Green Chemistry, Green Engineering, and
Sustainability
Martin A. AbrahamDean
College of Science, Technology, Engineering, and MathematicsYoungstown State University
Youngstown, OH 44555
Phone: 330.941.3009email: [email protected]
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Wastewater
Gasolineand other fuels
Plastics
Raw materialsEnergy
Air pollutantsHousehold products
Engineers create goods for society
An engineer is a person whose job is to design or build
Machines Engines or electrical
equipment, Roads, railways or bridges,
using scientific principles.
The manufacture of products that society desires is accompanied by the production of wastes, some of which cannot be avoided.
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Engineering has lead to substantial productivity growth
Affluence (3% income growth for last 100 years = Factor 20!)
Leisure - Factor 4: Doubled life expectancy with half the working time
Unprecedented quality and variety of products Unprecedented material use Unprecedented environmental impacts Global Change
Paradox 1:We need green engineers to solve the problems created by the success of engineering
Arnulf Grubler; ECI Green Engineering Conference, Sandestin, FL, May 2003
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Sustainability, Green Engineering & Green Chemistry
Sustainability Ecosystems Human Heath
Green Engineering Lifecycle Systems Metrics
Green Chemistry Reactions, catalysts Solvents Thermodynamics Toxicology
Sustainability
Green Engineering
GreenChemistry
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Green Engineering (EPA Definition)
Reuse or recycle
Energy recovery
Source reduction
Waste treatment
Secure disposal
P2 H
iera
rchy
The design, commercialization and use of processes & products that are feasible & economical while minimizing:
Generation of pollution at the source
Risk to human health & the environment
Decisions to protect human health and the environment have the greatest impact and cost effectiveness when applied early to the design and development phase.
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Green Engineering …
develops and implements technologically and economically viable products, processes, and systems.
transforms existing engineering disciplines and practices to those that promote sustainability.
incorporates environmental issues as a criterion in engineering solutions
promote human welfare protect human health protection of the biosphere.From the SanDestin Conference on Green
Engineering: Defining the Principles.
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Sustainability is …
A view of community that shows the links among its three parts: the economic part, the social part and the environmental part.
"..development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs" World Commission on the Environment and Development
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SanDestin Principles on Sustainable Engineering
1. Engineer processes and products holistically, use systems analysis, and integrate environmental impact assessment tools.
2. Conserve and improve natural ecosystems while protecting human health and well-being.
3. Use life cycle thinking in all engineering activities. 4. Ensure that all material and energy inputs and outputs are as
inherently safe and benign as possible. 5. Minimize depletion of natural resources. 6. Strive to prevent waste. 7. Develop and apply engineering solutions, while being cognizant of
local geography, aspirations and cultures. 8. Create engineering solutions beyond current or dominant
technologies; improve, innovate and invent (technologies) to achieve sustainability.
9. Actively engage communities and stakeholders in development of engineering solutions.
From the SanDestin Conference on Green Engineering: Defining the Principles.
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Sustainability is a systems problem
10Use of products
Extraction of Raw Materials
Processes
Disposal
Recycling
Products
Consider the Total Life Cycle
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Risk Assessment
Identification
Assessment
Planning
Response
Reporting
Risk is the probability of suffering harm or loss
Risk assessment can be applied to processes and products:
estimate the environmental impacts of specific chemicals on people and ecosystems;
prioritize chemicals that need to be minimized or eliminated.
optimize design to avoid or reduce environmental impacts;
assess feed and recycle streams based on risk and not volume.
