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8/8/2019 Green Movement - Focus on Organic Science - 2010 - Isa Conference
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OrganicOrganic ScienceScience
Plant Nutrition andPlant Nutrition and
Soil ConditioningSoil Conditioning
. u , . .. u , . .
8/8/2019 Green Movement - Focus on Organic Science - 2010 - Isa Conference
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Treatise: “Do Green ProductsTreatise: “Do Green Products
” ”
Treatise: “Do Green ProductsTreatise: “Do Green Products
” ”
Dr. Nina Mazar, U of TorontoDr. Nina Mazar, U of TorontoAsst. Prof of MarketingAsst. Prof of Marketing
,,Journal of Psychological ScienceJournal of Psychological Science
•• Exposure creates “halo effect” Exposure creates “halo effect”
“ ” “ ”
8/8/2019 Green Movement - Focus on Organic Science - 2010 - Isa Conference
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Master Gardener ProgramMaster Gardener ProgramMaster Gardener ProgramMaster Gardener Program
•• Mission: Disseminate horticultural andMission: Disseminate horticultural andrelated technical information to therelated technical information to the
publicpublicFocus Groups: Northeast,Focus Groups: Northeast,Southwest and CentralSouthwest and Central
OhioOhio•• Conclusion: Economic downturn isConclusion: Economic downturn is
excellent time to introduceexcellent time to introduce scientificscientific
1) effective1) effective
3) sustainable in the environment3) sustainable in the environment
8/8/2019 Green Movement - Focus on Organic Science - 2010 - Isa Conference
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Webster Dictionary DefinitionsWebster Dictionary DefinitionsWebster Dictionary DefinitionsWebster Dictionary Definitions
••Bio l .B io l . –– Relating to, or derivedRelating to, or derived
•• em .em . –– e a ng o, ore a ng o, orcontaining carbon compoundscontaining carbon compounds
8/8/2019 Green Movement - Focus on Organic Science - 2010 - Isa Conference
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Government Definitions of Government Definitions of Government Definitions of Government Definitions of
USDAUSDA – – Nat ional Or anic Pro ram NOPNat ional Or anic Pro ram NOPUSDAUSDA – – Nat ional Or anic Pro ram NOPNat ional Or anic Pro ram NOP
Al l o rgan ic fe r t i l i ze rs a llow ed in t heA l l o rgan ic fe r t i l i ze rs a llow ed in t heProgram are nat ura l ly der ived; t hat is , o f Program are nat ura l ly der ived; t hat is , o f p lant or an im al or ig in . Sew age s ludge isp lant or an im al or ig in . Sew age s ludge is
A l l o rgan ic fe r t i l i ze rs a llow ed in t heA l l o rgan ic fe r t i l i ze rs a llow ed in t heProgram are nat ura l ly der ived; t hat is , o f Program are nat ura l ly der ived; t hat is , o f p lant or an im al or ig in . Sew age s ludge isp lant or an im al or ig in . Sew age s ludge isnot a l low ed and no syn t het ic o rgan icnot a l low ed and no syn t het ic o rgan icfe r t i l i zers a re inc luded on t he a l low ed l is t .fe r t i l i ze rs a re inc luded on t he a l low ed l is t .no t a l low ed and no syn t het ic o rgan icnot a l low ed and no syn t het ic o rgan icfe r t i l i zers a re inc luded on t he a l low ed l is t .fe r t i l i ze rs a re inc luded on t he a l low ed l is t .
Assoc ia t ion o f Am er ic an Plant FoodAssoc ia t ion o f Am er ic an Plant FoodCont rol Off i c ia ls AAPFCOCont rol Off i c ia ls AAPFCOAssoc ia t ion o f Am er ic an Plant FoodAssoc ia t ion o f Am er ic an Plant FoodCont rol Off i c ia ls AAPFCOCont rol Off i c ia ls AAPFCO
“ A mat er ial c onta in ing c arbon and one or “ A mat er ial c onta in ing c arbon and one or m ore e lement s o t her than hydrogen andm ore e lement s o t her than hydrogen andox ygen essent ia l fo r p lan t g row t h .”ox ygen essent ia l fo r p lan t g row t h .”
“ A mat er ial c onta in ing c arbon and one or “ A mat er ial c onta in ing c arbon and one or m ore e lement s o t her than hydrogen andm ore e lement s o t her than hydrogen andox ygen essent ia l fo r p lan t g row t h .”ox ygen essent ia l fo r p lan t g row t h .”
