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Grid Computing
Net 535
Grid Computing Definations
The term Grid computing originated in the early 1990s as a metaphor for making computer power as easy to access as an electric power grid. The definitive definition of a Grid is provided by Ian
Foster in his article "What is the Grid? Computing resources are not administered centrally. Open standards are used. Non-trivial quality of service is achieved.
Plaszczak/Wellner define Grid technology as "the technology that enables resource virtualization, on-demand provisioning, and service (resource) sharing between organizations."
IBM : "A Grid is a type of parallel and distributed system that enables the sharing, selection, and aggregation of resources distributed across multiple administrative domains based on the resources availability, capacity, performance, cost and users' quality-of-service requirements"
What is Grid Computing
“Grid computing, most simply stated, is distributed computing taken to the
next evolutionary level. The goal is to create the illusion of a simple yet large and powerful self managing
virtual computer out of a large collection of connected
heterogeneous systems sharing various combinations of resources”
IBM Redbook .
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Electrical Power Grid Analogy
Electrical power grid users (or electrical appliances)
get access to electricity through wall sockets with no care or consideration for where or how the electricity is actually generated.
“The power grid” links together power plants of many different kinds
The Grid Computing users (or client applications) gain
access to computing resources (processors, storage, data, applications, and so on) as needed with little or no knowledge of where those resources are located or what the underlying technologies, hardware, operating system, and so on are
"the Grid" links together computing resources (PCs, workstations, servers, storage elements) and provides the mechanism needed to access them.
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Properties of the Grid
• Distributed
• Dynamic
• Heterogeneous
• Virtual environment
• Collaborative environment
• Transparent access to all the available resources
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Why need Grid Computing?
Core networking technology now accelerates at a much faster rate than advances in microprocessor speeds
Exploiting under utilized resources Parallel CPU capacity Virtual resources and virtual organizations for
collaboration Access to additional resources
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Who needs Grid Computing?
Not just computer scientists… scientists “hit the wall” when faced with
situations: The amount of data they need is huge and the data is
stored in different institutions. The amount of similar calculations the scientist has to do
is huge.
Other areas: Government Business Education Industrial design etc
What grid computing can do(1) Exploiting underutilized
resources: We can use an idle machine
elsewhere on the grid to run jobs
Parallel CPU capacity is one of the most attractive features of a grid Subjobs on different machines
What grid computing can do(2) Applications
Grid-enabled applications
no practical tools for transforming arbitrary applications to exploit the parallel capabilities of a grid.
What grid computing can do(3)
Virtual resources and virtual organizations for collaboration
More capable than distributed computing
Wider audience
Open standards, hence highly heterogeneous systems
Data, equipment, software, services, licenses,…
What grid computing can do(3) Access to additional resources
special equipment, software, licenses, and other services
Resource balancing
What grid computing can do(4) Reliability
Now: redundancy in hardwareFuture: SoftwareUtilize “autonomic computing”
Grid concepts and components(1)Types of resources Computation
Storage
Primary/secondary storage
Mountable networked filed system
AFS, NFS, DFS, GPFS
Capacity increase
Uniform name space
Data Stripping
Grid concepts and components(2)Types of resources (cont) Communications
Redundant communication paths Special equipment, capacities,
architectures, and policies different architectures, operating systems, devices,
capacities, and equipment. Jobs and applications
Application is a collection of jobs Specific dependencies
Grid concepts and components(3)Types of resources (cont)
Scheduling, reservation, and scavenging scheduler
automatically finds the most appropriate machine on which to run any given job
scavenging report its idle status to the grid
management node.
Reserved dedicated resources
Grid concepts and components(4)
Intragrid to Intergrid cluster
same hardware/software
Intragrid heterogeneous
machines/software multiple
department/same organization
Intergrid heterogeneous
machines/software multiple
department/multiple organization
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Grid User Roles ---A User’s Perspective Enrolling and installing grid software
Logging onto the grid
Queries and submitting jobs
Data configuration
Monitoring progress and recovery
Reserving resources
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Grid User Roles---An Administrator’s Perspective
Planning
Installation
Managing enrollment of donors and users
Certificate authority
Resource management
Data sharing
Using a grid: An application developer’s perspective(1)
Applications that are not enabled for using multiple processors but can be executed on different machines.
Applications that are already designed to use the multiple processors of a grid setting.
Using a grid: An application developer’s perspective(2)
Globus developer’s toolkit
Manage grid operations
Measurement
Repair
Debug grid applications
Open Grid Services Architecture (OGSA)
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Grid Architecture
Application
Collective
Resource
Connectivity
Fabric
Application
Transport
Internet
Link
GRID
Internet
Grid Computing 22
Grid Architecture
Fabric layer: Provides the resources to which shared access is mediated by Grid protocols.
Connectivity layer: Defines the core communication and authentication protocols required for grid-specific network functions.
Resource layer: Defines protocols, APIs, and SDKs for secure negotiations, initiation, monitoring control, accounting and payment of sharing operations on individual resources.
Collective Layer: Contains protocols and services that capture interactions among a collection of resources.
Application Layer: These are user applications that operate within VO (Virtual Organization ) environment.
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Standards for Grid Environments
Global Grid Forum (GGF)http://www.ggf.org Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS)
http://www.oasis-open.org/ World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
http://www.w3.org/ Distributed Management Task Force (DMTF)
http://www.dmtf.org/ Web Services Interoperability Organization (WS-
I)http://www.ws-i.org/
Globus Toolkit v5
The Globus Alliance is made up of organizations and individuals that develop and make available various technologies applicable to grid computing.
The Globus toolkit v5 includes software for security, information infrastructure, resource management, data management, communication, fault detection, and portability. It is packaged as a set of components that can be used either independently or together to develop applications.
For more information visit http://www.globus.org
Finally
grid computing assumes and/or requires technologies that include:
Support for executing programs on a variety of platforms
A secure infrastructure
Data movement/replication/federation
Resource discovery
Resource management
References
Introduction to Grid Computing IBM Redbook
The Grid 2: Blueprint for a New Computing Infrastructure, 2nd Edition from Ian Foster, Carl Kesselman.
The Anatomy of the Grid: Enabling Scalable Virtual Organizations by I. Foster, C. Kesselman and S. Tuecke , International J. Supercomputer Applications, 15(3), 2001 http://www.globus.org/alliance/publications/papers/anatomy.pdf