quality and make of the toilet.

Expenses:Cost of fixtures: Caroma dual-flush toilets by modelCaravelle 270 US $484.36Caravelle 305 US $445.22Tasman 270 US $280.16Fixtures will require the same daily maintenance as standard facilities.

Resources:Caroma Industries Ltd.:http://www.caroma.com.au/ Research Highlights, Dual-Flush Toilet Testing:http://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/publications/en/rh-pr/tech/02-124-e.pdf Environmental Home Centre:http://www.environmentalhomecentre.com/

Aerated FaucetsAerated faucets use a simple screen at the faucet to add air to the water stream increasing pressure and lessening water consumption.Benefits: Aerated faucet heads can potentially slow water from up to fifteen gallons per minute down to less than three gallons per minute.Expenses: Faucet aerators on average cost less than $5 each.

There are many different ways to reduce water consumption. The fixturesinvestigated above are a few of the many possible ways to decrease the amount of freshwater the proposed Green Building will require. Waterless urinals, dual/low-flush toiletsand aerated faucets are well known ways to reduce water use.

3.11 Rainwater Collection

A rainwater collection system is a simple way for the operation of a building toconserve water use. The rainwater would be collected as it runs off the building andwould be stored in cisterns until it is needed. The water can be used to water the rooftopgarden, or treated for potable uses within the building.Benefits: A rainwater collection system if installed, would reduce water use and utility bills. There are also many environmental benefits such as less stress or load on municipalstorm sewers and less demand on freshwater resources.

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Drawbacks: The system would need to be highly insulated if it is to be kept in workingorder during the winter months; conversely, the system could be shut down during thewinter months, this seems somewhat impractical because winter is the time of year whenthe building would be getting the most use.Expenses: The rainwater collection system would have to be designed and built to suit

needs. The cost of cistern construction ranges by size and material type and whether or not a purification system is installed to make the water potable. For example a 20 000gallon cistern, with a pump and purification system can cost up to $15 000 (USD). Thecistern alone can cost as little as $6 000 (USD).

Resources:RainwaterHarvesting.Org:http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/ Canadian Architect Web PageInternational Rainwater Catchment Systems Association Web Page

4. PROPOSED WESTERN ENGINEERING GREEN BUILDING

4.1 Introduction

As previously mentioned, the existing Bio-Engineering Building is very old andinefficient. It has a leaky roof and poor climate control as well as being old andunattractive. It is expensive to operate and maintain since the building continues to be inconstant repair. The goal of the proposed Western Engineering Green Building project isto demolish the existing Bio-Engineering building and replace it with a modern, state-of-the-art, environmentally friendly and energy efficient building. The building will be usedas a Western Engineering Students Centre with new facilities to meet the needs of currentand future students.

The building will feature state-of-the-art undergraduate student laboratories,classrooms, and design studios for support of teaching and learning needs in alldisciplines of Engineering at Western. A dedicated Engineering Library and ReadingRoom – complete with wireless Internet connectivity – will provide students with anideal place to study and conduct library-based engineering research. A completeCafeteria Facility, managed and run in part by the students, will offer a wide selection of nutritious foods within a conservation-minded, paperless and waste-free environment.The close proximity of the classrooms, laboratories, library, reading room and cafeteria,combine with garden atrium area, will provide students with an environment thatsupports the pursuit of individual academic excellence and effective team building-making for a superior educational experience at Western Engineering.

4.2 The Proposed Biosphere

The centrepiece of the Green Building will be a beautiful glass-domed “green”garden atrium featuring growing plants, running water and tranquil ponds. This commonarea will not only provide a stimulating natural environment conducive to student

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socialization and study, but will also provide a unique educational opportunity. Withinthis mini-biosphere, students will study and learn how the engineering design of the building itself impacts the fragile natural environment. As students conduct water management, biochemical, thermal energy, and other studies, they will learn what itmeans to create efficient and ecologically sustainable integrated engineering designs.

4.3 Student Designed and Engineered

The fourth year Engineering design projects will outline the technicalrequirements of the proposed Green Building. The students will have faculty advisors and professional advisors from the architectural and engineering fields associated withenvironmentally friendly building design. The students will be required to completeextensive research, prepare a final proposal, and present this proposal to a panel of judgesin order to receive their grades for the course and for their design to be considered in thefinal design of the Green Building. There is also the option of awarding prize money tothe group members who produce the top designs.

In order to allow engineering students to produce design proposals for the new building , a comprehensive fourth year project outline would be necessary. The outlinecould include: green technology history, research references, and technical requirementsfor this specific project. The Western Engineering Faculty would use this project outlineto present an alternative option for the fourth year design projects, to the engineeringstudents from each discipline. This would provide Western with its student designedgreen building proposals.

