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5/25/2012 1 Green Roofs Repairing the damage caused by our impact.
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Green Roofs
Repairing the damage caused by our impact.
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Green Roofs
Living Walls
Rain Gardens
Permeable Paving
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Module
Module Module
Module
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Energy
Evapo-transpiration
Shade
Heat storage
Coordination with HVAC
Lower surface pressure
Heat storage
Some insulation when dry
Reduce Urban Heat Island Effect up to 7 deg F.
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Acoustics - reduced penetration
Reduced reflection
Blocked UV
Less thermal expansion and contraction
Impact cushioning
Habitat Support - plants and animals
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Mass Extinction Underway, Majority of Biologists Say
Washington Post Tuesday, April 21, 1998 By Joby Warrick Staff Writer A majority of the nation's biologists are convinced that a "mass extinction" of plants and animals is underway that poses a major threat to humans in the next century, yet most Americans are only dimly aware of the problem, a poll says. The rapid disappearance of species was ranked as one of the planet's gravest environmental worries, surpassing pollution, global warming and the thinning of the ozone layer, according to the survey of 400 scientists commissioned by New York's American Museum of Natural History.
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Habitat Roofing
Low Plant Cost
Unpredictable Results
Replicate Habitat Not Restore Habitat
Diversify Media
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Filtration
Thermal treatment
Phytoremediation
Air Quality
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Food Production
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Storm Water Washing surface precipitate
Reduce peak loads
Puyallup: 10,000 square foot roof
Nov Dec Jan
7.02” 5.68” 5.95”
5850 cubit ft 4733 cubic feet 4958 cubic feet
43,761 gal 35,405 gal 37,088 gal
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Stress reduction leading – shorter hospital stays
lower pain medication
higher office productivity
lower blood pressure
lower resting pulse
better attention span
Office and commercial environments
Medicinal horticulture
Therapeutic horticulture
Pharmaceutical horticulture
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Multiple trades:
roofing, landscaping, growing, mixing, testing, maintaining,……
Retrofits do not include more impact of existing land
Local specific supply and labor- soil, plants, installers
Plywood
Concrete
Metal
SIP
Crickets
Drainage
Fiber Cement Board
Fan Board
Ice-Water Shield
Leak Detection
EPDM
TPO
SBS
PVC
BUR
APP
Hybrid
Concrete, Metal, other
Concrete, Metal, other
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Field membrane – reinforced
Flashing membrane – no
Bonded by heat welding – (hot air)
Strip seaming sometimes used
A more forgiving weld than TPO
Inert
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Filtration : separation fabric
Filtration : filter fabric
Capillary mat
Protection mat
Wind erosion fabric
Wind erosion grids
Drain mats- cups, matrices
Root barriers
Soil reinforcement fabrics
Protection fabric
Cover board
Temporary construction buffers
Root barrier
Non-woven polyethylene
Granular media separation fabric
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Aluminum Angles
Stainless Steel Angles
Plastic lumber
Stone / Masonry / Concrete
Treated Lumber
Drain / Scupper Guards
Other hardscape
Gravitational Erosion Resistance – fabrics, grids
Light Weight Topography - foam
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Soil retention
Anchorage- pv collectors, arbor anchorage
Drain boxes
Drain channels
Fall protection anchorage
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Low Volume
Drip / micro-spray-sprinkler
Capillary mat
Overhead
Porous Mineral - pumice, scoria, expanded shale, expanded slate, calcinated clays
Organics – compost,
soil biology enhancements
capillary action enhancements
shear value enhancements
water retention enhancements
fertilizers
others
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Good drainage and aeration
Water holding capacity sufficient for plant growth and survival
Nutrient cycling capacity
Durability
Weight (dry/saturated)
Filtration (biological and physical)
Pumice (fine, coarse, washed)
Sand (regular, coarse)
Vermiculite
Perlite
Calcinated Clays
Expanded Shale
Expanded Slate
Scoria (red, black)
Zeolites
Diatomaceous Earth
Encapsulated polystyrene
Lime , regular, dolomitic
Gypsum
Sulfate of potash
Calcium nitrate
Superphosphate
Copolymer gels
Peat
Sphagnum moss
Coir – coco fiber/chunks
Bark - fine, coarse
Bloodmeal
Bone meal
Worm castings
Live soil
Compost
Compost teas
Endo-Ecto Mycorryzal fungi
Worms
Kelp
Oyster shell
Bat/Bird Guanos
Alfalfa meal
Feather meal
Fish bone meal
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pH
Buffering capacity
CEC
Nutrient charge
Chemical stability
If the typical green roof medium contains 40% solids, 40% water space, and 20% air space, then a dry medium will hold a maximum of about .4” of rain/inch of depth.
