Green Information Technolocy Presentation

Sustainable and Cheap ElectricityA Financial Understanding of the costs and benefits and possibilities for Green IT and Renewable Energy

By David LipschitzMy Power Station Technology cc

28th March 2012Phone: 021 551 9935; 087 2300 ESX; 082 900 5903

Email: [email protected]; skype: mypowerstation

(c) My Power Station Technology cc 2012Permission is given to copy parts of this presentation as long as the Author is referenced 1

mailto:[email protected]

Today’s (28 March 2012) News• President Jacob Zuma at the BRICS conference

seeking R1 trillion for the next 20 years infrastructure expansion program

• Other BRICS countries growing at 10% per annum after inflation; SA at 2%

• Should we leave everything to government?• Can they think in bigger numbers than us?• Should we allow the government to borrow R1

trillion with us citizens as surety?• Is there a better way?

(c) My Power Station Technology 2012 2

We’re in trouble!!• South Africa– No new base load power stations in the past 20

years– vs: China: 1 GW per week added to their grid!!!– China installed 18 GW of Wind in 2011; 40 GW

were installed worldwide. Zero in South Africa• Can you see where South Africa’s going?• New Coal Power Stations: only 10 GW– Electricity is already sold!!– 10.5 GW will be decommissioned in 2020’s


Agenda• ICT Electricity Challenges• Some Questions• Our Environment– We live in Exponential Times– ICT in Exponential Times

• Electricity– Can we rely on it?– Can we make it ourselves cost effectively?

• Q&A(c) My Power Station Technology 2012 4

ICT• Everything we do depends on electricity– We need security of supply– We need price certainty

• Therefore we need a game plan to make this a reality


ICT Electricity ChallengesFrom Oracle Day 17/3/2011

• IT Challenges– Server Sprawl; Power & Cooling– Under-utilised assets; High operating costs– Inefficient Server Room Space; Capital constraints

• By 2015– > 1 Bn more Internet Users; > 15 Billion Connected Devices

• In the past 5 years– 20 x CPU Performance increase per watt of electricity

• Cloud Computing– Saves 45 GW in 2015; Save $25 Bn IT spend in 2015


ICT Electricity Challenges• Storage: The nature of data is changing– 80% of data is unstructured, i.e. can’t be put into

rows and columns– 80% of data is never used after 90 days– 68% of co’s need 100 year archives– Left unchecked, storage management could reach

30% of IT spend• Storage consumes 40% of data power; Storage

Requirements growing at 20% pa• 15 copies of the same data is typical


ICT Electricity Challenges

• Tape– 10 US cents per GB in 2006– .1 US cents per GB in 2020

• Faster Tape• Facebook: 3 pictures stored for each upload


Some Questions• http://www.surveymonkey.com/s/NetMeterin

g-2012-12-22

• If you could make your own electricity cheaper than you could buy it, would you want to do this?

• Do you know what Net Metering is?• Do you want to make money and conserve the

environment?


http://www.surveymonkey.com/s/NetMetering-2012-12-22



VideoWe Live in Exponential Times

• 5 minutes• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=

lUMf7FWGdCw• This exponential growth depends on

exponential availability of inexpensive electricity


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lUMf7FWGdCw

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lUMf7FWGdCw

Our Environment: GDP• World GDP Growth


Our Environment: Electricity• Frost & Sullivan expects worldwide electricity

consumption to grow from 10.5 TWH (10,543 Billion kwh) in 1990

• To• Over 30 TWH in 2030• A Compound Annual Growth Rate of 3.6%• 150 years to 10 TWH, 40 years to 30 TWH• Source: Engineering News:

http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/electricity-consumption-to-increase-to-over-30-116-b-kwh-globally-in-2030-2009-04-17





Our Environment: Wind


In 2011 Capacity Installed: China 18GW; Doubled every year 2005 to 2009;Total Installed Wind Capacity Worldwide in 2011: 41,000 MW!World Wide Wind Total Installed Capacity: 238,000 MW (238 GW)

Our Environment• Photovoltaic (PV) Production


World Energy Growth Rates by SourcePercent Annual Average Growth


Solar Insolation Map


Germany: 2.4 ave peak sun hours per day; SA 5.9 (5 after derate factor)

Global Energy Resources


30 TWH in 2030

10 TWH in 1990

ICT Exponential Growth


Mobile Phones in AfricaExponential Growth

• 2011– 500,000,000 All Phones– 15,000,000 Smart Phones– 3%

• 2015– 850,000,000 All Phones (70% )– 127,500,000 Smart Phones (850% )– 15%

• Electricity Requirement Increase?• Source: NewsNow Magazine 17 November 2011


SA Mobile Data to Grow 49 Fold by 2016Exponential Growth

• Kevin Bloch, Cisco CTO, Engineering News, Friday 23rd March 2012

• http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/sa-mobile-data-to-grow-49-fold-by-2016-2012-03-23

• Consumer: 1,195 to 91,818 TB/m• Business: 895 TB/m to 10,747 TB/m• Total: 26 million DVD’s per month


http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/sa-mobile-data-to-grow-49-fold-by-2016-2012-03-23




Terminology• Grid Tie: an electrical system that is connected to the

government electricity grid• Reverse Feed / Embedded Generation: where someone

besides Eskom sells electricity to the Grid• Net Metering: where the consumer buys and sells

electricity at the same price• Feed In Tariff: where the Grid Operator / Utility pays the

“Embedded Generator” a higher rate to feed the grid• Time of Use Metering: where electricity is bought (and

sold) at different rates depending on grid demand (during off-peak, standard time, and peak-time, or in the future on a second by second basis)

• Inverter / Grid Tied Inverter: Changes DC to AC electricity• Island: allows a grid-tie inverter to operate during a power

failure, whilst isolating it from the grid(c) My Power Station Technology 2012 24

Can we produce electricity cheaper than we can buy it?