The Building will represent the only facility of its kind on a university campus inCanada designed by students for students. The conceptual design phase of the three-year project will begin in September 2004, with the initial design work to be performed bystudents as part of their 4th Year Design Project course. In 2005, supervised students willconduct detailed integrated design work in collaboration with industry, includingarchitects and engineering consulting firms, to tackle the structural, mechanical andelectrical requirements. The Centre is tentatively scheduled for completion in late 2006and will be located adjacent to Western’s main Spencer Engineering Building and thenew Thompson Engineering Building. The centre will be connected to the ThompsonEngineering Building via a 2nd floor passageway, greatly enhancing ease of movement between key areas of Western Engineering.

The Western Green Building conceptual design will have many newenvironmentally friendly features that the old Western buildings do not have. The designmay have more vegetation, natural lighting, open water, and wood incorporated into anopen concept design, as well as energy saving features and renewable energy producers.However the textures and features on the outer walls of a future Green Building shouldcoincide with the original styles present on both the Spencer Engineering Building andthe Thompson Engineering Building to fit in with the classic stone and ivy “feel” of Western’s campus.

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4.4 Advantages of a Western Engineering Green Building

● The project will allow students from each engineering discipline to work together in an integrated effort on a real project, directly on campus.

● The final product will be a building that is more energy efficient and less harmful

to the environment.● Western’s Green Building could be used as a student activity centre, thus

improving the student’s quality of life.● This building could serve as a test site for energy efficient technologies that could

be employed in other parts of the university in future construction or retrofits.● Simply having a building as distinctive as this would promote the quality of

Western’s engineering program, and increase environmental awareness.● The Green Building project could benefit Western by attracting extra donations,

sponsors, students, and faculty.

This project is an opportunity to employ the resources of the City of London and

area as well as those of the University. Efforts should be made to maximize the use of local businesses and local materials. This will promote growth in the emerging greentechnology sector, which will be beneficial to the local community.

Constructing a green building would enhance Western’s reputation for leading-edge innovation. Many Canadian universities already have green buildings or residenceswell into the design process. Sustainability on campuses is fast becoming a significantissue.

There are presently students creating a Campus Sustainability AssessmentFramework for Canadian schools. This is a tool, which analyzes the sustainability of auniversity, and its buildings, based on hundreds of factors, from the source of energy thatis used in the physical plant to the packaging of cafeteria food. In fact this assessmenttool could conceivably be integrated into the MacLean’s ranking of universities. AWestern engineering green building could be a catalyst to prompt other forms of environmentally friendly activities on campus.

Technology used in this building can be employed with the goal that some of itcould eventually ‘filter down’ to the other areas of construction. For example, if thetechnology works very well, it will likely be considered in the construction of futurecampus buildings, and future buildings in the community at large.

This Green Building Project requires an immense amount of research and planning in order to fully maximize the efficiency and economic gains of such a complexsystem. There are a large number of new and innovative technologies, environmentalmaterials, and aesthetic design considerations and equipment supplies that must bereviewed. This will result in a sizeable compilation of research data that have to beorganized and analyzed so that the most technically feasible and cost-effective designrecommendation can be made. One of the advantages of this project is that it willeducate all Western engineering disciplines about green buildings, through fourth year

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design projects similar to the existing City of London design projects in the Departmentof Civil and Environmental Engineering.

4.5 Envisioned Features of The Proposed Green Building:

Technical Requirements

• Three Floors

• 1048 m2 Per Floor (11275 ft2 Per floor)

• The Green building will be joined to the existing Spencer Engineering Building.

• The building is to be connected to the Thompson Engineering Building, which is to thesouth. The road running between the Thompson Building and the future Green Buildingwill remain.

• Building should be designed to facilitate future construction at its northern face.

• Design should incorporate the “chimney effect”, heat sink, and thermo siphoning.

Visible Features

• Water cistern

• Green Roof/Roof top garden

• Biosphere or Green house, which is used as a place to eat work and interact

• Connection between the new Thompson Engineering Building and the UWO GreenBuilding. (Possibly a second floor walk way to allow cars to drive in between the two buildings and park at the Boundary Wind Tunnel)

• Natural lighting

• Windmill

• Photovoltaic cells shading windows (with or without batteries)

• Vegetation and Bioswales surrounding building. (To integrate nature with thestructure itself and to purify any runoff)

• Open concept design to help with natural lighting, air circulation, aesthetics, and future building use changes.

• Covered bike racks and seating.

Non-Visible Features

Washrooms on every floor Elevator at the back of the atriumStairs at the front or the atrium No Basement

First Floor – 11275 ft2, materials lab, machine shop, design studios, and a cafeteria thatopens to the atrium (greenhouse/biosphere), workshop or design shop for Sunstang/Formua SAE.