So, a dry 3” medium will hold about 1.2” of rain.
The excess of this that migrates to the drains is called “Detained water”- it is slowed down because of “soil friction.”
Eventual organic stabilizing point, about 2-5%
Herbicide free
Most mineral BD is 45-55 lbs/cubic ft.
Approximately green roof growth media BD is 5/lbs/SF/inch of depth.
Aerated pore space (medium volume that contains air at field capacity expressed as % of total volume)
APS should be around 20%
A wps increases, WHC (water holding capacity) decreases.
Bulk density (dry weight/unit volume)
Aerated pore space
Available water holding capacity
Capillary water rise
Container/filed capacity
Perched water table
Permanent wilting point
Total pore space
Desorption characteristics
Field capacity – amount of water remaining after the medium has been fully saturated and gravitational water is allowed to drain.
The ideal balance is about 40% water hoilding cpacity and 20% aerated pore space
CEC is cation exchange capacity
Cations are + charged ions like K+ which are attracted to – charged soil particles. Green roof media has almost none. So, this is made up by organics and sometime small amounts of bentonite clays
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Fit to function of roof
Fit to micro-climate location
Fit to depth of growth medium
Fit to zonal analysis
Fit to budget
Fit to client expectations
Succulents, herbaceous perennials, grasses
Shrubs, food production, exotics
Seed
Hydro-seed
Plug
Pot
Bare Root
Growth rate
Bloom time
Life span
Genetic Origin
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Low growing
Fibrous roots
Drought tolerant
Non-spore reproduction
Wind and sun tolerant
Balanced bio-mass production of system
Perennial &/or self -seeding annual
Altitude
Solar Zone
Wind Zone
Perennial / annual
Evergreen/ Deciduous
N-P-K needs
Water/Sun
Companion Plants
Drought , salt, fire, foot traffic tolerance
More, more, more
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Sun Zone map
How Many Sun Hours a Day Do You Get?
Zone 1 6 hours Zone 2 5.5 hours Zone 3 5 hours Zone 4 4.5 hours Zone 5 4.2 hours Zone 6 3.5 hours The figures at the left indicate the average (over the course of the year) amount of insolation (full sun hours) for these zones. These figures are based on the yearly average; consequently, systems based on these figures will provide more power in summer and less in winter. Winter figures for daily solar gain may be from 25% to 50% LESS than these average figures. We do have additional insolation data available for other parts of the world;
Root analysis
Chlorophyll metabolism
Humic Acid metabolism
Crassuleaic Acid metabolism
Malic Acid metabolism
Growth rates
Symbiotic plants and animals
Nutrient profile
Low-growing
Shallow rooted
Perennials
Heat, wind, drought, sun disease resistant
Low nutritional requirements
Fire resistant
Fibrous roots
Lightweight at maturity
Low maintenance requirements
Self-propagating
Ground covers
Evergreen
Aesthetics- length schedule of flowering
Color, texture in each season
Life expectancy linked with replacement maintenance
Micro-climatic location issues, roof edges, exhausts, reflective surfaces, condensate drainage, shadows, wind vortices, heat from below, air pollutants, water availability ( slopes)
Zone maps- heat, hardiness, wind, precipitation
Elevation
Growth rate
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Some plants that contain flammable chemicals, like need forming plants, might be surrounded by fire retardant plants, like succulents, for fire containment.
Annuals, biennials, and perennials can work
Annuals grow flower an die each year.
Biennials grow vegetative the first year, flower set seed and die the second
Perennials grow, flower, and set seed in one or more growing seasons, but do not die after setting seed.
Annuals can be used for quick color in the first season and for biomass for plant digestion in later seasons
Self and non-self seeding can extend the flowering of a roof
Growth form and habit – inconsistent terminology like mound forming, clumping, mat-forming, dense, loose, fragile, twining, tuberous, bulbous, subshrub, are still highly individualized words
Proprietary
Performance
Reference
Descriptive
Outline
ASTM E 2396-05:
Saturated Water Permeability of Granular Drainage Media
ASTM E2397-05:
Determination of Dead Loads and Live Loads associated with Green Roof Systems
ASTM E2398-05:
Water Capture and Media Retention Standards of Geocomposite Drain Layers for Green Roof Systems
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ASTM E2399-05:
Maximum Media Density for Dead Load Analysis of Green Roof Systems.