Whiteboard / Word• Assumptions:

– City of Cape Town– Borrowing at 10% interest rate over 20 years– Rooftop PV Systems– 3 bedroom, 4 person household using 1,200 kwh per month

• Homeowner– R1.29 per kwh 16% R1.50

• Business owner– R1.02 per kwh 16% R1.18 + 1 cent (additional) levy + R120 per

ton carbon tax, ie 12 cents per kwh R1.31 28%• More Info: R1,800; R182,400; 8 KW; R22.80; R182,400; R20 per watt?

How?(c) My Power Station Technology 2012 25

You could show your board of directors how to:

• 1) Understand the possibilities of RE• 2) Reduce Consumption• 3) Raise Awareness, Training, Knowledge• 4) Increase Energy Efficiency• 5) Produce Electricity?– What will it cost per kilowatt?– What will it cost per kwh?– What are we paying now per kwh?


The real savings in being energy independent (kw vs kwh)

• If you spend R1m a year on electricity• And you can install your own system for

R900,000 per year• What would you prefer?

• If you buy your own system, then at 10% per annum over 20 years, the R900,000 equates to a capital cost of R7.5M


The Cherry on Top

• Once you’ve paid off the system, it is YOURS• Your electricity cost doesn’t increase every

year …☞ … which means that you can plan for the future!

• E.g.: you can save 50%+ of your electricity cost over 20 years


Opportunity to sell electricity

• To Cities, Eskom, other users• Especially at peak time– Average electricity cost to City of Cape Town is 55

cents per kwh– E.g.: Ankerlig near Atlantis produces 1,350 MW,

uses 25,000 litres of diesel per minute, at a cost of between R4 and R11 per kwh

– So, we can produce at R1.32 per kwh and sell at R3 per kwh!


Buying and Producing ElectricityGraph in Rand per kwh

(c) My Power Station Technology 2012

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012R0.00

R1.00

R2.00

R3.00

R4.00

R5.00

R6.00

R0.57R0.77

R0.95R1.14

R1.32

R5.56

R3.89

R2.00

R1.56R1.32

City of Cape Town - When do we get to "Grid Parity"?ie when can we make our own electricity cheaper than we can buy

it?For Homeowners using 1,200kwh or more. Plus some other assump-

tions.Green Line is production using Net Metering. The red line is buying.

kwh cost of buying kwh cost of manufacturing

NegaWatts, not MegaWatts


PV = Photovoltaic SystemEE = Energy Efficiency: Spend to saveER = Eskom ESCO Rebate (approximate)

NegaWatts = Negative Watts

Next Steps …• We would like to present to you and your

Board to save your company a huge amount of money and to guarantee sustainability in your electricity supply!

• Please contact me, David Lipschitz, at:– 021 551 9935; 082 900 5903– [email protected]




Buying and Selling Electricity

• Buying– From our “Utility”: e.g. City of Cape Town or Eskom

• Selling– If we produce electricity and we have excess we

can sell electricity• 1 KW Rooftop PV example• Payment Systems


Government and Citizens

• “Embedded Energy” Generation Legislation Already Exists

• SABS: NRS 097-01-2010 (December)• NERSA: Embedded Generation (2011)• Waiting for:– Eskom adoption– City adoption– Business and Homeowner adoption


What is PV?


What is a Grid Tie Inverter?


What is an Island?


80,000 Watt with Sunny Boys


This is what a Renewable Energy System (without batteries) Looks Like …


PV Array

CombinerBox

Grid Tie Inverter DB BoardMains

Utility

[Schematic excludes Grounding Systems; DC & AC Disconnect; Fuses; etc.]

Start here …

This is what a Renewable Energy System (with batteries) Looks Like …


PV Array

CombinerBox

Solar Charge Controller Battery Bank

Inverter / Charger(Island System)

DB BoardMains

DB Board Backup Loads

Utility

[Schematic excludes Grounding Systems; DC & AC Disconnect; Fuses; etc.]

Start here …

Grid Tie Island System


Grid Tie Island Schematic


Grid Tie Island Circuit Schematic


Battery Only System


Watch Battery System Installation Videohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LT1AF4ycAQY

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LT1AF4ycAQY


Benefits of Renewable Energy and Electricity Efficiency

• Security of supply– Can we rely on our Utility, Eskom?– Should we rely on Eskom?

• Money saving– Can we reduce our costs and increase our profits?

• Budget planning is made easier– Future electrical costing is easier– Not at the mercy of Eskom’s price increases


To reduce consumption

• We must measure– Electricity (kWH, kVA, Voltage, Current, Power

Factor)– Water (kl; Temperature (In, Out, Ring Main Return,

Air Temperature))– Heating– Cooling– Insolation– By second, minute, and graphs


To reduce consumption

• We must compare– All consumptions against invoices received– Correct?– Are we on the right tariff?– Besides saving can we produce?