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Second Floor – 11275 ft

2, Concentric seating lecture theatres with and advanced laptop

computer access for taking lecture notes; faculty, and administration offices.

Third Floor – 11275ft2, State-of-the art library, lounge with wireless Internet access,

offices for library staff, reading rooms with low-flux lighting, academic offices, andstudents activity offices (for example, Student clubs, Sunstang and Formula SAE)

Other features

• Computerized access and operation (for example, elevators, etc.)

• Geothermal energy regulating temperatures

• Wastewater and grey water treatment

• Smart lighting (with automated dimming and motion censors)

• Smart electronics (computers, fax machines, photocopiers, etc. that go into power saving mode when not in use)

• High Efficiency HVAC, highly insulated. The building should perform as a “coldclimate” insulated building in the winter and like a naturally ventilated “tropical” building in the summer.

• Waterless, low flow, composting, or biomass treating system for toilets and sinks

• Recycled Materials used in construction

• Incorporate wood into the structure of the building

The design of the new building should focus on the following key green principles:

Use of integrated design process, eco-friendliness, minimal ecological footprint, energy

efficiency, use of renewable energy sources, rain and snow harvesting, zero stormwater release and hence minimum impact on municipal stormwater sewer system, efficientindoor air quality control, conservation, waste recycling and reuse, and ‘green’ material- based construction

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4.6 Proposed Location of Green Building

4.7 Summary of Building Use

The Green Building will be a Students’ Activities Centre. It will have three storiescovering approximately 3144m

2(33825ft

2). The main floor will house laboratories for

undergraduate courses, such as materials, engineering statistics, introduction toengineering design and innovation, and design studios for first and upper year courses inall branches of engineering, It will also house a light-duty students’ machine shop for individual/group projects, and other engineering projects such as Sunstang and FormulaeSAE. The machine shop will be operated by trained, certified students working part-time.

Thus the building will contain:

• Offices

• Laboratories

• Cafeteria

• Student study area

• Atrium/biosphere (interactive green house)

• Lecture theatres (possibly in a concentric style)

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• Meeting rooms

• Computer labs

• Computerized access (for example, wheelchairs and elevator) with a public building efficiency viewing station)

• Geothermal energy regulating temperatures

• Wastewater and grey water treatment• Smart lighting (with automated dimming and motion censors)

• Smart electronics (computers, fax machines, photocopiers, etc. that go into power saving mode when not in use)

• High Efficiency HVAC, highly insulated. The building should perform as a “coldclimate” insulated building in the winter and like a naturally ventilated “tropical” building in the summer.

• Waterless, low flow, composting, or biomass treating system for toilets and sinks

• Recycled Materials used in construction

• Incorporate wood into the structure of the building

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A conceptual rending of the proposed Green Building is as shown in the two figures presented below:

Proposed Green Building showing green roof, biosphere (green house) and a hypotheticalwindmill. The Spencer Engineering Building is in the background.

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Proposed Green Building showing the second-floor passageway to the ThompsonEngineering (left)

4.4 Possible Students’ Design and Research Topics

The following is a list of topics and questions that the fourth-year students design groupsmay want to consider in their projects:

● Are there “environmentally friendly” materials that are economical to usein construction and maintenance of the building?

● Can we reuse or recycle waste from the old building?● Can we find sponsors to supplement the cost of the building?● Are there any tax incentives or Government subsidies that can be

acquired?● Is Green Technology practical here in London, in terms of: efficiency,

cost, maintenance, climate, and availability of manufacturers.● An analysis of the building site may be performed.● Are there any situations where Green Technology has failed and why?● What are the Safety codes and safety issues associated with this new

technology?● Analyze the aesthetic and psychological factors involved with the design

(Ex. What is the Effect of having live plants and lots of windows)● Can UWO’s Green Technology Building be certified by a green building

rating system?● What is the effect on the environment?

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Possible Tasks

● Produce a detailed comparison of individual energy savings between astandard building and a green technology building.

●

Compare intangible benefits, such as any promotion, recognition, or environmental benefits that may be gained from this project.● Prepare a final Western green building design and present it.● Calculate and present a comparison between the cost of

the green building design over its lifetime and a standard building.● Develop a realistic timeline for the Western green building project.

Universities are a concentrated area of experts in various fields. There is a trendrecently towards various people with different skills collaborating on large projects. In a project of this magnitude and complexity, it would be prudent to use the skills of manydifferent people toward a common goal. The emphasis should be on cooperation, good

communication and integration of the respective disciplines.