ASTM e2400-06:
Standard Guide for Selection, Installation, and Maintenance of Plants for Green Roofs
CAM
C4
Root Morphology
Nutrient Need (N-P-K) + ???
Water Need
Exposure Requirements
Calvin Cycle
Crassulaic Acid Metabolism
– stoma open for gas exchange as a function of stored carbon. This happens during cooler parts of the 24 hour cycle, reducing water loss.
Non CAM rely on photosynthetic energy to accomplish this. So, it must happen during the day, causing more water loss.
cacti
Bryophyllum
the pineapple and all epiphytic bromeliads
sedums
the "ice plant" that grows in sandy parts of the scrub forest biome
oxaloacetic acid (C4).
(examples : crabgrass
corn (maize)
sugarcane
sorghum
pyruvic acid (C3)
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C4 plants, which inhabit hot, dry environments, have very high water-use efficiency, so that there can be up to twice as much photosynthesis per gram of water as in C3 plants, but C4 metabolism is inefficient in shady or cool environments. Less than 1% of earth's plant species can be classified as C4.
95% of all plants
C3 plants flourish in cool, wet, and cloudy climates, where light levels may be low, because the metabolic pathway is more energy efficient, and if water is plentiful, the stomata can stay open and let in more carbon dioxide. However, carbon losses through photorespiration are high.
Proprietary
Performance
Reference
Descriptive
Outline
ASTM E 2396-05:
Saturated Water Permeability of Granular Drainage Media
ASTM E2397-05:
Determination of Dead Loads and Live Loads associated with Green Roof Systems
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ASTM E2398-05:
Water Capture and Media Retention Standards of Geocomposite Drain Layers for Green Roof Systems
ASTM E2399-05:
Maximum Media Density for Dead Load Analysis of Green Roof Systems.
ASTM e2400-06:
Standard Guide for Selection, Installation, and Maintenance of Plants for Green Roofs
CAM
C4
C3
Root Morphology
Nutrient Need (N-P-K) + ???
Water Need
Exposure Requirements
Calvin Cycle
Crassulaic Acid Metabolism
– stoma open for gas exchange as a function of stored carbon. This happens during cooler parts of the 24 hour cycle, reducing water loss.
Non CAM rely on photosynthetic energy to accomplish this. So, it must happen during the day, causing more water loss.
cacti
Bryophyllum
the pineapple and all epiphytic bromeliads
sedums
the "ice plant" that grows in sandy parts of the scrub forest biome
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oxaloacetic acid (C4).
(examples : crabgrass
corn (maize)
sugarcane
sorghum
pyruvic acid (C3)
C4 plants, which inhabit hot, dry environments, have very high water-use efficiency, so that there can be up to twice as much photosynthesis per gram of water as in C3 plants, but C4 metabolism is inefficient in shady or cool environments. Less than 1% of earth's plant species can be classified as C4.
95% of all plants
C3 plants flourish in cool, wet, and cloudy climates, where light levels may be low, because the metabolic pathway is more energy efficient, and if water is plentiful, the stomata can stay open and let in more carbon dioxide. However, carbon losses through photorespiration are high.
Use of plant energy to produce carbohydrates. Energy Benefits Are About
WATER• Evaporation from foliage slowly cools roofs
(8,000 BTUs per gallon water)
• Freezing in winter slowly releases energy,
stabilizing temperatures near freezing (1,200
BTUs per gallon water)
• Wet soil has a high heat capacity, acting as a
heat sink/source (33 BTU/cf/oF)
• Even dry roofs are poor insulators at best (R<1
per inch)
• Snow cover, however, provides insulation
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Garden Ecosystem Services • aesthetic, useful space
• reduce “urban heat island” effect,
• reduce CO2 impact,
• reduce air conditioning,
• reduce winter heat demand,
• create habitat,
• remove atmospheric nitrogen
• buffer acid rain,
• reduce stormwater runoff.