Measure - SMART energy"If you can not measure it, you can not improve it.", Lord Kelvin

What your electricity measurement should do

• Real time reporting• Onboard reporting• Long term data collection• RS-232 communication to

database via GSM, Wifi or Ethernet modules

• SMART control for geyser heating and pool pumps

• Load shifting and DMS• SMART geyser element

management

Assumptions

• All prices include VAT• Buying prices are for a “standard” 3 bedroom 4 person

household that uses 1,200 kwh per month and currently pays R1,548 per month in the City of Cape Town, ie Tariff (price) R1.29 per kwh

• Interest rates at 10% average and borrowing over 20 years• Our “utility” is the City of Cape Town.• Prices increase by 16% in July 2012 to R1.50 per kwh and the

“standard” house will be paying about R1,800 per month.


Hypothesis Development

• Hypothesis– We have an idea and want to see if the idea is true– The idea is the Hypothesis

• Our hypothesis– Can we produce our own electricity cheaper than

we can buy it?– How can we implement it?


Hypothesis Development: Page 1

• 1) Current Elec Charge: R1.29 per kwh• 2) Increasing 16% to R1.50 per kwh in July ’12• 3) 1,200 kwh * R1.50 = R1,800• 4) R1,800 over 20 years at 10% => R182,400• 5) R182,400 buys 8 kW of PV– 1,200 per month * 12 months / 365 days / 5 peak sun

hours = 8 KW

• 6) 8 kW of PV using “Net Metering” (NM) is 1,200 kwh per month!

(c) My Power Station Technology 2012EQUALITY

“The Grid is our battery”

• Let’s suppose we need 40 kwh per day• And there are 5 sun hours per day in Cape

Town• We need an 8 KW PV array• We produce our entire day’s requirement in 5

hours• After hours we get our requirement from our

“utility”


EQUALITY• How did we get to Equality (Grid Parity)?• Who helped?– Germany (G): Feed In Tariffs since 1991– Still the largest installed base of PV panels (roof

top, building integrated, farm, etc)– 370,000 people employed in RE in G in 2010– Targeted 20% RE by 2020• Achieved this in 2011!• Now targeting 35% by 2020• Solved the “Grid Destabilisation” problem in 2011


July 2012

• March 2011: R1.29 per kwh for a house which uses 1,200 kwh per month

• In July 2012, 16% increase -> R1.50 per kwh• Ie, buy electricity at R1.50 per kwh• And we can produce at R1.50 per kwh!!• So we will have reached Grid Parity EQUALITY


Buying and Selling ElectricityAt what rate

• Buy at R1.50 per kwh• Sell at R1.50 per kwh• How? Explain “the meter goes backwards at the same speed”

• If we buy at R1.50 and sell at R1.50 this is called:– Net Metering

• The Grid is our “battery”• If we buy at R1.50 and sell at R3.94, then the R3.94 is

called a Feed In Tariff• We can also buy at R1.50 and sell at R1 at off peak

time and R3 at peak time.(c) My Power Station Technology 2012 58

Hypothesis Development: Page 2

• 7) But CoCT won’t allow NM because … even though …

• 8) They say we must wait until Feb 2014!• 9) So what can we do about it?• 10) Work together. Create Private Grids• 11) How– Create a City Improvement District– Large users already have clout


Hypothesis DevelopmentPage 312) Strength in Numbers

• Look at Electricity Paid by MRA members:• 1,200 kwh per house is R1,800 per month• 1,200 kwh * 2000 (houses) = 2,400,000 kwh• R1,800 * 2000 = R3,600,000 per month• If we could all buy together (interdependence)

we would be one of the City’s biggest customers and could negotiate better tariffs

• MRA = Milnerton Residents Association


Hypothesis Development: Page 4• 13) CID: City Improvement District– 2,000 houses at somewhere between R130,000

and R180,000 each– Electricity Meters + Electricity Management +

Geyser Management + Incentives for Behaviour Change

• 14) Working together:– Lower Cost of Ownership– Eskom Rebate: ~ R29 per 10% saving per month

per house


More Questions

• Net Metering and Reverse Feed• Do you know that the Cities don’t want to

allow Net Metering?• They think they will lose electricity revenue

– They get up to 90% of their revenue from electricity sales

• According to David Murrin, for GDP Growth, we need: people growth; resources; electricity

• How can we get around this problem?


The City of Cape Town (CoCT)

• Brian Jones (Head: Green Energy) says that Net Metering will be made available in Feb 2014

• Believes Net Metering will reduce their electricity revenue. 60% of revenue from electricity

• Can’t see the Benefits: huge jobs growth, employment, less crime, higher taxes

• In California, Germany, China, the more RE that is installed the faster the economy grows and the more electricity is sold


Countries with Net Metering

• 13 Countries + 42 USA States• More than 20 years experience– Were already running in 1991


How can we get around the problem of the City of Cape Town

not allowing Net Metering?