One of the advantages of having an ongoing project of this type is the potentialfor engineering students to play a role. For example, a team of electrical engineers coulddesign a system that adjusts the artificial light in a room in accordance with the amount of natural light that is present. Students would be pleased to see their efforts employedusefully as well as leaving their mark on their school. The building does not have to becompleted all at one time. The funding for some features may not be available right fromthe beginning of the program. Therefore this building could be an ongoing platform for student projects over the next several years.

This project could also be a basis for new direction and new courses, which couldsupplement the environmental engineering program, taking it beyond wastewater,emissions and solid waste management. With new environmental requirements arising,the need for environmental engineers versed in the latest technology is only going toincrease. The project impacts engineering students by providing interestedenvironmentally conscious students the chance to work on a real project in the areas of design, construction, and research.

5. PLAN FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE GREEN BUILDING PROJECT

5.1 Waste Recycling

Every time a new green building is built the designers find new ways to recyclethe demolition waste. Recycling material can save money, help the environment, andincrease the chance of receiving a positive green building rating. It would be the fourthyear students’ design responsibility to determine what could be recycled from the oldBio-Engineering Building and to include their choices in their proposals.

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5.2 Recycled Materials

As well as recycling demolition waste, green building designers often tend to use

recycled materials in the new construction or renovation of a green building. The list of recycled materials is always growing and the products them selves are becoming lessexpensive. The choice of what materials to use often depends on availability as much asanything else. Because of the energy used, shipping recycled materials from far awaycan defeat the purpose or trying to be environmentally friendly.

Resource on Materials:https://www.usgbc.org/Docs/LEEDdocs/LEEDfaq-materials2.pdf

Environmental and health claims can be certified or reviewed byorganizations such as Scientific Certification Systems (www.scs1.com), Forest

Stewardship Council (www.fscus.org), Green Seal (www.greanseal.org), Green Guard(www.greenguard.org), Carpet & Rug Institute (www.carpet-rug.org), Building GreenInc. (www.buildinggreen.com), Energy Star Roof program (www.energystar.gov) andothers.

5.3 Preliminary Budget Estimates

The estimated budget for the proposed Western Engineering Green Building isapproximately $7 million. This estimate includes the demolition costs for the existing building and costs of ‘green technologies’.

Estimating for a 3-storey building with 11 650 ft2 per floor.

Demolition Cost: 11650ft2/floor @$ 80/ft2 = $ 932 000Scrap metal from the demolition can be recycled and sold at $275/tonne. China is a hotmarket for scrap metal.

Estimated cost of construction (Hard Cost): $240/ft2 Estimated cost of demolition, site analysis, design, permit: $80/ft

2

Estimated furnishing cost: $700 000/11000ft2

Total Building Cost= ($320/ft2)*(11000ft2) + $700 000 = $4,220 000

*Note: This does not include the cost of green technologies

Estimated furnishing cost: $700 000/11650ft2

Engineering students designs at no cost

49

https://www.usgbc.org/Docs/LEEDdocs/LEEDfaq-materials2.pdf

http://www.greenguard.org/

http://www.buildinggreen.com/

http://www.buildinggreen.com/

http://www.greenguard.org/

https://www.usgbc.org/Docs/LEEDdocs/LEEDfaq-materials2.pdf



Professional engineering costsArchitectural costs

Construction/demolition costFurnishing

Maintenance costs

Some of the environmentally friendly technologies are more expensive to install on a building than it would be to exclude them from the building design. However in mostcases, through energy savings and tax exemptions, they pay for themselves throughoutthe lifetime of the building. For example, solar panels add to the initial cost of the building by approximately $100 000 for a 10-kW system, but at current Ontarioelectricity prices, the solar panel array has would have an payback period of 50 years.(Research communication with personnel at ARISE Technologies Corporation,Kitchener, Ontario.) It is also worth noting that although it may be more work to designa building that is energy efficient and uses recycled materials, through making these

changes there are great benefits to the environment and a decreased demand on utilities.Western stands to benefit from this type of research when it considers future buildingdesigns.

The goal of the project is to design a building that is energy efficient, environmentallyfriendly, and cost-effective. Fourth year engineering students will compete to submitdesigns for the proposed Western Engineering Green Building. If a student design ischosen because it successfully meets the criteria mentioned above, then the costsassociated with energy consumption of the building will be lower than a comparable building on campus.

Another large saving for Western comes from the fourth year engineering design project, which has engineering students producing the preliminary designs at no cost tothe Faculty of Engineering. It may also be possible to get environmental designcompanies from the community to volunteer some professional time in advising thestudents design groups. Enermodal, a Green Building design firm, and AriseTechnologies, a solar panel system supplier, have already discussed the possibility of volunteering personnel time to help Western in its efforts to design an environmentallyfriendly building.