RiskCharacterization
Data Collectionand Evaluation
Exposure Assessment
HazardAssessment
ExposureHazardRisk
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Metrics – What can be measured
Mass utilization Material intensity (Mass in product/Mass in raw materials) Atom economy Potential environmental impact
Energy utilization Energy intensity (per amount of product) Materials consumed to produce required energy
Sustainability metrics Eco-efficiency (Economic indicator/Environmental indicator) Ecological footprint
Sustainability Metrics: CalculationsSustainability Metrics: Calculations
Materials
Water Consumption
Energy
Toxics Dispersion
Pollutant Dispersion
Output:Output:Mass of Product or Sales Revenue or Value-addedMass of Product or Sales Revenue or Value-added
Land Use
Output
Product of Mass material raw of Mass
Output
usedr fresh wate of Volume
Output
usedenergy Net
Output
released pollutants of mass Total
Output
released toxicsrecognized of mass Total
Output
buildingsin or paved, covered, Land
The Sustainability Framework
ResourcesValues
Place
Lenses
Time
Environmental
Economic
Societal
Dim
ensi
ons
of S
ust
ain
abil
ity
Life Cycle Stages
Supply Production Use Fate
Adapted from BRIDGES to Sustainability, courtesy of Earl Beaver
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Development of Ecological Value
Parameters considered
•Raw Materials
•Energy consumption
•Land Use
•Emissions
•Toxicity
•Risk potential
Ecological footprint
0.00
0.50
1.00
Energy Consumption
Emissions
Toxicity Potential
Risk Potential
Raw Materials
Land Use
Ecological advantage
Relative environmental impact
Product 1
Product 2
Low
High
BASF
Sustainability Considerations
Resource Use
Environmental Impact
Health & Safety
Societal Impact
Economic Impact
Env
iron
-m
enta
lSo
cial
Eco
n.B
usin
ess
Pers
pect
ive
Energy use, material intensity, water use, land use
GHG emissions, air emissions, solid waste, (pollutant effects)
Toxic reduction, hazards, process safety
Workers’ well-being, local community impacts/QOL, global societal impacts/contributions
Financials along value-chain (corporate, customers, …)
Management
Business Strategy
Internal process, value-chain partnership, stakeholder engagement
SD alignment with biz strategy & core value, core competencies, market & regulatory drivers
AIChE Sustainability Index for the Chemical Industry
The AIChE Sustainability Index will serve as the premier technically informed benchmark for companies to measure their progress implementing sustainability.
The index is generated from publicly available data and the results will be subject to public scrutiny.
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1
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3
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Strategic Commitment
Safety Performance
Social Responsibility
Value Chain ManagementSustainability Innovation
Product Stewardship
Environmental Performance
Net Revenue > $10 Billion USD
Net Revenue < $10 Billion USD
Types of CostsTypes of Costs
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Cost Type Description Examples
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
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Negotiating costs
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Benefit Type Description Examples
Sustainable Energy??
04/22/23http://www.elmia.se/worldbioenergy/pdf/Mr%20Nystrom%20presentation.pdf
Twentieth century humans used 10 times more energy than their ancestors had in the 1000 years preceding 1900
71 % increase by 2030 World Energy Consumption
Distribution 80 % Fossil fuel 14 % Renewable (solar, wind,
biomass, etc) 6 % Nuclear
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Stabilization Wedges
Business As Usual
Source: Pacala and Socolow (Science 305, 968-972, 2004)
WedgesWedges Global scope 50-year time horizon Simple shapes (e.g. triangles) Existing technologies with large
potential (1 billion tons carbon per year after 50 years)
Goal of level emissions, followed by decrease
50 years 1 G
tC p
er
yr
avoid
ed
(3.7
GtC
O2 p
er
yr)
25 billion tons C (GtC)avoided (91.7 GtCO2)
2006 2056
1 wedge =1 wedge =
Solid-State Lighting…An example of environmental benefits
Brighter, cheaper, more efficient
lighting.sandia.gov
Light SourceLuminous Efficacy
(Lumen/Watt)
Lifetime (hr)
Incandescent bulb 16 1000
Fluorescent lamp 85 10,000
Today’s white LEDs 30 20,000
Future white LEDs 150-200 100,000
Doubling the average luminous efficacy of white lighting through the use of solid-state lighting would potentially: •Decrease by 50% the global amount of electricity used for lighting. •Decrease by 10% the total global consumption of electricity (projected to be about 1.8 TW-hr/year, or $120B/year, by the year 2025). •Free over 250 GW of electric generating capacity for other uses, saving about $100B in construction costs. •Reduce projected 2025 global carbon emissions by about 300 Mtons/year.
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Renewable resources
Widely available resources Bioproducts (e.g. sugar, corn) Inedible biomass Waste products, such as
cheese whey Municipal waste
Opportunities include: Chemicals production Bio-composites Energy (e.g. methanol,
biodiesel, H2)
Consumer
CO2
Bio- refinery
Chemical Industry
Biomass carbohydrates
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Understanding the energy impact of biomass conversion
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Moving towards sustainability