• Create Private Grids• Work Together (Interdependence)• Do Internal Net Metering• Don’t Reverse Feed the Transformers• Do Cluster Electricity Saving


Implementing Cluster Electricity Saving

• Methodology developed by David Lipschitz and a team from Achievement Awards Group

• Submitted to the Eskom Open Innovation Pilot Project in 2011

• See next slide



But what about “Night”?• For Night and Cloudy Days we will need

batteries and we will need to import electricity from the CoCT, preferably at “off peak time”

• We also need to prevent reverse feed because the CoCT won’t allow Reverse Feed

• So we need “Islands” & Batteries & Behaviour Change

• AND we need Energy Efficiency• We can save up to 77% of our electricity

requirement – and Eskom has an incentive for this (c) My Power Station Technology 2012 68

RE Example and Effect of EE


House Loads 1200 kwh/month Ball Park Number for Grid Tie Rand per kwhPeak Average Sun Hours 5 h with Battery Backup R 60.00 R 1.06Estimated W installed 7890 Electricity Cost pa R 15,264.00Estimated Rand Value R 473,424.66 kwh/pa 14400New Electricity Use Effi ciency Electrical

Cost Saving Equipment Savings Water Savings Savings paAwareness R 899.00 15% R 71,013.70 pa R 2,289.60Insulation - roof / ceiling R 3,000.00 10% R 47,342.47 R 1,526.40Insulation - pool cover R 36,000.00 7% R 30,772.60 R 1,869.60 R 992.16Pool Pumps R 3,000.00 10% R 46,800.00 R 1,508.91Fridge R 5,000.00 4% R 16,800.00 R 541.66SWH R 30,000.00 25% R 118,356.16 R 3,816.00Gas cooking

Totals R 77,899.00 70% R 331,084.93 R 10,674.73New Rands New W Rqd

New Estimate 473-331k+78k R 220,238.73 R 142,339.73 2372.3New pool cover every 5 years; Pool Size: 50 sq m; Roof Size: 100 sq m; Elec savings higher if inflation includedInverters life expectancy is 15 yrs. Replacement Not included.Gas Cooking: probably no savings, but reduces peak electricity demand.Battery Ineffi ciency = 20%; Grid Tie Ineffi ciency = 6%. R60 per watt incl ineffi ciencies. For 20 years20kl Water Usage for Pool Per Month for 6 Months @ R15.58 R 1,869.60 R 37,392.00

MandelatonCommunity Improvement District


• Some more calculations and slides


Why We’re here today

• We are reaching “Grid Parity” assuming Net Metering is allowed

• Understand terminology• Ask questions:• Can we work together to save money?• Should we continue to accept the “status quo”?• Should we continue to wait for government?• Can we really produce electricity cheaper than we

can buy it?(c) My Power Station Technology 2012 72

Steps to CES• 1) Historically– Utility (Eskom) -> CoCT -> Consumers

• 2) Invent systems and reduce prices– Grid Tie Inverters; Reverse Feed; Max. Production– Feed In Tariffs

• 3) Achieve Grid Parity– Payment Systems, eg Net Metering (NM)

• 4) But, CoCT doesn’t want NM (why)• 5) So, create Private Grids (Clusters)


Next Year (July 2013)

• Expectation of another 16% increase from R1.50 per kwh to R1.74 per kwh

• Takes “standard” house to R2,088 per month.• If we buy now, we have fixed our electricity

price at R1.50 per kwh for 20 years. Plus an allowance for repairs and maintenance and insurance


Per House PV• 1,200 kwh per month is 40 kwh per day (1,200

* 12 months / 365 days)• Average Sun Hours in Cape Town is 5.9• Germany 2.4!!• Derate Factor from DC to AC 16%, ie we have 5

Average Sun Hours in Cape Town• 40 kwh per day / 5 implies an 8 kW PV System• At R25 per watt = R200,000 per house• At R20 per watt = R160,000 per house


2000 Houses PV

• 2000 * R160,000 = R320,000,000• How can we reduce this R160,000?• Energy Efficiency• R60,000 to reduce our electricity consumption

by 70%• 40% of 8 kW is 3 kW * R20 per watt = R60,000

plus R60,000 = R120,000 instead of R160,000• Total Project Value is R240,000,000


What do we get?

• At R20 per watt, for 8 KW, our cost is R160,000 and our repayments are about R1,600 per month

• Compare 1,200 * R1.50 = R1,800.• With EE, we can reduce our cost and install

battery banks• R1,600 * 2000 = R3,200,000 per month


Eskom• Eskom wants us to Save• Will pay approximately R29 per month per

10% saving assuming we start with 1,200 kwh house. Not much per house and we can’t get it if we work alone

• But together:• 2000 Houses: R58,000 per month for 10%• R580,000 per month for 100%. Brings

R3,200,000 down to R2,620,000. An 18% discount.


Clients

• Some people have already asked me if they can buy our excess electricity

• This can be done using “Retail Wheeling”• The CoCT has Wheeling Tariffs:– 7.78 to 12.68 cents per kwh


How to get started?• Mandelaton CID– Community Improvement District

• Milnerton Proper; Woodbridge Island; Lagoon Beach; Joe Slovo / Phoenix; Sunset Beach

• Measure: 2,000 meters * R3,000 each installed– Incl, Voltage, Current, Peak Demand,– Can tell what’s running by looking at “profiles”– Can control Geyser– Can switch loads on and off (DSM and rebates)– Is Wireless, so user needs internet connection

• Design, Finance, Implement, Insure, Maintain(c) My Power Station Technology 2012 80

PV Design and EE Presentation


About David

• Is it possible to have a reducing cost of living?• i.e.:– To increase our available money to spend / profit– To cut our carbon / environmental footprint– To become more healthy and wealthy– To plan for “retirement”– So that we don’t need to fear the future!