8/8/2019 Green Movement - Focus on Organic Science - 2010 - Isa Conference
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Original P lant Nutrition ResearchOriginal P lant Nutrition ResearchOriginal P lant Nutrition ResearchOriginal P lant Nutrition Research
Dr. Daniel ArnonDr. Daniel Arnon (1910(1910-- 1994)1994)
Leading Expert in P lantLeading Expert in P lantN ri i nN ri i n•• Essential ElementsEssential Elements
•• Hoa land’s SolutionHoa land’s Solution
Concerns about Organic MovementConcerns about Organic Movement•• Plants don’t absorb organic nutrientsP lants don’t absorb organic nutrients
intactintact
••
sourcesource
8/8/2019 Green Movement - Focus on Organic Science - 2010 - Isa Conference
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Historical Source of ConfusionHistorical Source of ConfusionHistorical Source of ConfusionHistorical Source of Confusion
•• Prior to 1828, scientists were unable to bondPrior to 1828, scientists were unable to bondcarbon to carbon and there was a commoncarbon to carbon and there was a commone e t at a e essence was necessary. se e t at a e essence was necessary. s
philosophy was known asphilosophy was known as VitalismVitalism..
•• e compoun s were ca ee compoun s were ca e organ corgan c o eno eo eno etheir origin.their origin.
In 1828, Friedrich Wohler’sn 1828, Friedrich Wohler’s
research initiatedesearch initiated organicrganic
sciencecience, which dispelled thewhich dispelled theciencecience, which dispelled thewhich dispelled the
theory that organic compoundsheory that organic compounds
were fundamentally differentere fundamentally different
from inorganicrom inorganicrom inorganic.rom inorganic.
8/8/2019 Green Movement - Focus on Organic Science - 2010 - Isa Conference
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8/8/2019 Green Movement - Focus on Organic Science - 2010 - Isa Conference
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8/8/2019 Green Movement - Focus on Organic Science - 2010 - Isa Conference
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CarbonCarbon--Containing, But NotContaining, But NotCarbonCarbon--Containing, But NotContaining, But Not
Car b on ( C)Car b on ( C) x x
Car b on at es ( CaCO Car b on at es ( CaCO 3 3 ) )
Ur ea ( NH Ur ea ( NH 2 2 ) ) 2 2 CO CO
8/8/2019 Green Movement - Focus on Organic Science - 2010 - Isa Conference
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Biological, But Not ChemicallyBiological, But Not ChemicallyBiological, But Not ChemicallyBiological, But Not Chemically
••Urea roduced b terrestrialUrea roduced b terrestrial
animals and also synthesized as aanimals and also synthesized as afertilizer contains carbon but doesfertilizer contains carbon but doesnot react chemically as organic.not react chemically as organic.
NHNH COCO
••Our bones and teeth are rimaril aOur bones and teeth are rimaril aform of calcium phosphateform of calcium phosphateCaCa POPO OHOH
8/8/2019 Green Movement - Focus on Organic Science - 2010 - Isa Conference
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Origin of CarbonOrigin of CarbonOrigin of CarbonOrigin of Carbon 6
••
All carbon on Earth was formedAll carbon on Earth was formedin the cauldrons of stars largerin the cauldrons of stars largerthan our sun and capturedthan our sun and captured
during the formation of ourduring the formation of ourso ar sys em.so ar sys em.
nor destroyed, only recycled.nor destroyed, only recycled.
8/8/2019 Green Movement - Focus on Organic Science - 2010 - Isa Conference
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Carbon Cycling: An OverviewCarbon Cycling: An OverviewCarbon Cycling: An OverviewCarbon Cycling: An Overview
8/8/2019 Green Movement - Focus on Organic Science - 2010 - Isa Conference
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Carbon Cycling: DetailCarbon Cycling: DetailCarbon Cycling: DetailCarbon Cycling: Detail
COCO22 + H+ H22OORes/decom , com bust
(petroleum, etc)(petroleum, etc)
Synthetic OrganicSynthetic OrganicCompoundsCompounds(fertilizers, pesticides)(fertilizers, pesticides)
Synthesis
Res/decom , com bust
COCO22 + H+ H22OO CHOCHO COCO22 + H+ H22OO
Photosynthesis Respirat ion/decomposi t ion, combust ion
oxygen inputoxygen input
oxygen outputoxygen output
Other BiochemicalsOther Biochemicals
COCO22 + H+ H22OO,,
structures)structures)
Biosynthes is
Res/decom , com bust
8/8/2019 Green Movement - Focus on Organic Science - 2010 - Isa Conference
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SynthesisSynthesisSynthesisSynthesis
•• The combination of two or more parts byThe combination of two or more parts bydesign or natural processes. Adesign or natural processes. A SyntheticSyntheticcompound is produced by chemical orcompound is produced by chemical orbiochemical synthesis.biochemical synthesis.
