GREET: A Life-Cycle Analysis Model for Alternative Vehicle/Fuel Systems

Amgad ElgowainyAmgad Elgowainy

Center for Transportation Research

Argonne National Laboratory

Presentation at Asia Pacific Clean Energy Summit

Honolulu, Hawaii

September 13, 2011

The GREET (GGreenhouse gases, RRegulated EEmissions, and EEnergy use in TTransportation) Model

� GREET development has been supported by DOE

EERE since 1995

� GREET and its documents are available at

http://greet.es.anl.gov/

� The most recent GREET version (GREET 1.8d) was

released in August 2010

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0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

1%

There Are More Than 14,000 Registered GREET Users Worldwide

13%

8%

72%

6%

Europe Asia North America Others

49%

11%

33%

5%

1% 1%

Academia/education Government agency Industry

Private consulting Non-profit organization Research institution

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The Suite of GREET Models

GREET GUI GREET SST

SST: Stochastic Simulation ToolGUI: Graphic User Interface

GREET 1 Excel model:

Fuel-cycle (or WTW) modeling

for light-duty vehicles-

GREET 2 Excel model:

Vehicle-cycle modeling

for light-duty vehicles-

-

GREET 3 Excel model:

Fuel-cycle modeling for heavy-duty

vehicles (on-going)

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GREET Covers Emissions and Energy Use

� GREET includes emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs)

� CO2, CH4, and N2O

� VOC, CO, and NOx as optional GHGs

� GREET estimate emissions of six criteria pollutants (total and urban separately)

� VOC, CO, NOx, PM10, PM2.5, and SOx

� GREET separates energy use into

� All energy sources

� Fossil fuels

� Petroleum

� Natural Gas

� Coal

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GREET Includes More Than 100 Fuel Production Pathways from

Various Energy Feedstock Sources

PetroleumConventional

Oil Sands

Compressed Natural Gas

Liquefied Natural Gas

CoalSoybeans

Gasoline

Diesel

Liquefied Petroleum Gas

Naphtha

Residual Oil

Hydrogen

Fischer-Tropsch Diesel

Methanol

Dimethyl Ether

Biodiesel

Renewable Diesel

Sugarcane

Corn

Cellulosic BiomassSwitchgrass

Fast Growing Trees

Ethanol

Butanol

Ethanol

Ethanol

Hydrogen

Methanol

Dimethyl EtherLiquefied Natural Gas

Liquefied Petroleum Gas

Methanol

Dimethyl Ether

Fischer-Tropsch Diesel

Fischer-Tropsch Naphtha

Hydrogen

Natural GasNorth American

Non-North American

Crop Residues

Forest Residues

Coke Oven Gas

Petroleum Coke

Nuclear Energy

Residual Oil

Coal

Natural Gas

Biomass

Other Renewables

Dimethyl Ether

Fischer-Tropsch Diesel

Electricity

Hydrogen

The yellow boxes contain the names of the feedstocks and the red boxes contain the names of the fuels that can be produced from each of those feedstocks.

Compressed Natural Gas

Liquefied Natural Gas

Methanol

Dimethyl Ether

Fischer-Tropsch Diesel

Fischer-Tropsch Naphtha

Renewable

Natural GasLandfill Gas

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Example of Fuel Production (WTP) Pathway in GREET

HydrogenNatural gas

Upstream

NG

Recovery

NG

ProcessingNG

Transportation

Emissions

Hydrogen

ElectricityTransportation and

Distribution

Hydrogen

Production

Oil

1%

Gas

20%

Coal

47%

Nuclear

21%

Renewable

11%

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GREET Examines More Than 82 Vehicle/Fuel Systems

Conventional Spark-Ignition Engine Vehicles

� Gasoline

� Compressed natural gas, liquefied natural gas,

and liquefied petroleum gas

� Gaseous and liquid hydrogen

� Methanol and ethanol

Spark-Ignition, Direct-Injection Engine Vehicles

� Gasoline

� Methanol and ethanol

Compression-Ignition, Direct-Injection

Engine Vehicles

� Diesel

Battery-Powered Electric Vehicles

� Various electricity generation sources

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)

� Spark-ignition engines:

– Gasoline

– Compressed natural gas, liquefied natural

gas, and liquefied petroleum gas

– Gaseous and liquid hydrogen

– Methanol and ethanol

� Compression-ignition engines

– Diesel

– Fischer-Tropsch diesel� Diesel

� Fischer-Tropsch diesel

� Dimethyl ether

� Biodiesel

Fuel Cell Vehicles

� On-board hydrogen storage

– Gaseous and liquid hydrogen from

various sources

� On-board hydrocarbon reforming to hydrogen

– Methanol

– Ethanol

– Gasoline

– Naphtha

– Compressed natural gas, liquefied natural

gas, and liquefied petroleum gas

– Diesel

– Fischer-Tropsch diesel

– Dimethyl ether

– Biodiesel

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)

� Spark-ignition engines:

– Gasoline

– Compressed natural gas, liquefied natural

gas, and liquefied petroleum gas

– Gaseous and liquid hydrogen

– Methanol and ethanol

� Compression-ignition engines

– Diesel

– Fischer-Tropsch diesel

– Dimethyl ether

– Biodiesel

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WTW Results Are Determined by These Key Factors

� Well-To-Pump (WTP) Activities

� Energy efficiencies of fuel production activities

� GHG emissions of fuel production activities

� Criteria air pollutant emissions

� Stationary combustion processes

�Non-combustion processes�Non-combustion processes

� Electric power plants

� Vehicle Operation (PTW)

� Fuel economy of vehicle technologies

�Tailpipe emissions

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Data Collection is Critical for Credible LCAs: Argonne’s Approach for GREET Development and Applications

� Fuel production and stationary activities (WTP)

� Pursue available data from government agencies and

other sources

� Engage stakeholders (e.g., the energy industry and the

biofuel industry) in data collection and verification

� Conduct our own process engineering modeling� Conduct our own process engineering modeling

� Vehicle operations (PTW)

� Fully engage with our vehicle testing group

� Examine consistency among different testing efforts and

among different databases

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WTW Analysis is a Complete Energy/Emissions Comparison

As an example, greenhouse gases emissions are illustrated here

300

400

500

600

GH

G E

mis

sio

ns

(g

/mi.

) Pump to Wheels Well to Pump

0

100

200

Gas

oline

Vehic

le

Cor

n E85

Veh

icle

Nat

ural G

as V

ehic

leEel

ectri

c Veh

icle

, US M

ixH

2 Fue

l Cel

l Veh

icle

(NG

)H

2 FCV (E

lect

roly

sis)

GH

G E

mis

sio

ns

(g

/mi.

)

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Major Updates in New GREET Release (Expected this month)

� Algae to liquid fuels

� Fast pyrolysis of biomass to liquid fuels

� Aviation (Jet) fuels� Aviation (Jet) fuels

� Shale gas

� Renewable natural gas

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Development of GREET New Platform (.net)

� User-friendly � Visualization

� LCI structured database

� Data comparison and display

� Intermediate outputs, tables, graphs

� Interaction and data exchange� Interaction and data exchange

� Expandability � Modularization

� Online wiki help and documentation

� Beta version for testing by selected users expected next

month

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Questions/Comments?

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