Cyclical vs Linear Systems• Can mother nature help us with our thinking?• Nature– Cyclical– All waste is reused

• Human– Linear– Assumes infinite, low cost, resources

• If we consider Zero Waste as our benchmark, then thinking about RE and total lifecycle costs becomes easier.

• Watch “The Story of Stuff” video on Youtube.


Measure


Advanced Measuring


Peak Shaving / Load Shifting


With thanks to Scott Anderson, VerdeStrategy, Slideshare Presentation.

For Peak Demand Management, ESX uses Generators (eg Synchronised Switching / Load Control),Batteries, Load Shifting, Power Saving Methods (eg Power Factor Correction),to reduce peak demand (kVA).

Power Factor Correction is cost effective and the easiest form of energy management thatdoesn’t effect production. For pumping, consider variable speed drives.

Things to Consider When One is Designing a Renewable Energy System …

• Determining the Area of the Solar PV Array:– Sun hits earth’s surface at 1000 Watts Per Square

Meter• Cell / Module / Panel Efficiency

– Monocrystalline is 19%– Polycrystalline is 15% (mainly used in RSA)– Thin Film is 9%, although new tech at 22%– 60 Watts per square meter design number to be safe, 1.6 Hectares per MW

• Grid Tie Inverter– Efficiency is 94%

• Battery Based Systems– Efficiency of 40% to 80%


Variables to considerdesigning and sizing systems

• Slope of roof/panels: Latitude in South Africa– 34 degrees in Cape Town– 26 degrees in Joburg

• Azimuth (angle to the sun): Prefer True North• Average Peak Sun Hours• For Solar Water Heaters: does it freeze?• For Photovoltaics: minimum temperature– Determines maximum voltage

• Shading, Voltage Drops, Cabling, Fuses(c) My Power Station Technology 2012 89

Insulation: Thermal ConductivityBuilding Design

(c) My Power Station Technology 2012 90Aluminium lets through 1000 times more energy than wood !!

Quotes (Estimates) and Designs

• We quote the following prices to install a Renewable Energy System:– Grid tie: Quoted at R25 per watt (plus VAT)– Grid tie with 4 hours battery backup: R50 per watt

– 4 hours of battery backup for “battery” or “critical” loads, e.g. Computers, Lights, TV, Garage Door, Gate

– Can add air conditioning and other heavier loads

– Battery Only: R80 per watt– These numbers have come down up to 22% this

year and are deemed to reduce further


Quotes (Estimates) and Designs

• A formal design is necessary and is chargeable• Designs include:– On site visit, if possible– An electricity meter– Detailed equipment specification– Ensure client has sufficient roof or land space– Price confirmation with suppliers, etc.– If client buys from us, we credit the design fee


Grid tie with battery backup - Design

• Calculate Battery Requirements:– Look at battery load requirements – kilowatts and

hours used• Computers; lights; TV; garage doors; gates• e.g.: Total per day = 5KWH = 5000 WH• e.g. 48 Volt battery bank = 5000 / 48 = 104 Amp Hours

– Double 104 Amp Hours for 50% Depth of Discharge

– Allow 20% for battery losses– I.e. 250 AH (104 * 2 * 1.2 (20% “battery” losses)) at 48Volt


Sizing the Renewable Energy System• We ask the client for 12 months electricity readings in kwh

and in Rands• Eg: 3 bedroom house with a family of 4: 1,200 kwh per

month equals 14,400 kwh per annum• Divided by 365 = 39.5 kwh per day• Divided by 5 (i.e. average peak sun hours in S A) = 7.9

• London, England: has 2.24 ave. peak sun hours per day; we get 18 KW system

• 7,9 Kw X R60/Watt is R474, 000• CAPEX of R474, 000 has repayments of approx R4,600pm (10% pa over

20 years), divided by 1200kwh = R3.83/kwh• Sun hours should be per site, e.g. 5.7 in Cape Town; 8.2 in Upington, etc.


RE Example and Effect of EE


House Loads 1200 kwh/month Ball Park Number for Grid Tie Rand per kwhPeak Average Sun Hours 5 h with Battery Backup R 60.00 R 1.06Estimated W installed 7890 Electricity Cost pa R 15,264.00Estimated Rand Value R 473,424.66 kwh/pa 14400New Electricity Use Effi ciency Electrical

Cost Saving Equipment Savings Water Savings Savings paAwareness R 899.00 15% R 71,013.70 pa R 2,289.60Insulation - roof / ceiling R 3,000.00 10% R 47,342.47 R 1,526.40Insulation - pool cover R 36,000.00 7% R 30,772.60 R 1,869.60 R 992.16Pool Pumps R 3,000.00 10% R 46,800.00 R 1,508.91Fridge R 5,000.00 4% R 16,800.00 R 541.66SWH R 30,000.00 25% R 118,356.16 R 3,816.00Gas cooking

Totals R 77,899.00 70% R 331,084.93 R 10,674.73New Rands New W Rqd

New Estimate 473-331k+78k R 220,238.73 R 142,339.73 2372.3New pool cover every 5 years; Pool Size: 50 sq m; Roof Size: 100 sq m; Elec savings higher if inflation includedInverters life expectancy is 15 yrs. Replacement Not included.Gas Cooking: probably no savings, but reduces peak electricity demand.Battery Ineffi ciency = 20%; Grid Tie Ineffi ciency = 6%. R60 per watt incl ineffi ciencies. For 20 years20kl Water Usage for Pool Per Month for 6 Months @ R15.58 R 1,869.60 R 37,392.00

How does the Client pay for this?• R220,238 (for 2.4kw system) at 10% for 20 years is R2,125 per month• R2,125 / 1200 kwh is R1.77 per kwh

– R1.77 is fixed for 20 years!