6. FUNDING

Given the potential visibility and positive environmental effects of a GreenBuilding project, there should not be great difficulty in finding alumni and philanthropiststhat may be interested in making donations to help fund the project. A fundraisingincentive would have to be undertaken by the University to secure funding for the project. A preliminary budget of $7 million in 2004 is proposed.

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The savings that a green building can offer will be different for each design.

There are many types of available software or design firms that can analyze a design toestimate savings. The forth year engineering student will have to be creative andinnovative to produce the best alternative.

7. CONCLUSIONS

In Canada, companies, governments, and citizens in general, are becoming moreaware of the potential dangers facing humans if resources are consumed and wasted at therates they are today. As a result it is likely that there will be a move towards designingmore efficient buildings and communities. The University of Western Ontario will benefit greatly from any research that is done now in the areas of constructing energyefficient buildings and adopting environmentally friendly construction practices.Through beginning research now UWO can sooner reduce its energy expenses, as well as

any negative impact it may impose on the environment.

One area that Western can focus its effort on and improve is to move in a moreenvironmentally friendly direction by decreasing the Universities dependence on energyand resources and by decreasing the amount of waste produced. The engineering facultywould benefit in many ways if given the opportunity to research, design and eventuallyconstruct a new building that not only adds to the quality of life of the students but alsoemploys many of the latest Green Building technologies.

A Western green building will serve as an asset to UWO in other ways, it can beused to promote Western and to draw out new sponsors and donations. A green buildingwould be a great way to boost Western’s environmental engineering program’s profile.Any design would draw on the talents and expertise of all disciplines of engineering andwould be a great learning experience for the students.

Currently the engineering cafeteria, computer labs, and study room are completely packed at peak times of the day, forcing students to look elsewhere for areas to do their work. A Western green building would provide space to meet the demand on classroomand study areas caused by the increasing numbers of students coming to UWO every year

8. BIBLIOGRAPHY AND RESOURCES

The Chicago Centre for Green Technology(http://www.ci.chi.il.us/Environment/GreenTech/sub/about.html)

Chicago Center for Green Technology home page,http://www.ci.chi.il.us/Environment/GreenTech/sub/about.html

51

http://www/

http://www/



Cover Logo - www.ggrhba.com/ about_issues_green.htm

Figure – 1UWO Engineering Home Page, http://www.engga.uwo.ca/

Figure 3 – 8Chicago Center for Green Technology home page,http://www.ci.chi.il.us/Environment/GreenTech/sub/about.html

Stats Canadahttp://www.statcan.ca

Chicago Center for Green Technologyhttp://www.ci.chi.il.us/Environment/GreenTech/sub/about.html

LEED Web Page

http://www.usgbc.org/leed/leed_main.asp

Internationalhttp://www.oja-services.nl/iea-pvps/cases/ita_01.htm

Canadianhttp://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/highperformance/case_studies/overview.cfm?ProjectID=44

Examples of Green BuildingsVery good green resources from USGBChttp://www.usgbc.org/Resources/links.asp

http://www.cstctd.org/CSTwhatsnew.htm

http://www.energyefficiency.org/eecentre/eecentre.nsf/internetE/B1D61EAA48746583852569B800564275?opendocument

http://www.sustain.ubc.ca/

http://www.advancedbuildings.org/index.htm

http://www.city.london.on.ca/Planning/Building/buildingcode.htm

http://www.sustainable.doe.gov/buildings/gbprogrm.shtml

http://www.greenbuilder.com/

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http://www.ggrhba.com/about_issues_green.htm


http://www.usgbc.org/Resources/links.asp



















http://www.ggrhba.com/about_issues_green.htm



http://www2.aud.ucla.edu/energy-design-tools/

http://www.city.london.on.ca/

http://www.ledc.com/businessdirectories/

http://www.ec.gc.ca/envhome.html

http://www.habitat.org/env/

http://www.arisetech.com/

LEED Green Building Rating System (Version 2.1)

Solar Panel Resources

D.Y. Goswami, S. Vijayaraghavan, S. Lu and G. Tamm New and emerging developments in solar energy Solar Energy, 76 (2004) 33-43


