Green infrastructure, ecosystem services and biodiversity in urban
areas
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Dr. Ryo Kohsaka, Professor
Tohoku Univ.Graduate School of Environmental Studies
Visiting Researcher at United Nations University IAS
Advisor to COP10 Promotion Committee (until 2011 March)
Introduction My life and your country
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Introduction
Prof. Ryo KohsakaEMPLOYMENT RECORD• 2016 - Professor at Graduate School of Environmental Studies,
Tohoku University• 2012 -2016 Associate Professor at Graduate School of Human and Socio-
Environment Studies, Kanazawa University• 2008 -2012 Associate Professor, Economics, Nagoya City University• 2006 -2008 Officer in Forest Biodiversity at the SCBD• 2004 -2006 Post-Doctoral Fellow at University of Tokyo, Tokyo Japan • 1997 -1998 Project Officer at the Regional Environmental Centre for
Central and Eastern Europe (REC) Hungary. Honoured as Life Fellow. EDUCATION• 2000 -2004 Ph.D. Univ. Freiburg, Germany• 1998-1999 M.Sc. in Environment and Development, University of East
Anglia • 1994 -1998 B.Sc. in Rural Dev., Agricultural Faculty, University of Tokyo
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Green infrastructures
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Definition of Green Infrastructure in Japanese National Spatial Planning
• Green Infrastructure perform various functions of the natural environment(provision of a place of inhabitation and growth of living organism, formation of landscape, suppression of temperature rise, etc.) in terms of both hard and software including infrastructure development, land use to promote sustainable development of regions and communities.
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Eco-DRR
Performing a function
Performing multi functions
Flexible adaptation to uncertainty
Reduction of environmental impact
Short term regional economic effects
Long term regional economic effects
Function EcologicalArtificial
Eco-DRR
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Time
Function
Artificial infrastructure
Green infrastructure
Igune forest
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Other Definition of Green Infrastructure (GI)
• European Commission(EC): Strategically planned network which links highly valuable nature, semi-natural areas with the environmental other factors of the area, and is managed and planed to provide a wide range of ecosystem services and preserve biodiversity in both urban and rural areas.
• United States Environmental Protection Agency(EPA): GI that utilize processes of vegetation, soil and nature for the water management and the creation of a healthy urban environment.
Trends in Japan• September, 2012 : Referring to green infrastructure in biodiversity strategy 2012-2020
• September, 2014 : The Japan Society of Science presented the recommendation "Recommendation of utilization of ecosystem infrastructure"
• August, 2015 : National Spatial Plan / National Land Use Plan, September : Green Infrastructure has been clearly stated in the 4th Social Capital Development Plan
• November, 2015 : Resilience Promotion Council: Green Resilience Working Group
• May, 2016 : The National Resilience Action 2016 was adopted and Eco-DDR is regarded as the upper umbrella
• July, 2016 : The National Land Management Council, Land Management Group, discussed national land management and green infrastructure
• March, 2017 : National Spatial Planning and Regional Policy Bureau issued a guide book on the management
International trends• May, 2013 : European Commission adopted Green Infrastructure
strategy
• October, 2014 : XII / 20 at the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP 12)
• March, 2015 : Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
• September, 2015 : Workshop on Convention on Biological Diversity, EbA and Eco-DRR
• October, 2015 : US Presidential Directive on Natural Infrastructure and Ecosystem Services
• December, 2015 : Conference of Parties to the Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 21) Paris Agreement
出典：黒沢高秀(2016)「津波被災地で行われている復旧・復興事業と保全」,日本生態学会編,生態学が語る東日本大震災,文一総合出版，164-171.
Bay of
Matsukawa
Road used for revetment
management Conservation area
Disaster prevention
forest introduction area
Disaster prevention forest
Construction area
Advantages and disadvantages of disaster forest planning
・Marshland landfill and filling required
・Genetic contamination occurred
when planting trees
etc.