Energy Benefits Are About
WATER• Evaporation from foliage slowly cools roofs
(8,000 BTUs per gallon water)
• Freezing in winter slowly releases energy,
stabilizing temperatures near freezing (1,200
BTUs per gallon water)
• Wet soil has a high heat capacity, acting as a
heat sink/source (33 BTU/cf/oF)
• Even dry roofs are poor insulators at best (R<1
per inch)
• Snow cover, however, provides insulation
Garden Ecosystem Services • aesthetic, useful space
• reduce “urban heat island” effect,
• reduce CO2 impact,
• reduce air conditioning,
• reduce winter heat demand,
• create habitat,
• remove atmospheric nitrogen
• buffer acid rain,
• reduce stormwater runoff.
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Native vs. non-Native
Fragility to new environment
Invasive
Linked with local habitat and ecology
Home soil structure and microbial and nutrient balance
Adaptability
Irrigation – 1” per week during establishment, especially the first season
In line drip emitters usually 12-14” apart, 1” below soil
Growers notice June through October growing – better prices.
Wind erosion – fabric, grid
Inert border – drain rock
Supplemental Site elements – habitat elements
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Modular : plants in a boxes, plants in mats
Loose Layed: Individual elements
Hybrid assemblies
Extensive: about 6” or less in depth
Intensive: deeper than 6”
Mixed: combined elements
Assembling the team: knowledge versus authority based
Who needs to be informed? Who needs to participate? Web site for interaction, email notification lists
Value engineering early ….not when its too late.
Roofers don’t talk to landscapers
Landscape Architects are neither roofing consultants nor horticulturists nor growth media experts
Salespeople want to sell you what they have/make.
This is still a relatively new field with a lot of “Experts” without sufficient information.
The major client of horticulturists use the plants at grade, not on roofs or walls.
This is a highly multiple-disciplinary field.
Evaluate membranes
Evaluate geotextiles
Design and evaluate growth media
Select and place plants
Design the maintenance strategy
Evaluate alternates submitted by contractors
Diagnose problems with the green roof
Provides specifications and drawings
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Roofing consultant
Structural engineer
Architect, landscape architect : contract administration
Various suppliers and installers
Who writes the specifications (coordinated documents)
Who provides the drawings?
Who works for whom?
Who reviews alternate materials?
New or difficult areas explained and discussed
Possible scenarios explored , What if ?????
A condition for bidding
Possible amendment of bidding documents
Substantial completion definition
Fill in gaps of training and coordination:
e.g. Fall protection training
Chain of custody review
Calendar coordination
Membrane protection
Warranty review
Review calendar and planting season(s)
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Examine deck
Cure time for concrete deck
Deck preparation for membrane ( e.g. fiber-cement board, EFVM installation)
Placement of membrane
Warranty inspection and flood test
Repair and retest
Membrane protection installed
Placement of geotextile layers: drainage, filter fabric, other geotextiles and soil supports
Irrigation placement and testing
Edge supports for planted areas
Growth media and non-vegetated drainage placement
Compaction, irrigation
Planting
Mulching
Supplemental
Define “establishment”
Visits more frequent in the first three months : a sliding scale from every 3-4 days to every 2 or 3 weeks.
Visits scheduled according to growth and development periods of plants and local weed species.
Why are weeds bad and what is a weed anyway?
Maintenance manual with diagnostic information
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Jordan Richie, GRP Manager, Education and Accreditation Green Roofs for Healthy Cities
Tel: 416-971-4494 x221
www.greenroofs.org
The Green Roof Manual, Ed Snodgrass, Timber Press
Planting Green Roofs and Living Walls, Nigel Dunnett and Noel Kingsbury, Timber Press
Xeriscape Plant Guide Vols. I-III, AWWA, Fulcrum Pub.
FLL Guidelines for the Maintenance of Green Roof Sites, FLL – www.ffl.de
Landscaping for Wildlife in the Pacific Northwest, Russell Link, Univ. of WA Press.
Soil Biology Primer, www.swcs.org
http://www.pierce.wsu.edu/Water_Quality/LID/LID_manual2005.pdf
http://www.pierce.wsu.edu/Water_Quality/LID/LID_manual2005.htm
Introduction to Phytoremediation
2002
National Risk Management Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio
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Technical/Regulatory Guidance
Phytotechnology Technical and Regulatory
Guidance and Decision Trees, Revised
February 2009
Prepared by
The Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council
Phytotechnologies Team
Tech Reg. Update
Rain gardens – WSU Extension service
Living Wall Primer – www.greenroofs.org
www.hadj.net
www.greenroofs.com
www.greenroofs.org
International Green Roof Association
City of Portland, Oregon
City of Seattle
British Columbia Institute of Technology