• 2010 mid-tariff in CoCT is R1.06; 2011: R1.33; 2012: R1.66; 2013: R1.83 (25%x2; 10%x1)

• Cost of nuclear is R60 per watt: ie govt avoids paying 2400w*R60pw = R144,000.• OR govt avoids building 5,523 W of power stations = R331,380• Germany: 50% rebate = R110,119• Zero VAT: VAT in R220,238 is R27,046 –> ie: zero VAT on RE investments

– VAT=5% on RE equipment in UK

• Total refunds: R110,119 + R27,046 = R137,165• i.e. R137K, compared with R144K for nuclear

– Takes 1 month to design, install and commission the RE system; 12 years (+) for nuclear

• Further incentives:– 1) Net Metering; 2) Feed In Tariffs; 3) Bigger battery bank so that more off-grid availability– Give incentives for electricity draw outside peak periods– Smart grid so that private “IPPs” can disconnect from grid when required or even supply the grid

when required


What We do

• Please call us if you need help– Getting EE & RE into your business– Training / awareness programs– Energy Management– Electricity Measurement and Control– Designing Renewable Energy Systems– Installing Renewable Energy Systems


Companies with which MPST works

• Electric Assemblies: Electrical Engineers• SolarSells: Design and Install PV Systems• Silver Solutions: Solar Water Heating• MPST: Sales, Support, Finance, Project

Management


Electrical Engineering• Doug Young: Electrical Engineer• Energy Management• Electric Assemblies– Power Factor Correction– DB Boards up to MW– Transformers and Mini-Subs (switchgears low and high voltage)

– Generators and Co-Generation– Load Shedding– Infra red Surveys

• Contact: 021 552 3023; 083 658 2983; [email protected]


SolarSells• Peter Burden• RE Design, Install• Inverter Expert• 57 Projects from May 2008 till August 2011– 200 Watts to 36 KW– Grid Tie, Roof Top, Ground Mounted, Water

Pumping, Micro-Hydro, Wind Turbines• Contact: 011 794 3551; 071 686 5086; [email protected]


Silver Solutions

• Klint Munton• Solar Water Heating Systems• Heat Pumps• Solar Cookers• Kits• Water Saving Systems• Lighting• Contact: 021 790 5193; 082 463 7881; [email protected]



David Lipschitz• BSc (Honours) MBA• ESX Energy Saving Experts (Pty) Ltd CEO• My Power Station Technology cc: Energy Expert, Software Developer• Grid-Tied Photovoltaics Course: Feb 2009, Phoenix, AZ, USA• NABCEP Level 1 Certification

– North American Board of Certified Energy Practitioners

• Additional related technical training• Spoke / Chaired Energy Efficiency conference 2010• Spoke at Various other Energy Conferences• Presented in Parliament re. Climate Change Hearings• Presented to Parliament re. IRP2010 Hearings• Presented at Powering Africa Strategy Summit in November 2011• Contact Details:

– 021 551 9935– 082 900 5903– [email protected]


Appendices:

• Appendices consist of:– Further definitions– Calculations– Quoting and design process


The Cost Unserved Electricity

• A company with a turnover of R100m per annum working 24 hours per day 7 days a week has an hourly turnover of R11,415.

• If that hour is lost, the possible loss is R11,415.• This is the cost of unserved electricity.• If the co works working hours 200 days a year, the

cost is R62,500 per hour• The cost might be lower than this, as you might want

to only look at profit, or you might be able to catch up, but at what price?


Energy Efficiency

• 1) Tariffs– Maybe most people don’t consider this to be

efficiency, but anything that saves the client money is efficiency

– Checking that the client is on the right tariff can save significant Rands and Cents and makes sense

– If the client is a factory, then considering peak demand and moving it into an off-peak period can also save significantly


Energy Efficiency• 2) Awareness

– Something for nothing?– Measure, become aware– Reduce electricity consumption

by 15% to 20%– If 15%, then 14,400 kwh per annum * .85 = 12,240 kwh per annum / 365 / 5 =

6.7 KWH per day– At R60 per watt = R402,000, so we’ve just gone from R480,000 to R402,000.– The client can buy a single phase electricity meter for R899 or three phase for

R1199– So for an RE system, an investment of R899 could provide a saving of R78,000– An excellent investment, and even if they don’t buy an RE system, they could

still save R15,552 per annum (at R1.08 per kwh) * 15% = R2332.80 per annum.


Master = InverterInstant Readings

Energy Efficiency• 3) Insulation• Insulation for a 100 square meter house might cost R3000

– One of the SA web sites says that heating and cooling bills might be reduced by between 40% and 70% with insulation

• Not insulation– normal uninsulated ceiling has an R-value of 1– R-38 will have an R-value of 39 (ie 38+1), and will let through 1/39 (2.5%) of the amount of

heat or cold• Loft stairs

– R-38 in 99 m2 of 100 m2 ceiling– Ie 90 m2 at R-38 and 1 m2 at R-1– Plug into formula, gives ave. R-value of R-36– Because 1% of the attic is uninsulated, the average R-value of the entire attic drops by 27%.– See appendix for formula

• If 20% of your electricity bill is heating and cooling, then a 50% saving is 10% of your bill which R120 per month. 10% of R480,000 is R48,000.