Disadvantages
Biodiversity can be secured by
devising plans
AdvantagesTide ridge in Sendai city
2017.1.31
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Allocation of green infrastructure
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●Sendai station
→Managements of Green infrastructure
Continuity from rural to urban districts Green space networks
Managements of Green Infrastructure
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River management
Example:
Evaluation based on the check points of river managements
Forest management
Roles of forestsland management, timber production
→ multi functions
Different perceptionsdestruction of nature・less managed→ biodiversity・CO2 storage
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Aging and green infrastructure
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Socio-ecological GIS data
• Population density
• Aging rate
• Forest lands
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Shizuoka
Yokohama
Osaka Nagoya
Sapporo
Fukuoka Kobe KawasakiKyoto
Saitama
Hiroshima
Sendai
ChibaKitakyushu
Sakai
Niigata
HamamatsuKumamoto
Sagamihara
Okayama
Research site: Sendai(Ordinance-designated city)
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(1975)(1km grid square)
Population density
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(1985)
Population density
(1km grid square)
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(1995)
Population density
(1km grid square)
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(2005)
Population density
(1km grid square)
(1975)
Ratio over 65 years old
(1985)
Ratio over 65 years old
(1995)
Ratio over 65 years old
(2005)
Ratio over 65 years old
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(2006)(1997)
(1987)
(1976)
Forest land
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(2006)(1997)
(1987)
Forest land
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(2006)
(1997)
Forest land
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Forest land
(2006)
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Ratios over 65 years old and Forest land within 2km radius from centers of individual 1km-grids (1975-2005)
0
0
1
10
100
0 20 40 60 80
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
0 20 40 60 80
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
0 20 40 60 80
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
0 20 40 60 80
(2005)(1995)
(1985)(1975)
(Ratio over 65 years old) (%) (Ratio over 65 years old) (%)
(Ratio over 65 years old) (%) (Ratio over 65 years old) (%)
(Rat
io o
f Fo
rest
lan
d )
(%
)
(Rat
io o
f Fo
rest
lan
d )
(%
)
(Rat
io o
f Fo
rest
lan
d )
(%
)
(Rat
io o
f Fo
rest
lan
d )
(%
)
High aging rates and High rates of forest land
Aging in forest lands in urban municipality
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Issues in Green Infrastructure Managements
• Aging in areas with high rate of forest lands
• Appropriate managements are necessary in shrinking society with aging and depopulation
Forest management areas and the rate of population over 65
• Positive correlation of management areas by the forest environmental tax with the rate of population over 65
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y = 0.1347x - 1.2192
R² = 0.3908
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
10 20 30 40 50
Ma
na
gem
en
t a
rea
s b
y t
he f
orest
en
vir
on
men
tal ta
x （％
）
Rate of population over 65 (%) (unit: municipality)
Amendment of Act on Special Measures concerning Urban Reconstruction (2014)
Compact city policy
Urban Facility Location Plan
Urbanization control areas
Urbanization promotion areas
Residential zone
Urban core zone
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Thank you !
RyoKohsaka:
https://www.facebook.com/kohsaka.jp
Science Policy Interface
What is science-policy interface ？
‘‘as social processes which encompass relations
between scientists and other actors in the policy process,
and which allow for exchanges, co-evolution, and joint
construction of knowledge with the aim of enriching
decision-making”
Koetz, T., Bridgewater, P., van den Hove, S., Siebenhüner, B.
(2008) The role of the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and
Technological Advice to the Convention on Biological Diversity as
science-policy interface. Environmental Science and Policy 2: 505-
516
Development indicators
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Example) MEA Framework
Direct
Drivers
Indirect
Drivers
Ecosystem
Services
Human
Well-being
Direct Drivers of Change Changes in land use Species introduction or removal Technology adaptation and use External inputs (e.g., irrigation) Resource consumption Climate change Natural physical and biological drivers
(e.g., volcanoes)
Indirect Drivers of Change (governance and
institutionaDemographic Economic (globalization, trade,
market and policy framework) Sociopolitical l framework) Science and Technology Cultural and Religious
Human Well-being and
Poverty Reduction Basic material for a good life Health Good Social Relations Security Freedom of choice and action
IPBES’s Analytical conceptual framework
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MAFF, MLIT (2015)
Biodiversity conservation activitiesby using green infrastructure
Utilization of indicators
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City Biodiversity Index
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indicators Content
(i)Native biodiversity Kinds of biodiversity exist in urban areas
(ii)Ecosystem Service Importance of biodiversity in terms of ecosystem services
(iii)Governance and Management
Management methods for monitoring present situation and policy making
23 indicators
City Biodiversity Index (CBI):
• Current state of CBI (SI)：
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Blue：applied by local governments（25）、Red：applied by academics（14）、Green：in process of applying（10）⇒Application of CBI is not increasing enough to establish the global platform.
International networks