•• Plants, animals and microorganismsPlants, animals and microorganismssynthesize the chemicals they need forsynthesize the chemicals they need fortheir life rocesses from su ar rovided btheir life rocesses from su ar rovided bplants (either directly or indirectly) w ithplants (either directly or indirectly) w iththe mineral elements from the soil.the mineral elements from the soil.
•• Sugar + mineral elements = proteins,Sugar + mineral elements = proteins,DNA, ATP, etc.DNA, ATP, etc.
8/8/2019 Green Movement - Focus on Organic Science - 2010 - Isa Conference
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PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesisPhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
•• The process w ithin chloroplasts by whichThe process w ithin chloroplasts by whichgreen plants use the energy fromgreen plants use the energy fromsunlight to combine carbon dioxide andsunlight to combine carbon dioxide and
,,especially sugar, and release oxygen. Aespecially sugar, and release oxygen. A
summarized below:summarized below:
+ + = = + + + = = +
6 CO6 CO22 + 12 H+ 12 H22O + Photons == CO + Photons == C66HH1212OO66 + O+ O22
8/8/2019 Green Movement - Focus on Organic Science - 2010 - Isa Conference
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RespirationRespirationRespirationRespiration
••The process w ithin mitochondria byThe process w ithin mitochondria by,,
microorganisms react oxygen w ithmicroorganisms react oxygen w ith
compound Adenosine Triphosphatecompound Adenosine Triphosphate
ATP and release water andATP and release water andcarbon dioxide. A simplification of carbon dioxide. A simplification of the process is summarized below:the process is summarized below:
Su g a r + Ox y g e n = = Ch e m i c al En e r g y + Ca r b o n D io x i d e + W a t e r Su g a r + Ox y g e n = = Ch e m i c al En e r g y + Ca r b o n D io x i d e + W a t e r
66 1212 66 22 = = = = 22 22
8/8/2019 Green Movement - Focus on Organic Science - 2010 - Isa Conference
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Plant Nutrient OverviewPlant Nutrient OverviewPlant Nutrient OverviewPlant Nutrient Overview
-- NaturalNatural-- EngineeredEngineered
Nutrient IonsNutrient Ions BurnBurn
LeachLeach
-- NaturalNatural-- EngineeredEngineered
8/8/2019 Green Movement - Focus on Organic Science - 2010 - Isa Conference
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What is the difference betweenWhat is the difference betweenWhat is the difference betweenWhat is the difference between
8/8/2019 Green Movement - Focus on Organic Science - 2010 - Isa Conference
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Organic FertilizersOrganic FertilizersOrganic FertilizersOrganic Fertilizers
CarbonCarbon--hydrogen linkageshydrogen linkages
Covalent bondingCovalent bondingMa be used as ener source bMa be used as ener source bmicroorganismsmicroorganisms
actionaction
= =
OO
[CH[CH22NHCNH]NHCNH]
nnNHNH++
44NONO--
33
8/8/2019 Green Movement - Focus on Organic Science - 2010 - Isa Conference
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8/8/2019 Green Movement - Focus on Organic Science - 2010 - Isa Conference
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Comparison of Organic andComparison of Organic andComparison of Organic andComparison of Organic and
FertilizerFertilizer
CharacteristicCharacteristic OrganicOrganic UreaUrea InorganicInorganic CoatedCoatedNaturalNatural SyntheticSynthetic
Nutrient ReleaseNutrient Release SlowSlow SlowSlow QuickQuick QuickQuick SlowSlow
Burn PotentialBurn Potential LowLow LowLow HighHigh HighHigh LowLow
Leach PotentialLeach Potential LowLow LowLow HighHigh HighHigh LowLow
Cost / NutrientCost / Nutrient HighHigh IntermediateIntermediate LowLow LowLow IntermediateIntermediate
MicroorganismMicroorganismMayMay MayMay NoNo NoNo NoNo
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Coated or Slow ReleaseCoated or Slow ReleaseCoated or Slow ReleaseCoated or Slow Release