Advanced Buildings Technologies and Practises:

http://www.advancedbuildings.org/ American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers

http://www.ashrae.org/ Arise Technologies Corporation

http://www.arisetech.com/ Canada Green Building Council

http://www.cagbc.ca/ Canadian Architect

http://www.cdnarchitect.com/ Canadian Wind Energy Association

http://www.canwea.ca/ Danish Wind Industry Association

http://www.windpower.org/ Healthy Buildings International

http://www.healthybuildings.com/ International Rainwater Catchment Systems Association

http://www.ircsa.org/ Lower Manhattan Development Corporation

http://www.renewnyc.com/

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0038-092X(03)00103-8


http://www.advancedbuildings.org/

http://www.ashrae.org/


http://www.cagbc.ca/

http://www.cdnarchitect.com/

http://www.canwea.ca/

http://www.windpower.org/

http://www.healthybuildings.com/

http://www.ircsa.org/



http://www.ircsa.org/

http://www.healthybuildings.com/

http://www.windpower.org/

http://www.canwea.ca/

http://www.cdnarchitect.com/

http://www.cagbc.ca/


http://www.ashrae.org/

http://www.advancedbuildings.org/


http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0038-092X(03)00103-8









Pass & Seymour, Wiring Devices and Accessories


http://www.nrel.gov./

http://www.cansia.ca/solarheat.html

http://www.advancedbuildings.org/main_t_plumbing_solar_dhw.htm

http://www.trd.fin.gon.ca.on.ca/userfiles/page attachments/Rsie f0298.pdf?N ID+3

9. LISTING OF SOFTWARE FOR ANALYZING GREEN BUILDINGS

Benefits: Advanced green buildings technologies reduce energy use; improve indoor andoutdoor environmental quality; lower our fuel bills; improve living and work

environments; and improve economic competitiveness by reducing energy imports.

Detailed Performance: Once preliminary viability for green buildings has beenestablished, it will eventually be necessary to evaluate system performance, to generatemore precise engineering data and economic analysis. This can be accomplished based onhourly simulation software or by hand correlation methods based on the results of hourlysimulations. Following you will find a list of possible software to be use accordinglywith your needs. There is much more software which can be find in the web. Some of this programs can be downloaded for free.

Atrium Performance: from the (IRC –Canada), Atrium buildings combine attractive

aesthetics and delighting features and are proliferating in new and renovated buildings inCanada. Being often complex in their design, atriums have been reported to have highoverall energy consumption. Through field-monitoring and computer simulations, IRCinvestigates ways to reduce these energy costs, while maximizing the atrium delighting,thermal, acoustical and smoke performance.

Daylight-linked Lighting Control Systems: from the (IRC –Canada), IRC investigatesthe effect of manual and automatic venetian blinds on the performance of two types of automatic lighting control systems: on/off and continuous dimming. Measured data will provide information on the field performance of existing daylighting technologies and the basis for guidelines for proper installation and calibration in Canadian buildings.

Daysim (Dynamic Daylight Simulations): from the (IRC –Canada), Description andsource code for various validated and easy-to-use daylight simulation tools to predict theannual daylight availability and artificial lighting demand in a building. The tools are based on the RADIANCE raytracing engine, the concept of daylight coefficients and thePerez sky model.

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http://www.trd.fin.gon.ca.on.ca/userfiles/page

http://irc.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/ie/light/atriums.html

http://irc.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/ie/light/daylight.html

http://irc.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/ie/light/daysim.html

http://irc.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/ie/light/daysim.html

http://irc.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/ie/light/daylight.html

http://irc.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/ie/light/atriums.html

http://www.trd.fin.gon.ca.on.ca/userfiles/page






Adeline: lighting software in simulating the daylight distribution and the electricallighting consumption of an existing atrium building.

Cost-effective Open-Plan Environments (COPE): from the (IRC –Canada), Lighting is just one of the indoor environment aspects addressed in this multidisciplinary project.

COPE will look at the effects of open-plan office design (e.g. workstation size, partitionheight) on the indoor environment and occupant satisfaction. One outcome will be asoftware tool to enable designers to perform cost-benefit analyses on different designoptions.

SkyVision: SkyVision is a new WINDOWS software tool from the IRC –Canada, tocalculate the optical and daylighting performance of various shapes and types of conventional and tubular skylights. Currently available for beta testing, the software is auseful tool for engineers, architects or building designers.

BEES (Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability):

Powerful technique for selecting cost-effective, environmentally preferable building products. Tool from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (USA), for builders, designers, engineers and architects. Strengths: Offers a unique blend of environmental science, decision science, and economics. It uses life-cycle concepts, isdesigned to be practical, flexible, and transparent. Weaknesses: Includes environmentaland economic performance data for only 200 building products covering 23 buildingelements.

HOT2000: Is an energy analysis and design software. Up-to-date heat loss or gain and

system performance models provide an accurate way of evaluating building designs. Thisevaluation takes into account the thermal effectiveness of the building and itscomponents, the passive solar heating owing to the location of the building and theoperation and performance of the building's ventilation, heating and cooling systems.Helps to build comfort, sustained energy performance and lower operating costs intonew buildings and major renovation construction projects.