Energy Efficiency• 4) Pool Cover

– A pool pump might run for about 9 hours a day in summer and 2 hours a day in winter.

– A pool cover can halve this and reduce evaporation by 90% and reduce chemicals by 60%.

– With RE: Let’s assume a 900 Watt pump. 9 hours a day for 3 months, 6 hours for 6 months and 2 hours for 3 months = 1872 kwh per year / 2 = 936 kwh per year saved => .5 kw = R32,500 and a pool cover for a 10 meter by 4 meter pool including wind up mechanism is about R12,000. Unfortunately the pool cover might only last 5 years, so that means 4 pool covers in this time making R12,000 + R8,000 * 3 = R36,000.

– No RE: 936 kwh = R1010 per annum, so on an electricity only basis it doesn’t make sense, but if you add water, then 20 kilolitres per month for 6 months = 120 kilolitres at the highest rate of R15.58 is R1869 per annum. So R1010 plus R1,869 = R2,879 which makes it look more affordable. R36,000 is R1,800 per annum. Prices exclude increases.


Energy Efficiency

• 5) Pool Pump– One pump on for 9 hours per day in summer– At 1kw = 9 KWH (with sand filter)– Second pump at 150 Watts (with paper filter)– 1kw for 3 hours and 150 watts for 6 hours = 3.9 KWH– Saves R4.20 per day -> R1537.38– Pump costs R1,500 plus fittings. Pays for itself in two

years– Reduces grid tie cost from R81,000 to R35,000


Energy Efficiency6) Fridge

• 15 year old fridge: 2.4 kwh per day and battery backup at night if necessary; 4 hours if working based on load shedding / power failures

• new fridge: 1 kwh per day• Remember: 5 kwh per day -> 1kw system -> R45,000 for grid tie• 2.4 kwh production needs R21,600 with grid tie• 1 kwh production needs R9,000• New AC Fridge costs R5,000 upwards• With grid-tie we use the grid like a battery• new 115W when running; old fridge 200W

– changes inverter size


Battery Sizing re Fridge

Old Fridge: 2.4 kwh per day• 5 ave. peak sun hours• Fridge on 24 hours a day• Uses 100 watts per hour• 876 kwh per annum = R928 per annum (Mar ‘10)• 500 wh during day• 1900 wh at “night”• 24 volt batteries• 1900wh / 24 v = 79 AH at night

• 79 / 5 = 15.8 Amps charging required + 100 w / 24 = 4.2 for during the day -> 20 Amps of Solar Panels Rqd

• PV: 480 w * R25 per watt = R12,000• 158 (79*2) AH battery (R4624 for 4 x 12 V @ 100AH)• Plus MPPT / Regulator: Phocos 30 Amp R2,218• Fridge cost: R3,000• PV Cost: R18,842 (1 day of “autonomy”) -> R22,610• Fridge + PV: R25,610• 10 years Electricity Cost: R20,850 (25%*2; then 10%)

• Calculations exclude inefficiencies

New Fridge: 1 kwh per day• 5 ave. peak sun hours• Fridge on 24 hours a day• Uses 42 watts per hour• 365 kwh per annum = R387 per annum (Mar ‘10)• 208 wh during “day”• 792 wh at “night”• 24 volt batteries• 792wh / 24 = 33 AH at night• 33 / 5 = 6.6 Amps charging required + 42 w / 24 = 1.8 for

during the day -> 8.4 Amps of Solar Panels Rqd• PV: 200 w * R25 per watt = R5,000• 66 (33*2) AH battery (R2312 for 2 x 12 V @ 100AH)

• Plus MPPT / Regulator: Phocos 30 Amp R2,218• Fridge cost: R5,000• PV Cost: R9,530 + 20% for cabling, etc: R11,436• Fridge + PV: R16,436• 10 years Electricity Cost: R8,695• Calculations exclude inefficiencies• Or fridge + electricity = R13,695 (no PV)

“PV Cost” + 20% gives all equipment cost (uninstalled); if your fridge was made before 2001, you should consider replacing it


Energy Efficiency• 5) Solar Water Heating• Typically ¼ to 1/2 of electricity is water heating• 1200 kwh per month -> 39.5 kwh per day / 5 sun hours = 8 KW system required• 39.4 kwh / 4 = 10 kwh of electricity rqd for water heating• OR ¼ of 8 KW = 2 KW• 10 kwh of PV = 2 kwh of electricity = R120,000 (R90,000 for Grid Tie)• 10 kwh of SWH = R30,000 (2 x 150 litre R15,000 systems)• Saving = R60,000 to R90,000; saving is higher if half of electricity use is SWH• Note: 4 people * 50 litres per day = 200 litres of hot water per day, but most

systems are undersized, hence I suggest two 200 litre systems• No batteries in SWH! Backup with electricity or gas.

