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Greenhouse WarmingGreenhouse Warming
ByBy
Mark DalmanMark Dalman
Katherine KostopoulosKatherine Kostopoulos
Greenhouse WarmingGreenhouse Warming What influences it?What influences it?
www.ieagreen.org.uk/tecres/tecim5.jpg
The contributing Greenhouse The contributing Greenhouse GasesGases
Water Vapor (60%)Water Vapor (60%)
Carbon Dioxide (20%)Carbon Dioxide (20%)
Methane,CFC’s,Ozone, Methane,CFC’s,Ozone, and Nitrous Oxide(20%)and Nitrous Oxide(20%)
Percentage of the greenhouse gases
20%
60%
20%
The Greenhouse EffectThe Greenhouse Effect Is the idea of an encasing layer of gases that serves as a Is the idea of an encasing layer of gases that serves as a
semi-permeable covering that allows for some heat semi-permeable covering that allows for some heat transfer but not complete dissipation of the heat.transfer but not complete dissipation of the heat.
This protects the Earth from the extreme temperature This protects the Earth from the extreme temperature conditions. (the Earths homeostasis mechanism)conditions. (the Earths homeostasis mechanism)
http://interactive.usask.ca/skinteractive/modules/media/drawings/agriculture/greenhouse.jpg
GOALGOAL Plan to analyze [CO2] and [water vapor] data to Plan to analyze [CO2] and [water vapor] data to
determine if there is a correlative effect on the determine if there is a correlative effect on the climatic model climatic model
Increasing the concentration of Carbon Dioxide and Increasing the concentration of Carbon Dioxide and Water vapor leads to more influential greenhouse Water vapor leads to more influential greenhouse warming.warming.
If [water vapor] in the atmosphere remained constant and a doubling in If [water vapor] in the atmosphere remained constant and a doubling in CO2 occurred, it would heat the planet by only ~1.2 deg. C. CO2 occurred, it would heat the planet by only ~1.2 deg. C.
However, if CO2 is doubled in these models, the atmosphere holds more However, if CO2 is doubled in these models, the atmosphere holds more water vapor, enhancing the warming to 3.5 deg. C +/- 1.5 degrees.water vapor, enhancing the warming to 3.5 deg. C +/- 1.5 degrees.
www.arm.gov/docs/education/globwarm/ch_scientist/sld020.htm
POSITIVE NEGATIVE
MethodologyMethodology
I obtained several primary and secondary I obtained several primary and secondary articles that dealt with the effects of CO2 and articles that dealt with the effects of CO2 and water vapor.water vapor.Evaluated American Samoa, TutuillaEvaluated American Samoa, Tutuilla
I got my data from:I got my data from:
http://www.cmdl.noaa.gov/ozwv/wvap/http://www.cmdl.noaa.gov/ozwv/wvap/
Water vapor dataWater vapor datahttp://www.http://www.cmdlcmdl..noaanoaa.gov/ccgg/index.html.gov/ccgg/index.html
CO2 dataCO2 data
Our boatOur boat
The crewThe crew
Preparing to get our ice core samples
South PoleSouth Pole
Finally Finally
Where I got Where I got mymy data from data from
Water Vapor … however is a whole different issueWater Vapor … however is a whole different issue
It is more difficult to obtain a substantial amount of It is more difficult to obtain a substantial amount of datadata
Water vapor is transported by winds and air currents through the atmosphere. When the air mass Water vapor is transported by winds and air currents through the atmosphere. When the air mass cools sufficiently, the water vapor condenses into clouds, and a portion falls to the ground as cools sufficiently, the water vapor condenses into clouds, and a portion falls to the ground as precipitation in the form of snow, rain, sleet, or hail. precipitation in the form of snow, rain, sleet, or hail.
Water that falls to the ground as precipitation follows many paths on its way back to the Water that falls to the ground as precipitation follows many paths on its way back to the atmosphere. The water may be intercepted and taken up by plants; it may be stored in small atmosphere. The water may be intercepted and taken up by plants; it may be stored in small depressions or lakes; it can infiltrate the soil; or it can flow over the surface to a nearby stream depressions or lakes; it can infiltrate the soil; or it can flow over the surface to a nearby stream channel. channel.
The sun may cause the water to evaporate directly back into the atmosphere, or the force of The sun may cause the water to evaporate directly back into the atmosphere, or the force of gravity may pull it down through the pores of the soil to be stored for years as slowly moving gravity may pull it down through the pores of the soil to be stored for years as slowly moving groundwater. Some of the water flowing through the ground returns to the surface to supply water groundwater. Some of the water flowing through the ground returns to the surface to supply water to springs, lakes, and rivers. to springs, lakes, and rivers.
www.iwr.msu.edu/edmodule/ water/cycle.htm
Water Vapor DataWater Vapor Data
I obtained my data by utilizing the NOAA I obtained my data by utilizing the NOAA balloon borne frost point hygrometerballoon borne frost point hygrometer
The Current State Of Our Ability To Measure Atmospheric Water VaporThe Current State Of Our Ability To Measure Atmospheric Water Vapor
A multitude of systems exist for observing water vapor. Each has different characteristics and advantagesA multitude of systems exist for observing water vapor. Each has different characteristics and advantages
www.agu.org/sci_soc/ mockler.html
www.cmdl.noaa.gov/ozwv/wvapwww.cmdl.noaa.gov/ozwv/wvap
A cross section of the atmosphere in American SamoaA cross section of the atmosphere in American Samoa With increasing height, there is less water vapor in the With increasing height, there is less water vapor in the
atmosphereatmosphere
Water Vapor vs Height (1-20-1988)
0
5
10
15
20
25
0.00E+00 5.00E+03 1.00E+04 1.50E+04 2.00E+04 2.50E+04
ppmv
DataData
http://www.green-innovations.asn.au/Vostok_160000_years.gif
The Current Levels of Carbon DioxideThe Current Levels of Carbon Dioxide
CO2 levels in Amercian Somoa
y = 1.4263x - 2485.8R2 = 0.8667
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997
years
ppm
Water Vapor vs Time for American Samoa y = -1133.6x + 2E+06
R2 = 0.0443
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
years
ppmV
ConclusionConclusion
[CO2] is increasing on the Island of Samoa[CO2] is increasing on the Island of Samoa• It went from in the low 300’s ppm to the upper 300 -550 ppm in a time period It went from in the low 300’s ppm to the upper 300 -550 ppm in a time period
of 30 yearsof 30 years
Water Vapor concentrations are sporadic Water Vapor concentrations are sporadic • This is not accurate due to the lack of data availableThis is not accurate due to the lack of data available
However, there is evidence that global warming is occurring, and However, there is evidence that global warming is occurring, and this is evident due to the increase in the greenhouse effect with this is evident due to the increase in the greenhouse effect with respect to increasing water vapor and CO2 concentrations, overallrespect to increasing water vapor and CO2 concentrations, overall
Our DifficultiesOur Difficulties
You cannot compare water vapor concentrations You cannot compare water vapor concentrations to CO2 concentrations in different regionsto CO2 concentrations in different regions• It’s like comparing apples to orangesIt’s like comparing apples to oranges
Finding a mixed atmosphere that would give us Finding a mixed atmosphere that would give us proper samplingproper sampling
Not enough DataNot enough Data• Neither water vapor levels or CO2 levels have ever Neither water vapor levels or CO2 levels have ever
been measured from the same location in a large been measured from the same location in a large extentextent