Energy-10: a user-friendly computer software program from (NREL)/USA. designed tomake it easier for architects, engineers and builders to integrate solar technologies andenergy efficiency features into the design of commercial and institutional buildings

SERIRES: a simulation tool from (NREL)/USA, to assist in the design of passive solar residential buildings.

STEM: a short term monitoring method from (NREL)/USA, for verifying building performance in the field.

BESTEST: a building energy software test method from (NREL)/USA, that is beingadopted as the industry standard.

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http://irc.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/ie/cope/index.html

http://irc.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/ie/light/skyvision/

http://irc.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/ie/light/skyvision/

http://irc.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/ie/cope/index.html



Swift: is a design tool from canREN (Canada), that uses an hour-by-hour energy balanceto calculate building ventilation loads and predict the thermal performance of one or more solar wall system planned for the building. It may also be used to estimate the costof the system, the fuel cost savings available from its operation and the economics of investing in it.

Federal Renewable Energy Screening Assistant (FRESA): Developed by NREL-USA,this Windows-based software tool screens federal renewable energy projects for economic feasibility. It is able to evaluate many renewable technologies including solar hot water, photovoltaics, and wind.

TRNSYS: software, available from the University of Wisconsin. Main applicationsinclude: solar systems (solar thermal and photovoltaic systems), low energy buildingsand HVAC systems, renewable energy systems, cogeneration, fuel cells TRNSYS has become reference software for researchers and engineers around the world.

WATSUN: software, available from the University of Waterloo -Canada. Used tosimulate behaviour of solar heating systems.

WATSUN-PV: software, available from the University of Waterloo - Canada. Used tosimulate behaviour of solar photovoltaic.

FCHART: correlation method, available from the University of Wisconsin - USA.System Types: Water storage heating, pebble bed storage heating, building storageheating, domestic Water Heating, passive direct-gain, passive collector-storage wall.Features: Life-cycle economics with cash flow, weather data for over 300 locations,weather data can be added, monthly parameter variation, 2-D incidence angle modifiers,

english and SI units.

http://www.nrel.gov/documents/building_energy.html

http://www.canren.gc.ca/prod_serv/index.asp?CaId=174&PgId=989

http://www.bfrl.nist.gov/oae/bees.html http://www.buildingsgroup.nrcan.gc.ca/software/hot2000_e.html

http://www.architectureweek.com/cgi-bin/wlk?http://www.daysim.com

10. CONTACTS

List of Western Contacts

Sue Mark, Mechanical engineer at UWO specializes in environmental technologies.

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http://www.bfrl.nist.gov/oae/bees.html

http://www.buildingsgroup.nrcan.gc.ca/software/hot2000_e.html



http://www.buildingsgroup.nrcan.gc.ca/software/hot2000_e.html

http://www.bfrl.nist.gov/oae/bees.html





Dave Riddell, – Plans for UWO Buildings

Orlando Zamprogna, Physical Plant – Special Projects:

Joe Dolezel, Architect

John Hampson, CAD Operator

UWO Sunstang OfficeRoom 1067 Engineering building661-2111 (Ex. 88312)

Flemming Galberg, Director, Facilities Engineering Physical Plant& Capital Building1-519-661-2111 (Ex. 88880)Room 102, UWO Services buildingEmail [email protected]

Professor Anand PrakashDepartment of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering

Professor Moncef NehdiDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering

List of External Contacts

Indoor Environment ProgramInstitute for Research in Construction National Research Council of CanadaOttawa, Ontario K1A 0R6Tel.: (613) 993-9580Fax.: (613) 954-3733

E-mail: [email protected]

BEE SOFTWARE. Contact:Barbara C. Lippiatt National Institute of Standards and Technology,Office of Applied Economics, Building and Fire100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8603Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8603Telephone: (301) 975-6133fax: (301) 975-5337e-mail: [email protected]

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Stone Kohn McQuire Vogt Architecture400 King Street WestToronto, Ontario416-340-2667www.mec.ca

2 Story Green BuildingContact: Dave Robinson

KEEN Engineering Co Ltd.Gerry A, Faubert, CET (Principal)Toronto Ont.Phone: (416)-366-0220

ARISE Technologies

Mr. Dave Elzingahttp://www.arisetech.com/

Enermodal Engineering Limited650 Riverbend Drive, Kitchener, Ontario Canada N2K 3S2Phone (519) 743-8777 Ext. 27Fax (519) 743-8778Contact: Steve Carpenter, M.A.Sc., P.Eng. PresidentEmail: [email protected] Web Page: http://www.enermodal.com/