,,other slow ly solubleother slow ly soluble
nutrient release but isnutrient release but is
for microorganismsfor microorganisms
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Comparison of Synthetic andComparison of Synthetic andComparison of Synthetic andComparison of Synthetic and
CharacCharac--teristicteristic
NaturalNatural SyntheticSynthetic
UreaUreaAlfalfaAlfalfa
TurkeyTurkeyLitterLitter
BloodBloodMealMeal
UrineUrineMethyleneMethylene
UreaUreaUreaUrea--formform
IBDUIBDU
NutrientNutrient
AnalysisAnalysis
22--11--22 44--22--33 1313--11--.5.5 1515--22--33 4040--00--00 3838--00--00 3131--00--00 4545--00--00
CiN RatioCiN Ratio 15:115:1 16:116:1 3:13:1 1:11:1 1:11:1 1:11:1 1.5:11.5:1 1:21:2
MicroMicro--nu r ennu r enEnergyEnergySourceSource
YesYes YesYes SomeSome NoNo SomeSome YesYes NoNo NoNo
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Processing Turkey Litter asProcessing Turkey Litter asProcessing Turkey Litter asProcessing Turkey Litter as
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Carbon Footprint: Kg CCarbon Footprint: Kg CCarbon Footprint: Kg CCarbon Footprint: Kg C
FertilizerFertilizer Kg C/ lb NKg C/ lb N
FertilizerFertilizer Kg C/ lb NKg C/ lb N
Lawn Care (25Lawn Care (25--00--7)7) 1.331.33
Lawn Care (25Lawn Care (25--00--7)7) 1.331.33
-- -- ..
-- -- ..
Turkey Litter (4Turkey Litter (4--22--3)3) 1.631.63
Turkey Litter (4Turkey Litter (4--22--3)3) 1.631.63
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Organic Science:Organic Science:Organic Science:Organic Science:
•• Too much carbon (relative toToo much carbon (relative tonitrogen) results in a nitrogennitrogen) results in a nitrogendeficiency for plantsdeficiency for plants
•• Too little carbon (relative to nitrogen)Too little carbon (relative to nitrogen)
results in accelerated carbon lossresults in accelerated carbon lossfrom the soil w ith resultant loss infrom the soil w ith resultant loss insoil structuresoil structure
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Organic Science:Organic Science:Organic Science:Organic Science:
••Managing soil organic matter isManaging soil organic matter isessentially managing theessentially managing theCarbon:Nitrogen RatioCarbon:Nitrogen Ratio
••Nitrogen is the major essentialNitrogen is the major essential
element extracted from the soil byelement extracted from the soil byplants and is also an essentialplants and is also an essentialelement for microorganismselement for microorganisms
••Carbon in the soil is not used byCarbon in the soil is not used byplants but is used as an energyplants but is used as an energysource by microorganismssource by microorganisms
8/8/2019 Green Movement - Focus on Organic Science - 2010 - Isa Conference
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How Organic Matter ImprovesHow Organic Matter ImprovesHow Organic Matter ImprovesHow Organic Matter Improves
COCO + H+ H OO
Microbial DecompositionMicrobial Decomposition
Raw Organic MaterialRaw Organic Material
•• SecretionsSecretions
– – Soil a re ationSoil a re ation
Stable Humic MaterialStable Humic Material
•• Soil aggregationSoil aggregation
•• Nutrient retentionNutrient retention
– – Plant defensePlant defense
•• Filamentous growthFilamentous growthextends root influenceextends root influence
•• Moisture retentionMoisture retention
•• Nutrient releaseNutrient release
8/8/2019 Green Movement - Focus on Organic Science - 2010 - Isa Conference
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Active Sites in Stable OrganicActive Sites in Stable OrganicActive Sites in Stable OrganicActive Sites in Stable Organic
Humic Ac id (na tu ra l o rgan ic ) Humic Ac id (na tu ra l o rgan ic )
Po lyaspar t ic Ac id (eng ineered organ ic ) Po lyaspar t ic Ac id (eng ineered organ ic )
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Root Response to Natural andRoot Response to Natural andRoot Response to Natural andRoot Response to Natural and