• One can also look at heat pumps, eg where solar panels cannot be fitted or in areas where it makes more sense to have a heat pump


Battery System Sizing• AC Average Daily Load / Inverter Efficiency + DC Average Daily Load / DC System

Voltage = Average Amp-hours/Day• Average Amp-hours/day * Days of Autonomy / Discharge Limit / Battery AH

Capacity = Batteries in Parallel• DC System Voltage / Battery Voltage = Batteries in Series * Batteries in Parallel =

Total Batteries• Eg: Computer on for 4 hours; lights 4; TV 4; Garage, etc 1 hour (Assuming 12 Volt

100 AH batteries are used in “battery backup configuration”– ((2520 wh / 0.9) + N/A) / 12 = 233 AH/day for 4 hours per day– 233 * 1 / .5 / 100 = 5 batteries in parallel– 12 / 12 = 1 * 5 = 5 batteries, 5 x 12 Volt batteries in parallel, but we should never have

more than 4 batteries in parallel, so change to 24 Volt system– 2520 / 0.9 / 24 = 116 AH/day– 116 * 1 / .5 / 100 = 3 batteries in parallel– 24 / 12 = 2 * 3 = 6 batteries; ie 2 x 12 Volt in Series @ 100 AH with 3 in parallels gives us

24 Volts * 300 AH = 600AH with 300AH available.


Energy Consulting

• Two processes:– Process 1:

• Someone who is off grid, doesn’t know what their electricity consumption is or will be

• We estimate their consumption by looking at each appliance they will use and then calculate their needs

– Process 2:• Someone who is connected to the grid• Process 1 is important because that is where Renewable

Energy really started and is pretty much where South Africa is today.


Designs• We charge R5,000 plus VAT for a design for a private houses and for systems up to 10KW.

Above 10 KW we charge R29,750 plus VAT, excludes EIAs, Engineering or Architect Fees.• Why we charge for designs?

– A design includes a site visit, a formal design with a parts list, an Efergy electricity meter so that the client can become aware of their electricity use and reduce it, and an energy efficiency exercise

– If the client buys a system from us and the value of the system is over R80,000, we discount their installed price by the fee.

– This is fair as the design requires experience and designs in IT, Architecture, etc, aren’t free. Designs can take up to 3 days. All prices and equipment needs to be checked. If we do 10 designs and then someone buys from us, we need to constantly increase the prices of the systems to recover our sales cost investment; this means that we either go out of business or run at a loss, which isn’t in our or our clients bests interests

– We need to recover our educational investment of over R2 million so far in ensuring that we install systems that meet electricity needs, are properly grounded, cable sizes are correct, the proper circuit breakers and fuses are used, etc. At the moment we follow the USA NEC article 690 RE guidelines as far as possible as there aren’t guidelines in South Africa, although there are DC guidelines.

– Update November 2011: NERSA have published RFD Embedded Generation which refers to NRS 097-2-1:2010 (Grid Interconnection Of Embedded Generation). We are now waiting for implementation by Eskom and the Cities.


Research


Do wind turbines kill birds?


Energy Efficiency Labeling


Bibliography - Mindmaps

• Renewables and Sustainability Mindmap by David Lipschitz: https://www.mindmeister.com/maps/show/13046747

• Domestic Energy Independence by David Lipschitz: https://www.mindmeister.com/maps/show/47331785

• Living Without Grids – a survival mechanism by David Lipschitz: https://www.mindmeister.com/maps/show/14204830


https://www.mindmeister.com/maps/show/13046747






Bibliography - other

• Insulation– http://blog.mapawatt.com/2011/01/10/insulate-y

our-attic-stairs– http://ths.gardenweb.com/forums/load/remodel/

msg1016555621901.html– http://www.energyvanguard.com/blog-building-sc

ience-HERS-BPI/bid/34932/Attic-Stairs-A-Mind-Blowing-Hole-in-Your-Building-Envelope


http://blog.mapawatt.com/2011/01/10/insulate-your-attic-stairs



http://ths.gardenweb.com/forums/load/remodel/msg1016555621901.html

http://ths.gardenweb.com/forums/load/remodel/msg1016555621901.html

http://www.energyvanguard.com/blog-building-science-HERS-BPI/bid/34932/Attic-Stairs-A-Mind-Blowing-Hole-in-Your-Building-Envelope



Bibliography - SWH

• SWH Check List: http://www.interactmedia.co.za/images/stories/downloads/solar%20checklist.pdf

• The Story of Stuff (linear vs circular systems): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gLBE5QAYXp8


http://www.interactmedia.co.za/images/stories/downloads/solar%20checklist.pdf

http://www.interactmedia.co.za/images/stories/downloads/solar%20checklist.pdf

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gLBE5QAYXp8

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gLBE5QAYXp8

Project Video and Example

• Gecko Rock– Specification:

http://mypowerstation.co.za/2010/09/16/my-power-station-completes-installation-of-power-station-at-gecko-rock-press-release-16th-september-2010/

– Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LT1AF4ycAQY








Other Resources

• Total Installed Electricity Capacity Worldwide: http://www.steamtablesonline.com/electricity/electricity-installed-capacity.aspx

• Eco Economy Indicators: http://www.earth-policy.org

• Insolation Map: http://www.earth-policy.org/indicators/C49/wind_power_2012


http://www.steamtablesonline.com/electricity/electricity-installed-capacity.aspx



http://www.earth-policy.org/

http://www.earth-policy.org/

http://www.earth-policy.org/indicators/C49/wind_power_2012

http://www.earth-policy.org/indicators/C49/wind_power_2012

Other Resources

• Books– Hot, Flat and Crowded by Thomas Friedman• 2008

– Bending the Curve by Robert Zipplies• 2008

– Screw Business as Usual by Richard Branson• 2011

– Breaking the Code of History by David Murrin• 2010


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