Joanne McCran, B.Tech., M.Sc.Email: [email protected] Halsall Associates Limited2300 Young StreetToronto, ONM4P 1E4Phone: 1 – 416-487-5257 ext. 206Fax: 416-487-9766Toll free 1-888-HALSALLwww.Halsall.com

Jeff Westeindy – Quantumhttp://www.quantumgroup.ca/

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http://www.mec.ca/



http://www.enermodal.com/


http://www.halsall.com/

http://www.quantumgroup.ca/

http://www.quantumgroup.ca/

http://www.halsall.com/


http://www.enermodal.com/



http://www.mec.ca/



Smart Lighting

Occupancy Sensor Manufacturer:Pass & Seymour, Wiring Devices and Accessories448 North Rivermede Rd.Concord, ON, L4K 3M9

Tel: 905-738-9195Fax: 905-738-9721

Photo Sensor Manufacturer:Douglas Lighting Controls4455 Juneau St.Burnaby, BC, V5C 4C4Tel: 514-342-6581Fax: 514-342-0133E-mail: [email protected]

Wind Turbines:

Canadian Wind Energy AssociationSuite #750, 130 Slater St.Ottawa, ON, K1P 6E2Tel: 1-800-9-CANWEA (1-800-922-6932)E-mail: [email protected]

Green Roof Manufacturer:

Soprema Inc. (Head Office)1675 Haggerty St.Drummondville, QU, J2C 5P7Tel: 1-800-567-1492Local Sales OfficeSoprema Inc.151 York St.London, ON, N6A 1A8Tel: 519-672-5561

Waterless Urinal Distributors:

Falcon, East Canada ContactJMG Waterfree, Inc.Tom CumminsP.O. Box #305Biddeford, ME 04005, USATel: 207-286-3733Fax. 207-286-3666E-mail: [email protected]

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No-Flush, Canada ContactMatrix Environmental Partners Inc.331 Trowers Road, Suite #3Woodbridge, ON, L4L 6A2Tel: 1-800-668-4420

Fax: 905-850-9100E-mail: [email protected]

Caroma Dual-Flush Toilets, Canadian Distributor: Armco Agencies, Inc.3240 Lenworth DriveMississauga, ON, L4X 2G1Tel: 905-238-8448

Tax Incentives:Income Tax Rulings and Interpretations DirectorateRevenue Canada25 Nicholas St.Ottawa, ON, K1A 0L5Tel: 613-957-8953Fax: 613-957-2088

Commercial Building Incentive Program

Office of Energy Efficiency Natural Resources Canada580 Booth St., 18th Floor Ottawa, ON, K1A 0E4Tel: 1-877-360-5500Fax: 613-947-0373E-mail: [email protected]

Bill Ruth, B.Arch., M.R.A.I.C. atTillmann Ruth Mocellin Architectural firm

11. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors and their supervisor would like to thank Dean Franco Berruti, Chantal Gloor and Lonnie Wickman for supporting the initial phase of this exciting project. They wouldlike to acknowledge the tremendous support of the listed Western staff and faculty andexternal contacts who shared their knowledge about existing buildings and future green building technologies. Bill Ruth and Patrick Trottier of the architectural firm, Tillman,Ruth and Mocellin (TRM) have been particularly helpful. Mischa Schlemmer, an

60







architectural student contributed a lot of possible ideas for the proposed building. TRMdeveloped the beautiful conceptual rendering of the proposed Green Building.

12. APPENDICES

ELECTRICITY

ONTARIO’S ELECTRICITY

GENERATION 2001

By source (percentage of total)

Nuclear 41.3%

Coal25.3%

Hydro24.3%

NaturalGas

7.6 %

Other 0.9 %

Oil 0.6 %

Total input energy – 1,577 petajoulesTotal end-use and losses – 553 petajoules

ONTARIO’S END-USE

ELECTRICITY DEMAND 2001

By source (percentage of total)

Industrial34.4%

Commercial33.2%

Residential32.2%

Transportation 0.2 %

Total end-use demand – 497 petajoules

http://www.oeb.gov.on.ca/html/en/abouttheoeb/statsandmaps.htm

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http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/0/85256d7a00686a5a85256bfe0057a212?OpenDocument

http://www.advancedbuildings.org/Daylighting Guide for Canadian Buildings Final6.pdf

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http://www.advancedbuildings.org/Daylighting%20Guide%20for%20Canadian%20Buildings%20Final6.pdf

http://www.advancedbuildings.org/Daylighting%20Guide%20for%20Canadian%20Buildings%20Final6.pdf





http://www.advancedbuildings.org/_frames/fr_t_vent_displ_vent.htm

http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/nlpip/tutorials/photosensors/comp.asp

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Daylighting Model

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http://www.squ1.com/site.html



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